亚种间超高产杂交稻新组合协优413制种技术

协优413号是中国水稻研究所以矮败型胞质不育系协青早A与广亲和恢复系中413配组而成的亚种间杂交水稻新组合。通过三年多点生产示范,表现增产幅度大,作单季晚稻种植,平均亩产583.65公斤,比汕优63增产13.97%;作双季晚稻种植,     

冈优12

冈优12是四川农业大学水稻所用冈46A与明恢63配组而成的中籼迟熟组合。冈46A的保持系来源于二九矮7号/V41//珍汕97/雅矮早;其不育胞质为西非栽培稻Cam-bikakakwm。 一、产量表现 该组合1990年通过四川省级区试;同年参加全国籼型杂交稻区试中稻组试验,18个试点平均亩产579.4公斤,比对照汕优63增产1.0%,居第一位。1991年续试,21个试点平均亩产545.8公斤,比对照汕优63增产4.9%,达显著水平,居7个组合之首。两年全国区试平均亩产比汕优63增产2.65%,日产量增0.18公斤,是近几年来全国区试中稻组中唯一比汕优63连续两年增产的组合。适宜在川、云贵…     

杂交晚稻协优10号

协优10号(协青早A ×密阳46,原名协优46)系中国水稻研究所和浙江省开发杂交稻组合联合体等单位配制而成。1987年参加浙江省组合比较试验,亩产490.2公斤,比汕优6号增产6.62%;1988年省区试亩产482.41公斤,比汕优6号增7.93%;1988年浙江省示范面积3.77万亩,其中龙游县2万亩,亩平468     

晚籼新组合-协优3550

协优3550系广东省农科院水稻所用协青早A与3550组配育成的晚籼中熟新组合,3550是从青四矮16与IR54杂交,经多代选育而成,与江西矮败质源不育系协青早A组配定型后,“经过三个年次的品比试验、区域试验、栽培试验和生产示范,表现高产稳产,受到普遍欢迎,1990年种植面积约12万亩。 一、产量表现: 1987年试种,亩产542.5公斤,比汕优30选增产27.65%。1988年参加水稻所杂交稻、常规稻混合比较试验,折亩产494.01公斤,比同熟期对照种钢白矮1增产20.69%,增产极显著,同季参加广东省杂交稻区域试验,平均亩产368.5公斤,比汕优30选(ck1)增产11.75%,比汕优…     

冈优63在绥宁县表现抗病高产

冈优6.3(定名为冈优12)系四川农业大学水稻研究所于1985年,用冈 46A与明恢63配组选育而成的新组合。冈46A不育系是用二九矮 7号/V41//珍汕97/雅矮早的F4代,于1981年春季与冈二九矮7号A不育系测交转育,尔后运用边回交边选择;于1983年雅安正季B3Fl育性稳定,农艺性状基本整齐。冈46A不育系具有西非栽培稻Gam-bakakakum胞质,大穗中粒,异交习性良好。与明恢63配组的新组合,经区试和生产示范,表现具有显著的增产优势。1988年参加冈、D型协作组中稻联合试验,四川、云南、陕西共36个试点,平均亩产534.1公斤,比对照汕优63增产全.42%,仅次于D优10…     

恢复系密阳46的开发利用

密阳４６的直接亲本为“统一／ＩＲ２４／／ＩＲ１３１７／ＩＲ２４”．含一定成份的粳稻亲缘，　　含有ＩＲ２４的恢复基因。用密阳４６作恢复系与野败不育系配组，有很强的恢复力和杂种优势。目前，利用密阳４６作恢复系所配籼型组合主要有协优４６、汕优Ｔ２８和威优４６等，一般比当地的当家组合汕优２号、６号、每亩可增产２５—５０公斤，早熟１－５天，还有米质较优的特点。在浙江、安徽、江西、湖南、湖北等省均可作双季晚稻种植。     

丽水育成优质不育系辐珍A

辐珍A优质不育系是浙江省丽水地区农科所,针对浙南山区是稻瘟病常发区和重发区的生产特点,以该区主栽不育系珍汕97A为轮回亲本,辐苞矮22为抗源亲本,经多代国交选育得到的新不育系。1988年以来的测配及鉴定结果表明,该不育系具有抗逆性强,可恢复性好,配合力强,米质好等特点。1990年用辐珍A与密阳46配组,1991年参加浙江省晚杂联合品比试验,平均亩产488.l公斤,居同组试验第二位,比对照汕优10号增产1.39%。全生育期130天,与对照组合相同。 该组合株高91.1cm,每亩有效穗19.6万,成穗率70.6%,单穗平均总粒数101粒,结实率83.9%,千粒重28.3克(比汕…     

杂交晚稻新苗头组合——汕优T28

汕优T28(珍汕97A/T28)系浙江省台州地区农科所配组的晚籼杂交新组合。1986-1987年省区试,平均亩产为467.5公斤和491.36公斤,比汕优6号亩产432.11公斤和459.75公斤分别增产9.89%和6.88%。经联合方差分析产量差异达显著水平,两年省区试均居11个参试组合之首。日产量为3.572公斤和3.855公斤,比汕优6号3.261公斤和3.486公斤分别增加0.311公斤和0.349公斤。1987年台州地区农科所汕优T28示范2.52亩,平均亩产561.5公斤;温岭县西溪下岳邵传方种植1.04亩,平均亩产511.5公斤。该组合全生育期两年分别为130.9天和128.4夫,-’比汕优6号早熟2.29天和3.…     

红莲质源不育系丛广41A的选育及广优青的试验和试种

红莲质源不育系丛广４１Ａ属配子体不育，圆败花粉类型，其柱头外露率比珍汕９７Ａ高，包颈率较低，盛花期早，有利于制种。广优青是用丛广４１Ａ与特青２号配组的迟熟杂交早稻组合，１９８８年参加广东省区试，平均亩产４７８．５公斤，居９个参试组合之首，比对照汕优６３增产。１２．７１％，且比汕优６３早熟１天；该组合宜在广东省东部和中南部地区作早造栽培。     

汕优秀2号

汕优秀2号(原名汕优华2号),是江西省宜春地区农科所于1980年用珍汕97不育系与秀恢2号(华矮17/IR24)测交选育而成的杂交早稻新组合。 一、产量表现 1984和1985年参加省级杂交早稻联合区试,平均亩产分别为511.455公斤和462.98公斤,比广陆矮4号增产13.76%和9.96%。1985和1986年参加全国南方杂交早、中稻区试,14个点,平均亩产分别为464.52公斤和493.8公斤,比威代35减产6.72%和3.16%。 1985年大田示范12.79亩,平均亩产488.065公斤,其中4.73亩,亩产546.15公斤。1986年大田示范35.22亩,平均亩产461.85公斤,其中5.2亩亩产523.5公斤。同年推广3500亩…     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.