Immunomodulating effect of Inter Yeast S on the non-specific and specific cellular and humoral immunity in lambs

The objective of this study was to determine the stimulating effect of the Inter Yeast S dietary supplement on selected parameters of specific and non-specific humoral and cellular immunity in lambs. The study involved 32 lambs aged 30 +/- 3 days, divided into two equal groups: II--control, and II--experimental. Experimental group animals were fed a C-J concentrate mixed with a prebiotic, the Inter Yeast S, commercially available, containing dried brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the amount of 3 g/kg of the concentrate. At the beginning of the experiment (day 0) and on the 15th, 30th and 60th day of the study, blood was sampled from the jugular vein to determine selected parameters of biochemical, specific and non-specific humoral and cellular immunity in lambs (total protein levels, gamma globulin levels, lysozyme activity, ceruloplasmin activity, proliferative response of blood lymphocytes (MTT) after stimulation with LPS or ConA, the metabolic activity (RBA) and potential killing activity (PKA) of phagocytes). As regards humoral immunity parameters, significantly higher gamma globulin levels and higher lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity were found in blood serum of experimental lambs administered the Inter Yeast S, compared with those determined in control lambs not fed the supplement. No statistically significant differences in serum total protein were found between the control and experimental groups. An analysis of cellular immunity indicators revealed significantly higher levels of RBA and PKA, and higher proliferative response of blood lymphocytes (MTT) after stimulation with LPS and ConA in the experimental group, compared with those observed in the control group.     

Age at primary infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the chicken influences persistence of infection and subsequent immunity to re-challenge

Salmonella enterica remains one of the most important food-borne pathogens of humans and is often acquired through consumption of infected poultry meat or eggs. Control of Salmonella infections in chicken is therefore an important public health issue. Infection with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium results in a persistent enteric infection without clinical disease in chickens of more than 3 days of age, and represents a source for contamination of carcass at slaughter and entry into the human food chain. Data presented indicate a profound effect of age at initial exposure on the persistence of infection and a lesser effect on the development of effective immunity to re-challenge. The percentage of birds positive for Salmonella was high until 8–9 weeks of age, regardless of the age at which the birds were infected (1, 3 or 6 weeks). The birds infected at 3 and 6 weeks of age produced a more rapid and higher antibody response (IgY and IgA) than those infected at 1 week of age, but in all cases infection persisted for a considerable period despite the presence of high antibody levels. Following a re-challenge infection with S. Typhimurium, all three previously-infected groups had fewer bacteria in the gut, spleen and liver compared with age-matched birds receiving a parallel primary infection. However, the birds primary infected at 3 and 6 weeks of age cleared infection more rapidly than those infected at a younger age. Interestingly older-primed birds had higher specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses and specific circulating levels of IgY antibody at time of re-challenge. Although birds initially infected at 1 week of age and those that were previously uninfected produced a stronger antibody response following re-challenge, they were slower to clear Salmonella from the gut than the older-primed groups which expressed a stronger T lymphocyte response. The data presented indicate that clearance of Salmonella from the gut is age-dependent and we propose that this relates to the increased competence of the enteric T cell response. The findings that Salmonella persists beyond 8–9 weeks, irrespective of age at exposure, has implications for the broiler sector and indicates the need to remain Salmonella free throughout the rearing period. Moreover, the re-challenge data demonstrates that infection at a young age is less effective in producing protective immunity than in older chickens. This feature of the development of protective immunity needs to be considered when developing vaccines for the broiler sector of the poultry industry.     

