荒漠鼠类群落格局

荒漠鼠类群落是群落生态学研究中重要的模型系统。基于三个明显的优点，1）荒漠生态系统结构简单，影响群落的因子相对较少，容易鉴别主要影响因子；2）同域分布的荒漠鼠类彼此间存在明显直接或间接的相互作用关系；3）不同地域的荒漠鼠类群落内共存种在生态、形态、行为、生理生化等诸多水平上趋同，荒漠鼠类群落研究一直广受关注。通过对荒膜啮齿类群落格局之间相同和相异特征的比较分析，有助于深入理解不同尺度上荒膜鼠类群落格局形成的过程及主要制约因子的作用机制。本文综合评述了不同时空尺度荒漠鼠类群落局特征，着重通过对北美和亚洲中部荒漠鼠类群落共存种的组成、分类学、生态学和生态形态学特征比较，分析群落结构组成的趋向和趋异特点、格局的形成过程、相关的主要制约因子，以及群落物种的共存机制并提出进一步的研究方向。     

短花针茅荒漠草原斑块尺度物种多样性及其共存格局

阐明斑块尺度上物种共存格局,对于深入认识荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性的维持机理具有重要意义。按斑块的土壤生境退化程度,选取短花针茅荒漠草原3类典型群落斑块为研究对象,对比分析不同斑块的物种构成、多样性及物种间的共存关系格局。结果表明：① 斑块A属单优种短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）群落;斑块B为短花针茅+草木樨状黄耆（Astragalus melilotoides）群落;斑块C为苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）+老瓜头（Cynanchum komarovii）+猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）群落。② 群落结构中斑块A和斑块B多样性相近,均高于无短花针茅生长的斑块C。③ 基于零模型的分析结果显示,物种共存格局的复杂性和强度为：斑块A>斑块B>斑块C,且下降趋势明显,斑块A存在的16组显著物种对中有4组为显著竞争关系,而斑块C中的物种对减少到7组,且仅存在猪毛蒿与苦豆子组显著竞争物种对。结论：表明未沙化的土壤生境斑块是荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性维持的一个重要前提,土壤生境的退化显著降低了斑块内部群落组织的复杂性和物种间相互作用的强度,不利于群落的自我维持。     

放牧模式对高山草地蝗虫群落生物多样性的影响及其作用机制

为明确不同放牧模式对高山草地蝗虫群落生物多样性的影响及其作用机制,本研究调查牛放牧、羊放牧、牛羊混合放牧和休牧4种模式下高山草地植物群落特征、蝗虫群落组成和数量,分析蝗虫群落生物多样性特征,利用冗余分析方法分析植物群落与蝗虫群落的相关性,采用结构方程模型分析放牧模式对蝗虫群落的影响路径.结果 显示,与休牧相比,牛放牧、...     

中国杂草生物学研究的新进展

杂草是杂草科学研究的目标对象,其生物学、生态学规律的研究将为杂草防治提供理论依据。文章总结了2011—2017年间我国在杂草群落发生分布及其演替规律、杂草稻生物学、寄生杂草生物学以及化学和生物除草剂作用机制方面的研究进展。特别是在长江中下游地区农田杂草群落及其演替规律、杂草稻起源和演化及其竞争与适应机制、寄生杂草菟丝子与寄主的互作传递机制、生物源除草剂TeA等作用机制方面,取得了突破性进展。     

长白山植物群落谱系结构及环境因子对其的影响

以往在长白山植物群落生态学的研究中极少考虑物种间的亲缘关系。由物种亲缘关系所度量的群落谱系结构可以反映进化与生态过程对群落结构的影响,因而可以从全新的角度来了解群落构建的成因。文中研究以长白山76块样地为基础,分析了群落的谱系结构以及环境因子对其所造成的影响,结果显示:各样地、各群落类型均表现出一定的谱系结构,表明长白山植物群落构建过程主要是受生态位机制的作用;海拔、林分郁闭度、坡度及土壤腐殖质厚度与谱系结构存在显著的相关性。进一步将群落谱系结构结合环境因子的分布状态进行分析可以推测,环境压力作为生境过滤的形式是高山苔原以及岳桦林群落构建的最主要驱动力;干扰与环境压力对低海拔阔叶林群落构建起到重要作用;环境压力的缺失使得竞争作用放大,这成为决定阔叶红松林群落结构的主要方面。     

