苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态有很好的毒杀效果

<正>山东农业大学植物保护学院近期明确了室内条件下挥发性化合物苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊(韭蛆)的生物活性。研究人员采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的熏蒸活性;利用Oxytherm氧电极研究了苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫呼吸速率的影响;利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫对苯并噻唑的行为反应。     

不同肥料对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生的影响

为明确田间施肥对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生的影响,为生态控制提供依据,采用室内和田间试验相结合的方法,研究8种肥料对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发生的影响,从中筛选出对其发生有明显抑制作用的肥料,研究其作用方式,并进行田间控制效果试验。盆栽试验发现,石灰氮、沼液和统壮对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的发生有明显的抑制作用,且具有一定的持效期,常规用量在施肥后第1天接成虫,虫口减退率分别为81.6%、85.0%和78.7%;第6天接成虫,虫口减退率分别为71.3%、44.6%和40.3%。室内试验表明,沼液和统壮对成虫有显著驱避产卵的作用,且杀幼虫效果好;石灰氮和碳酸氢铵具有良好的杀幼虫活性。成虫发生期田间施用常规用量的石灰氮、沼液和统壮对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的控制效果明显,虫口减退率分别为72.0%、69.9%和61.5%。石灰氮、沼液和统壮可作为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生态控制的重要方法之一。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在川芎上的为害及鉴定

为明确河北省安国市川芎种植田根蛆类害虫发生为害情况及害虫种类,采集安国川芎根蛆幼虫至室内,模拟田间生境进行继代饲养,以羽化的第1代根蛆成虫为试验材料。利用成虫形态特征比对方法和分子生物学分类技术共同对安国川芎根蛆的种类进行了鉴定,并采用5点取样法对安国川芎田根蛆的为害情况进行了系统调查。结果表明,安国川芎根蛆为害率为4%～82%,死苗率最高可达22%,单株平均虫口数量可达37. 76头;安国川芎根蛆主要通过幼虫为害川芎的根茎部,造成川芎上部叶片枯黄,严重时根部被咬食一空,造成整株死亡。通过传统的成虫形态特征比对,明确了安国川芎根蛆成虫的形态特征与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的形态特征基本一致;同时分子标记鉴定结果也显示,安国川芎根蛆mt DNA-COI基因序列与韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的一致性为99%,因此,确定了安国川芎根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫。研究明确了近年在河北省安国市川芎上为害并严重影响川芎产量和品质的根蛆为韭菜迟眼蕈蚊,同时明确了川芎根蛆的为害特点和为害程度,旨在为今后川芎根蛆的绿色防控提供科学依据。     

联苯菊酯等6种农药对柑桔木虱成虫室内毒力测定及田间药效试验

在黄龙病区,柑桔木虱已上升为柑桔上的第一重要害虫,但至今尚未有室内毒力测定的方法和结果的报道。笔者于2008年采用点滴法测定了6种农药对其成虫的室内毒力,活性最高的是丁硫克百威(LC50=4.1mg/kg),其次分别是稻丰散(LC50=44.3mg/kg)、联苯菊酯(LC50=44.4mg/kg)、吡虫啉(LC50=60.1mg/kg)和喹硫磷(LC50=73.5mg/kg),最差的是甲基嘧啶磷(LC50=192.8mg/kg)。田间药效试验结果表明,增效联苯菊酯EC 25.00 mg(a.i)/kg、16.67 mg(a.i)/kg、12.5 0mg(a.i)/kg 药后24h、3d、7d的防效达100％;喹硫磷EC 250mg(a.i)/kg、稻丰散EC 500mg(a.i)/kg、333mg(a.i)/kg、增效丁硫克百威EW 200 mg(a.i)/kg药后24h的防效＞95％;甲基嘧啶磷500mg(a.i)/kg的防效低于80％。增效丁硫克百威EW 200 mg(a.i)/kg的防效高于丁硫克百威EC 250 mg(a.i)/kg的防效。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊无公害防控技术

正韭菜迟眼蕈蚊,又称黄脚蕈蚊,其幼虫通常称韭蛆,属双翅目、眼蕈蚊科,喜食大蒜、洋葱、小葱、大葱等百合科蔬菜,偶尔也为害芹菜、青菜、莴苣等蔬菜,是棚室和露地韭菜的重要害虫之一。1.发生规律韭菜迟眼蕈蚊1年发生3~6代,各地发生代数因气候条件和保护设施不同等影响而有差异。在黑龙江1年发生3~4代,天津4代,浙江6代。一般多在4~6月和9~11月发生,若晚     

秋防韭蛆正当时

<正>韭蛆,学名韭菜迟眼蕈蚊,是韭菜生产中的一种主要地下害虫。在河北省各韭菜产区均有发生,一般一年发生4代,分别于5月上旬、6月中旬、8月上旬及9月下旬发生。成虫产卵于韭株周围的土缝或土块下,幼虫孵化后,聚集在韭菜地下部的鳞茎和柔嫩的茎部为害,     