Indices of non-specific and specific humoral immunity in pigs immunomodulated with the Bioimmuno preparation and/or immunised with the Respisure One vaccine against mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the Bioimmuno preparation administered in feed and/or immunisation with the Respisure One vaccine on the development of selected indices of non-specific and specific humoral immune response against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infections in pigs. The study was performed on 28 piglets at the age of 4 weeks, divided into four equal groups. The biopreparations were administered according to the following pattern: group I--Bioimmuno (IFI Olsztyn, Poland) with feedstuff at amount of 1 kg/50 kg of feed for 48 h before vaccination with Respisure One (Pfizer) on day 28 of life; group II--Bioimmuno only (1 kg/50 kg feedstuff) for 48 h before vaccination with Respisure One of groups I and III; group III--Respisure One only on day 28 of life (2 ml/animal i.m.) and group C (control)--PBS (2 ml/animal i.m.) simultaneously with vaccination of groups I and III. On days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after immunomodulation and/or immunisation, the serum level of gamma-globulins, the activity of lysozyme (LSM) as well as the serum levels of cytokines: interferon gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were determined, as indices of non-specific immune response against Mhp infections in pigs. The study has revealed that in piglets after weaning the application of the Bioimmuno and/or Respisure One biopreparations improves the non-specific immunity parameters stimulating an increase in serum levels of gamma-globulins, lysozyme and cytokines (IFNgamma, IL-1beta, IL-6), while late appearing seroconversion confirms a minor role of specific humoral immunity in the protection against Mhp infection.     

Immunomodulation by dietary vitamin C in healthy and aflatoxin B1-induced immunocompromised rohu (Labeo rohita)

The aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory effect of high levels of dietary vitamin C in healthy and immunocompromised rohu (Labeo rohita) treated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Four groups of rohu were fed experimental diets containing either no vitamin C or supplemented with vitamin C at 500 ppm for 60 days. On the first day of feeding, one group fed the high vitamin C diet and one fed the vitamin C deficient diet, were injected intraperitoneally with a single doses of AFB1 at 1.25 mg kg(-1) body weight. The effect of AFB1 and high dietary vitamin C on specific and non-specific immunity, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila were examined in the rohu. The ability of vitamin C to counteract immunosuppression induced by AFB1 was also examined. Specific immunity indicated by haemagglutination and haemolysin titres against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and bacterial agglutination appeared to be unaffected by either the AFB1 treatment or the vitamin C enriched diet. A significant reduction was observed in the non-specific immunity of AFB1-treated fish, however, indicated by lowered bactericidal and lysozyme activities. High dietary vitamin C, on the other hand, enhanced the non-specific immunity of fish, including an enhanced phagocytic ratio and increased serum lysozyme activity. Feeding a high level of dietary vitamin C to AFB1-treated fish increased these parameters to levels similar to those found in control fish. High dietary vitamin C significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in both healthy and immunocompromised fish. Results from this study help to establish the beneficial effect of dietary vitamin C on AFB1-induced immunosuppression, as well as confirming the immunostimulatory effect of vitamin C in rohu.     

The effect of different doses of methisoprinol on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation and the antibody titers in pigeons immunised against PPMV-1

As immunosuppression in pigeons is common and results in reduced post-vaccination immunity and lower health status of the birds, studies have been taken up aimed at evaluation of the effect of three doses of methisoprinol on the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood and in the spleen and the titre of anti-NDV antibodies in the serum of pigeons in four groups (A, B, C, D), with 20 birds each. Pigeons in each group were immunised against paramyxovirosis at week 6 and 9 of life. Water for injection (group A - control) or methisoprinol at 100 mg/kg of body weight (group B), 200 mg/kg of body weight (group C) and 600 mg/kg of body weight (group D) was administered intramuscularly for 3 days before each vaccination. The immunological analyses were carried out by flow cytometry and the ELISA test. The findings indicate that methisoprinol administered intramuscularly at 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight for 3 successive days before vaccination against paramyxovirosis mainly stimulates the mechanisms of non-specific humoral and cellular immunity, which is indicated by a higher percentage of the subpopulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and in the spleen and a higher titre of anti-NDV antibodies.     