威百亩熏蒸后土壤微生物群落重建及功能恢复

本研究旨在科学评价威百亩熏蒸对土壤微生物生态系统的影响,为环境友好型消毒剂的选择提供理论线索。本研究以实验室威百亩熏蒸的土壤为材料,通过高通量测序技术,研究威百亩熏蒸对土壤细菌群落的影响及熏蒸后土壤微生物群落重建及功能修复的机制。结果表明：高通量测序总共测得1 062 241个高质量序列,共比对出5 882个细菌分类单元(OTUs)。熏蒸处理后不同阶段土壤细菌群落结构在门水平上较为类似,但是在种水平差异显著。威百亩熏蒸处理对微生物群落结构和功能造成很大影响,使得细菌群落α多样性、群落构建的驱动因素、共发生网络关系以及碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢等代谢活性在熏蒸处理后的初、中期阶段表现出上升或者下降的趋势,并在处理后的中后期迅速恢复并趋于平稳。以上结果表明,威百亩处理对细菌群落造成强烈的“生态扰动”,导致细菌群落表现出“抑制-激活-恢复”的阶段性特征。微生物群落的稳定性与群落的抵抗力和恢复力密切相关。本研究为科学评价威百亩土壤消毒对土壤微生态系统的影响提供理论支撑,为环境友好型消毒剂的选择提供线索。     

坡位对群落系统发育多样性的影响——以锡林郭勒典型草原为例

随着分子生物学技术在生态学中的广泛应用,基于物种亲缘关系探讨群落系统发育多样性及维持机制成为生态学研究的热点问题之一。为了揭示内蒙古典型草原不同坡位的群落系统发育多样性及群落构建的差异和驱动因素,选择在锡林郭勒典型草原开展研究,利用线上APGⅢ系统构建了该区域所有物种的系统发育进化树,并利用谱系多样性指数、净亲缘关系指数及最近亲缘关系指数,对不同坡位群落系统发育多样性和结构进行量化探究,同时采集了样地内的土壤并检测土壤养分、含水量、酸碱度及机械组成,分析它们对系统发育多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)群落系统发育多样性随坡位的上升显著下降,主导因素是土壤机械组成中的粗粉粒含量。(2)群落系统发育结构随着坡位的上升呈现出聚集程度增强的趋势,主导因素是土壤中速效磷含量。(3)整个坡位上的群落净亲缘关系指数均大于零,表明生境过滤是群落构建的主导因素。     

克拉玛依植物群落物种多样性研究

根据30个样地102个样方的调查资料,采用Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Gleason丰富度指数[17]、Simpson优势度指数与Pielou均匀度指数[16]对克拉玛依植物群落进行研究。研究结果表明:克拉玛依植物群落结构简单、物种稀少,群落物种多样性水平较低,群落多样性指数的顺序为:胡杨群落﹥柽柳群落﹥梭梭群落﹥琵琶柴群落﹥芦苇群落﹥假木贼群落﹥猪毛菜群落﹥盐节木群落﹥碱蓬+麻黄群落﹥盐穗木群落。随着水分与土壤盐碱度的变化,群落物种多样性出现相应的变化趋势:乔木群落﹥灌木群落﹥草本群落。     