韭蛆的发生及其无公害防治技术

韭蛆,成虫称为迟眼蕈蚊,属双翅目眼蕈蚊科,幼虫称为韭蛆。幼虫体长6～9mm,圆筒形,头部黑色,酮体乳白色,表面光滑,前端较尖,后端稍平。蛹长2-3mm,长椭圆形,裸蛹开始为黄白色,后慢慢变为黄褐色,最后变为灰黑色。     

利用噻虫嗪和噻虫胺喷淋施药防治韭菜养根期的韭蛆是可行的

<正>为提高田间韭菜养根期噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果,山东农业大学植物保护学院通过喷淋和灌溉施药方式,研究了噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在土壤中的分布情况、喷淋施药后在田间的移动性以及对韭蛆的防治效果和对韭菜生长指标的影响。结果表明,喷淋施药比灌溉施药利于药液到达地下靶标位置,且药剂浓度随着土壤深度增加而减     

防治韭蛆有新药

<正>在华北地区一年中,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在露地发生3～4代,在保护地内发生2～3代,其幼虫俗称为"韭蛆",幼虫头部漆黑有光泽、身体为白色,虫体细,长度为6～9毫米,主要在韭菜的     

氟啶脲可防治韭蛆

正氟啶脲属昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂,以胃毒为主,兼有触杀作用,对鳞翅目、双翅目以及鞘翅目等多种害虫有效,且具有低药量、持效长、稳定、高效、安全、环保等特点,可替代传统有机磷类农药。其作用机理是通过抑制昆虫表皮几丁质合成,使幼虫不能正常脱皮与变态而死亡。韭蛆是迟眼蕈蚊幼虫,属双翅目眼蕈蚊科。主要危害韭菜、大葱、洋     

植物新品种保护与品种审定的意义和异同

随着知识产权愈来愈受到社会各界的关注，植物新品种保护工作也显得尤为重要。该文着重介绍了植物新品种保护的发展概况、意义及其与品种审定的异同，使读者对植物新品种保护工作有所了解。     

大白菜施肥技巧与主要病虫害防治

1施肥技巧 大白菜施肥原则是：整地重施有机肥，苗后分次巧追肥。追肥要掌握“少量多次、前少后多、分期供给”。肥后及时浇水，以达到肥水均匀，充分发挥肥效。     

果蔬采后存在问题及贮藏保鲜技术发展

随着生活水平的提高,果蔬产品成为人们摄取营养元素的重要食品之一。分析了我国果蔬采后存在的问题,并对低温及气调保鲜、化学保鲜剂、涂膜保鲜技术及超声保鲜技术等贮藏保鲜技术研究进行了综述,指出我国果蔬贮藏保鲜技术持续、稳定、健康的发展要倚重于科技创新。     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

我国蔬菜产业和科学技术的发展与展望

1　我国蔬菜产业的发展现状蔬菜是人们日常生活中不可缺少的副食品,也是我国目前种植业中最具活力的经济作物。改革开放以来,随着市场经济的发展,农产品产销体制的不断改革和完善,特别是1988年实施“菜篮子工程”以来,蔬菜产业得到了蓬勃发展。1.1　播种面积1987~1999年,全国蔬菜播种面积由533.3万hm²,发展到1333.3万hm²,增长139.5%。1.2　总产量1987~1999年,全国蔬菜总产量由1.55亿t增加到4.05亿t,增长161.3%,使年人均鲜菜占有量达到330.7kg(世界各国人均105kg……     

向日葵抗盐碱生理生化机制与生长发育特性分析

以Y05-222A和Y06-136R杂交得到的135株F₂群体为研究材料,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）等6个生理指标,并进行方差分析、相关性分析和通径分析,对F₂群体进行偏度及峰度分析。结果显示,以上6个生理指标在F₂群体中P>0.05,分布频率符合正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象;相关性分析和通径分析显示,这些指标与抗盐碱系数均呈极显著相关（正相关或负相关）,且相关系数与总间接通径系数方向一致。POD活性的直接通径系数为0.5003,可见POD直接影响抗盐碱性;CAT活性和Pro含量的直接通径系数分别为-0.1317和-0.0384,间接影响抗盐碱性;SOD活性、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量直接或间接影响抗盐碱性。POD、SOD、Pro、CAT、可溶性蛋白和MDA各生理指标的抗盐碱作用表现为POD>CAT>Pro>可溶性蛋白>MDA>SOD。叶片数、株高、茎粗和盘径与抗盐碱系数呈极显著正相关,其相关性表现为叶片数>盘径>株高>茎粗。以上结果可为研究油用向日葵抗盐碱性提供一定的理论基础。     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.