Age at primary infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the chicken influences persistence of infection and subsequent immunity to re-challenge

Salmonella enterica remains one of the most important food-borne pathogens of humans and is often acquired through consumption of infected poultry meat or eggs. Control of Salmonella infections in chicken is therefore an important public health issue. Infection with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium results in a persistent enteric infection without clinical disease in chickens of more than 3 days of age, and represents a source for contamination of carcass at slaughter and entry into the human food chain. Data presented indicate a profound effect of age at initial exposure on the persistence of infection and a lesser effect on the development of effective immunity to re-challenge. The percentage of birds positive for Salmonella was high until 8–9 weeks of age, regardless of the age at which the birds were infected (1, 3 or 6 weeks). The birds infected at 3 and 6 weeks of age produced a more rapid and higher antibody response (IgY and IgA) than those infected at 1 week of age, but in all cases infection persisted for a considerable period despite the presence of high antibody levels. Following a re-challenge infection with S. Typhimurium, all three previously-infected groups had fewer bacteria in the gut, spleen and liver compared with age-matched birds receiving a parallel primary infection. However, the birds primary infected at 3 and 6 weeks of age cleared infection more rapidly than those infected at a younger age. Interestingly older-primed birds had higher specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses and specific circulating levels of IgY antibody at time of re-challenge. Although birds initially infected at 1 week of age and those that were previously uninfected produced a stronger antibody response following re-challenge, they were slower to clear Salmonella from the gut than the older-primed groups which expressed a stronger T lymphocyte response. The data presented indicate that clearance of Salmonella from the gut is age-dependent and we propose that this relates to the increased competence of the enteric T cell response. The findings that Salmonella persists beyond 8–9 weeks, irrespective of age at exposure, has implications for the broiler sector and indicates the need to remain Salmonella free throughout the rearing period. Moreover, the re-challenge data demonstrates that infection at a young age is less effective in producing protective immunity than in older chickens. This feature of the development of protective immunity needs to be considered when developing vaccines for the broiler sector of the poultry industry.     

Dietary bovine lactoferrin induces changes in immunity level and disease resistance in Asian catfish Clarias batrachus

The effects of including bovine lactoferrin (Lf) in the diet of the Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus) on specific and non-specific immunity as well as disease resistance were investigated. The catfish were fed four different diets for 2 weeks: a commercial diet as control and the same diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 200mg bovine Lf/kg feed. After 1 and 2 weeks, serum bacterial agglutination titre against Aeromonas hydrophila as a measure of specific immunity; natural serum haemolysin titre, lysozyme activity and oxidative radical production by neutrophils as a measure of non-specific immunity as well as disease resistance against A. hydrophila challenge to vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were evaluated. The results showed that Lf supplements, particularly at 100mg level, significantly (P<0.05) enhanced serum lysozyme level, oxidative radical production and level of protection against A. hydrophila challenge in non-vaccinated animals irrespective of length of exposure. The specific immunity was not influenced by Lf feeding as evidenced from the bacterial agglutination titre and level of protection in vaccinated animals. As Lf feeding at 100mg/kg for 1 week is able to enhance the non-specific immunity and disease resistance of catfish efficiently, these results support the possible use of Lf as an immunostimulant for farmed catfish.     

Further Practitioner Comment on Brucella Ovis

Extract

Animals are protected from infectious diseases by non-specific and specific mechanisms. The non-specific defenses include a number of physical host factors, such as intact epithelium, mucus secretions and cilia of the respiratory system, which act to prevent or impede infection. Occasionally, either because of trauma or adverse effects of the environment on such barriers or because of the invasiveness of a particular pathogen, an infection becomes established and disease develops; host resistance then becomes mainly a function of specific, acquired immunity.     

In vivo function tests of the effect of tilorone and niridazole on cell-mediated immunity in chickens.

The need for effective, safe, specific cellular immune suppression in avian research led to the study of effects of tilorone and niridazole on cell-mediated immunity of chickens. Two in vivo tests for cell-mediated immunity function were used--the graft-vs-host (GvH) test and the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) test. Humoral immunity was evaluated by measuring natural hemagglutination (HA) titers against rabbit red blood cells. Intraperitoneal administration of tilorone to young chickens appeared to have severe toxic side effects and was of little value as an immune suppressant. Oral administration of tilorone to 6-week-old chickens caused DH suppression, but no marked effect was seen on GvH reactions or HA titers. Toxicosis appeared less severe. Oral administration of niridazole to 6-week-old birds caused nearly complete loss of GvH and DH reactivity but caused an increase in HA titers. General toxic effects of niridazole were not apparent.     