内蒙古草原植物群落组织力的分析

在进行草地生态系统健康诊断的研究中 ,根据 1 981 -2 0 0 0年对内蒙古典型草原的代表性植物群落—羊草 +大针茅草原群落生产力动态测定的结果及退化草原恢复演替进程的监测数据 ,经过对物种频率 ( fi)、累积相对生物量 ( m1)、累积植株平均高度 ( h1)的计算 ,提取出草原群落中的植物种群组织力参数。l1=fi.m1.h1.1 0 0 0。按照组织力参数排序 ,确定物种在群落中的作用等级和种间互补效应。不同等级的物种占用环境资源的能力不同 ,是实现群落自组织的根源 ,种间互补作用是充分利用环境资源、适应环境波动 ,达到群落最高生产力的自组织机制。可认为物种间的等级关系和互补功能体现了群落的组织力     

科尔沁沙地水盐处理对油莎豆农田土壤细菌群落及植株生理特性的影响

为揭示水盐处理下科尔沁沙地土壤细菌群落结构及其对油莎豆（Cyperus esculentus）的影响。以吉林省前郭尔罗斯灌区油莎豆农田为研究对象,开展水、盐双因素（水处理：50%、70%、100%标准灌溉定额;盐处理：无盐胁迫、轻度盐胁迫、中度盐胁迫）随机区组野外控制试验,构建土壤细菌分子生态网络筛选关键菌种,并研究揭示其与油莎豆生长的相互关系。结果表明：（1）油莎豆农田土壤细菌优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）(22.85%±3.80%)、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）(20.02%±3.21%)和放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）(18.85%±2.41%)。优势菌属为RB41属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和红色杆菌属（Rubrobacter）。水盐环境对土壤细菌Alpha多样性无显著影响（P>0.05）。（2）100%标准灌溉定额灌溉处理细菌种间共存关系更强,50%标准灌溉定额灌溉处理细菌种间互作程度、连接紧密度最高。无盐胁迫细菌群落生态网络复杂度、互作程度最高,中度盐胁迫细菌物种之间的共存关系更强。（3）随灌溉量增加,...     

Resource assessment and clutch size in the bean weevil,Acanthoscelides obtectus

Bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)) females were found to use seeds (discrete resource patches) differentially when different sizes were offered in multiple-choice tests. Females, either as a group or as individuals, laid significantly (two to six times) more eggs on large seeds than on those of five times smaller mass. In contrast, seed shape (flattened or spherical) did not contribute to clutch-size adjustment. Thus, A obtectus females seem to measure only relative seed size when a comparison is possible. Nevertheless, females overload seeds with eggs and this can result in larval competition, so that, whereas resource size assessment and a robust egg-load adjustment indicate a trade-off between resource use and female fitness, it does not seem to provide much benefit for the progeny in stored dry beans. Several features, eg the use of oviposition markers and its consequences, may counterbalance the possible negative effects. It is assumed that, due to life cycle differences, females in the bean field may realise different fitness gains in comparison with those living in stores.     

营养和寄主密度对斑痣悬茧蜂搜寻行为的影响

以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫为寄主,观察了不同补充营养处理（饥饿、饲喂清水、饲喂30%糖水）和寄主密度等因素对斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis的搜寻效率和寄生选择行为的影响。结果显示,不同寄主密度对斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻效率和选择偏好有显著影响,寄生蜂明显倾向于选择高密度寄主斑块。未发现补充营养显著影响斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻时间,说明补充营养对斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻效率没有显著影响,但对其寄生的寄主数量具有显著影响,在5头.叶-1与15头.叶-1的寄主斑块之间具有显著差异。     

Spatial organization of multiple plant species in arid ecosystems: linking patterns and processes