The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.     

Fever and associated clinical haematologic and blood biochemical changes in the goat and other animal species

Summary Acute febrile diseases are characterized by specific and non-specific symptoms. The non-specific responses are presented under the headings: fever, inflammation and pain, experimental models for investigating febrile reactions, haematologic changes, blood biochemical changes, cardiovascular effects, changes in gastric function, and the effects of fever upon pharmacokinetics of drugs. It was the purpose of this review to describe present concepts of thermoregulation and fever, the associated reactions produced by bacterial pyrogens and the mechanisms of these reactions. The available data illustrate, that many questions have not yet been clearly answered. However, the entire field of research involving endogenous substances, such as interleukin-1, is now moving ahead with great speed. Furthermore, there is some evidence which suggests that fever and the associated lower plasma zinc and iron levels act together as a co-ordinated non-specific host defence mechanism. Since experimental fever has a distinct effect upon the pharmacokinetics of drugs, more attention should be given to this aspect.     

脂肪对家禽免疫的影响

营养因素对家禽免疫具有重要作用。脂肪是家禽必需的重要营养元素之一，不仅是维持家禽正常生长、繁殖、生产不可缺少的组成成分与营养物质，也是调节家禽免疫器官、组织和免疫应答反应不可缺少的物质基础。作者从脂肪的生理营养功能，就其对家禽的免疫器官发育、体液免疫、细胞免疫、非特异性免疫、细胞因子产生的影响等方面进行了综述。为合理配制家禽日粮，提高家禽抵抗疾病的能力提供理论依据。     

Modulation of juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) cellular immune system after Aeromonas salmonicida challenge

In fish, the first line of defence against infectious microorganisms is based on non-specific cellular immune mechanisms (innate immunity). In this study, we measured the non-specific immune parameters (natural cytotoxic cells (NCC) activity, lymphoproliferation, percentage of phagocytosis and phagocytic activity) in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) infected by a virulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. Eight days post-infection, the mortality of infected fish reached 70%. A transient immunostimulation of the NCC activity was noticed 24h post-infection, but there was no significant difference at 48 h. Then, infection of brook trout with A. salmonicida induced a biphasic immune response. At 24h post-infection, lymphoproliferation was drastically depressed but returned to control level at 96 h. A slight increase in the percentage of phagocytosis and the phagocytic activity was noticed throughout the experiment. Conversely the cell mortality was significantly higher in infected fish compared to control. The modulation of immunological parameters might reveal important clues on how innate immunity might protect fish from bacterial infections.     

复方丁氨丙磷溶液的抗热应激作用及其机理研究

为探讨复方丁氨丙磷溶液的抗热应激作用及作用机理,以黄羽肉鸡为对象,检测各处理组肉鸡生产性能,体温及血清T3、T4、胰岛素和皮质醇等内分泌激素,血清肌酸磷酸激酶、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶和血糖等生化指标.将45只1日龄肉鸡仔鸡随机分成3组,每组15只,分别给予生理盐水和不同剂量的复方丁氨丙磷溶液.于14日龄开始热暴露,在高温条件下继续饲养2周,并观察和检测各项指标.试验结果表明,复方丁氨丙磷溶液能明显降低热应激肉仔鸡直肠温度,显著提高T3/T4值和胰岛素含量,能极显著降低血清肌酸磷酸激酶、碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性,同时提高血糖含量,而对血清皮质醇含量无显著影响.因此,复方丁氨丙磷溶液可通过调整肉仔鸡血清部分激素含量和改变血清部分生化指标来发挥其抗应激作用.     