Spatial organization of multiple plant species that appears as a non-random distribution of vegetative patches is one of the mostly observed spatial patterns in arid ecosystems. Yet understanding of ecological processes allowing this spatial pattern to emerge through interspecific interactions is still lacking. With a proposed conceptual model involving interspecific trade-offs between species competitive ability and colonization ability, we have argued that within patch abundance dynamics regulated by the mechanisms of competition are strongly influenced by the between patches colonization dynamics that are maintained via this trade-offs and it holds a positive, intraspecific occupancy-abundance relationship, in which increased patch occupancy increases species density within inhabiting patches. In a constant environment, while local abundance dynamics approach toward a stable equilibrium point, a fixed spatial arrangement of species can be retained through this coupled dynamics. However, in fluctuating environments where existence of such stable equilibriums is highly uncertain, it may involve continuous transitions from one community state to another as species re-organized themselves over space through the rapid changes in local species abundances. While some of the inhabiting patches are destroyed exogenously or endogenously, or species responses to increasing environmental fluctuations vary increasingly with time, discontinuous transitions into an abrupt, irreversible state of the community dynamics may occur, as with this effect the inherent positive relationship between occupancy and abundance of species is no longer maintained.     

绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)繁殖对策与种群更新的生境选择行为研究

以绵刺地表枯落物水浸液和蒸馏水为对比,对绵刺的种子发芽时间、种子发芽率和幼苗生长速度进行实验。实验结果表明:绵刺地表枯落物水浸液对绵刺种子萌发时间、萌发率和幼苗生长速度相对于蒸馏水有明显地抑制作用。10%枯落物水浸液和2%土壤表层水浸液对绵刺种子萌发时间、种子萌发率和幼苗生长速度抑制作用最为显著;说明绵刺枯落物具有化学他感作用,但这种他感作用与目前研究的异株克生作用不同,它在绵刺母株株丛内,排斥自身种子定居,以无性繁殖扩大对株丛内均质性生境的利用,实现种群的更新;在株丛外,以种子占据异质性生境进行种群的更新。因此,绵刺繁殖对策和生境的选择具有行为性,即绵刺植株以无性繁殖方式进行亲本基因的识别,有效地保存基因,而通过他感排斥作用,使种子携带的基因通过种子扩散器的作用,进行长距离的传播,在新的生境中定居,避免了亲代与子代有限资源的争夺,传播基因,这种繁殖策略的采用和生境的选择行为既保存了基因,又提高了种群的适合度。     

Impact of alpha-cypermethrin on honey bees foraging on spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) flowers in field conditions

BACKGROUND: Cruciferous oil-bearing crops have gained in importance worldwide. The expansion of the growing area of these crops has caused a proliferation of pests. Exposure to organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides has been associated with bee poisoning in food crops. This study examines the repellent effect of alpha-cypermethrin on the number of foraging honey bees, Apis mellifera L., on fields of spring oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera. RESULTS: The first experiment was conducted on differently sprayed 10 m(2) experimental plots where alpha-cypermethrin was applied at different times. Another experiment was conducted on a 4 ha seed production field divided into two parts: one part was treated with alpha-cypermethrin and the other was not treated with this insecticide. The results show that there was no difference in the number of honey bees between alpha-cypermethrin-treated and untreated patches. The result persisted through three observation years, regardless of varying flower and honey bee densities. CONCLUSION: No repellent effect of the insecticide on honey bees was found even 24 h after spraying. The density of oilseed rape flowers most likely played a major role in choosing the foraging area.     

荒漠生态学特殊吗?

荒漠的突出特征是干旱,但荒漠生态学不是对付严重缺水的生态学,而是研究有机体对付资源(包括水)的空间斑块性、时间变化性和不可预见性、竞争者和觅食动物的生态学。对荒漠挑战的生态仅应以一年生植物最为突出。一年生植物在短暂的生长季节生长和繁殖迅速,种子休眠期长,具有有条件的可变的发芽策略。因此,一年生植物的种子是食谷动物可靠的食物资源,并使食谷动物群社维持在竞争平衡状态。多年生植物和食草动物的关系是对资源少而稳定的挑战作出的生态反应,并受放牧支配。即荒漠地区存在着稳定性与丰富性的平衡(trade—off);资源贫乏时、资源具有高度可预见性。对多年生植物和食草动物的研究表明:荒漠生态系统一般受干扰因素控制。对于任一荒漠环境,一旦给非生物环境以适当定义,就能相当准确地预见其生态。即生态学所形成的范例、原则和规律适合于一切环境。荒漠生态学除了以斑块性、干扰性、环境的不稳定性、平均资源的贫乏性以及局部而片断的丰富度为特征外,再没有什么特殊之处。荒漠生态学是一门不特殊的有用学科。     