忍冬藤作为肉鸡饲料添加剂的促生长和免疫作用研究

将中草药基地剪枝清理的忍冬藤作为饲料添加剂饲养肉鸡,试验结果发现忍冬藤试验组的肉鸡无论是在促进生长、增重、增强免疫力、减少发病率和死亡率方面,都显示出很好的功效,试验组的血液生化指标也都优越于对照组,从而为忍冬藤的综合开发利用找到了出路,也为养禽业的中草药免疫增强剂的开发和饲养无药物残留、无污染、生态型肉鸡探索了一条新的用药途径。     

The perspective of immunoprophylaxis and selected immunological issues in the course of the turkey rhinotracheitis

This review article presents immunological issues in the course of the turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) emphasizing local immunity mechanisms, both humoral and cell-mediated, in the upper respiratory system. Studies on the influence of the humoral immunity in the course of infection and vaccinations against TRT have revealed many times the absence of correlation between the titre of specific IgY anti-aMPV (avian Metapneumovirus) antibodies in the serum and in the upper respiratory washings and the immunity against the occurrence of the clinical form of the TRT. Considering the above, T cells are increasingly often regarded as the main factor involved in the upper respiratory immunity against the TRT. However, there have been just a few reports on the role of the T cells in the local immunity processes in the infection with aMPV in turkeys. Additionally, studies of the T-cell-associated immunity against the TRT have given ambiguous results. Immunoprophylaxis issues against the aMPV infections are a significant part of the work where the authors confront current vaccination programmes against the perspectives of use of the future vaccines against the TRT. Future vaccines should face the following criteria: absence of the risk of immunosuppressive effect and reversion of vaccine strains virulence, ease-of-use combined with the possibility of administration of the vaccine to the large numbers of turkeys. The leading role in future vaccination programs for birds against the TRT is likely to be played by the in ovo technique and the recombinant vaccines. Great hopes are also linked with the development of subunit vaccines against the aMPV.     

忍冬藤作为肉鸡饲料添加剂的促生长和免疫作用研究

将中草药基地剪枝清理的忍冬藤作为饲料添加剂饲养肉鸡,试验结果发现忍冬藤试验组的肉鸡无论是在促进生长、增重、增强免疫力、减少发病率和死亡率方面,都显示出很好的功效,试验组的血液生化指标也都优越于对照组,从而为忍冬藤的综合开发利用找到了出路,也为养禽业的中草药免疫增强剂的开发和饲养无药物残留、无污染、生态型肉鸡探索了一条新的用药途径.     

Effect of the naked neck gene on carcase composition and immunocompetence in chicken

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of naked neck gene (Na) on carcase measurements and some immunological responses of chickens. 2. The presence of naked neck gene in a single or double state increased body weight. 3. The naked neck genotypes (NaNa or Nana) exhibited higher relative weight of dressed carcase, drumstick and breast muscles compared to normally feathered individuals (nana). The proportion of abdominal fat was decreased in both naked neck genotypes compared with normally feathered ones. 4. A higher (non-specific) cell-mediated immune response was evoked in Na gene bearing birds. 5. Higher concentrations of antibodies occurred after injection of sheep red blood cells into naked neck birds, particularly at 14 d post-secondary injection. 6. The NaNa birds had a higher heterophil/lymphocyte ratio than Nana and nana siblings.     

营养素对水生经济动物免疫机能的影响

优质饲料中的营养素不仅可满足水生经济动物的营养需求,还对其特异性和非特异性免疫反应起到非常重要的作用。本文综述了饲料中各种营养素对水生经济动物免疫系统的作用,详细阐述了维生素、多糖、矿物质、脂类和蛋白质对水生经济动物免疫功能的影响。     

Immunofluorescent studies on localization of secretory immunoglobulins in the intestines of turkeys recovered from turkey coronaviral enteritis

The present study concerns the production of specific secretory antibodies in turkeys orally inoculated with turkey coronavirus (TCV). Tissue localization of secretory antibodies in the intestines of recovered birds 4 and 5 months later was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Intestinal sections were stained by sandwich method, using concentrated TCV antigen and anti-TCV conjugate. It was suggested that local synthesis of antibody might be responsible for life-long immunity seen in these birds after recovery from infection.