The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields*

Summary Weeds are major constraints on crop production, yet as part of the primary producers within farming systems, they may be important components of the agroecosystem. Using published literature, the role of weeds in arable systems for other above‐ground trophic levels are examined. In the UK, there is evidence that weed flora have changed over the past century, with some species declining in abundance, whereas others have increased. There is also some evidence for a decline in the size of arable weed seedbanks. Some of these changes reflect improved agricultural efficiency, changes to more winter‐sown crops in arable rotations and the use of more broad‐spectrum herbicide combinations. Interrogation of a database of records of phytophagous insects associated with plant species in the UK reveals that many arable weed species support a high diversity of insect species. Reductions in abundances of host plants may affect associated insects and other taxa. A number of insect groups and farmland birds have shown marked population declines over the past 30 years. Correlational studies indicate that many of these declines are associated with changes in agricultural practices. Certainly reductions in food availability in winter and for nestling birds in spring are implicated in the declines of several bird species, notably the grey partridge, Perdix perdix. Thus weeds have a role within agroecosystems in supporting biodiversity more generally. An understanding of weed competitivity and the importance of weeds for insects and birds may allow the identification of the most important weed species. This may form the first step in balancing the needs for weed control with the requirements for biodiversity and more sustainable production methods.     

红火蚁本地竞争种-黑头酸臭蚁行为观察

野外调查发现一种红火蚁的本地竞争种—黑头酸臭蚁,并发现其对红火蚁有一定的对抗能力,在野外调查的基础上对黑头酸臭蚁工蚁和红火蚁工蚁进行室内对抗试验,试验表明黑头酸臭蚁工蚁对红火蚁工蚁具有明显的攻击行为,红火蚁对黑头酸臭蚁表现出被动的防御和逃避现象。黑头酸臭蚁有望成为与红火蚁相抗衡的本地竞争种,大量繁殖黑头酸臭蚁可能对红火蚁在入侵地的扩散传播会有一定的抑制作用。     

Mechanisms of bush encroachment and its inter-connection with rangeland degradation in semi-arid African ecosystems: a review

Many studies show that semi-arid rangelands throughout the world have been rapidly converted from a grassland state to a bush encroachment state during the past 50 years. Bush encroachment includes the spread of local woody species and/or incursion of woody species introduced from other ecosystems into semi-arid savannas and grassland ecosystems. Rangeland degradation due to bush encroachment causes several challenges, affecting the production of livestock and pastoral people livelihoods in most parts of Africa. Scientists have long been attempting to develop schematic and mathematical theories to explain the observed phenomenon of bush encroachment, and several theories were proposed and developed. The well-regarded theories include:(1) Walter's two-layer model,(2) Moir's one-layer model,(3) state-and-transition theory,(4) equilibrium theory,(5) disequilibrium theory, and(6) non-equilibrium theory. Within those theories, the most frequently-indicated driving factors that explain bush encroachment include over-grazing, availability of soil nutrient and moisture, elevated CO2 levels, frequency and intensity of fire, spread of seeds of woody species by livestock and wild animals. It should be stressed that couplings and interactions among diverse driving factors are more often at work in determining the condition of bush encroachment. To summarize, the effort in managing semi-arid ecosystems needs critical knowledge to understand the cause-effect relationships of underlying factors through integrated approach. Therefore, future research on encroachment of woody plants should be multi-discipline oriented and multi-partnership involved.