中国黄牛毛色的演变及其遗传（上）

本文论述了中国黄牛毛毛色的演变及共在黄牛分类中的应用现状，根据中国现代黄牛毛色的分布特征，确定其毛色遗传主要受１１个遗传位点制约，并运用现代群体遗传学的既有成果对中国８个黄牛群体毛色位点的基因和基因型频率进行了估测，结果表明，中国黄牛毛色具有明显的多样性和层次性，是进行中国黄牛品种分类和遗传资源检测的主要依据之一。     

中国黄牛毛色遗传标记的研究进展

中国黄牛毛色遗传标记的研究进展张文举，吕永锋（甘肃省畜牧兽医研究所平凉７４４０００）关于黄牛毛色遗传方面的研究，国外已有半个世纪的历史。欧美牛毛色基因位点遗传方式的确立为中国黄牛毛色遗传标记的研究起了抛砖引玉的作用。２０世纪８０年代以后，我国一大批畜...     

平利牛毛色分布的遗传标记

采用中心产区系统随机整群抽样法,在安康地区平利县以3个系统、8个群体调查了124头平利牛的毛色分布特征,计算了毛色表现型的8个基因位点的基因型频率,以此作为遗传标记,描述了平利牛的品种特征。结果表明,平利牛毛色以黄色为主,少量黑色,并兼有各种异型毛色,属于我国北方黄牛向南方黄牛分布的过渡型黄牛类群,亦是我国山区黄牛品种资源中的一种典型黄牛群体。     

黄牛若干毛色特征遗传方式的RB频率鉴别

本文针对我国良种黄牛品种资源抢救事业的实际需要，根据群体繁殖结构的特点，以统计遗传学方法，推导、论证了扩展的Rife-Buranamanas母子组合频率公式；根据经典的和扩展的Rife-Buranamanas模型，鉴别了中国黄牛三组毛色特征的显隐性关系。     

海南黄牛的毛色特征

毛色作为品种的外貌特征,是区别于其他品种的标志。比较物种间和品种间的毛色特征,可为研究物种的起源、品种的形成与划分提供有意义的启示和依据。本文报导海南黄牛毛色特征的调查结果,并对海南黄牛     

中国黄牛毛色的演变及其遗传（下）

中国黄牛毛色的演变及其遗传（下）耿社民，常洪（陕西杨陵西北农业大学，陕西杨陵，７１２１００）４中国黄牛毛色遗传位点的确立关于牛毛色遗传的研究，国外已有半个世纪的历史，Ｉｂｓｅｎ．Ｈ．Ｌ．（１９３３）［１６］；Ｂｒｉｑｕｅｔ·Ｒ·Ｊ和Ｌｕｓｈ·Ｊ·Ｌ（...     

黄牛集团特征的形成——中国黄牛源流考之二(下)

三、毛色根据古代艺术品、历史文献反映的原牛、瘤原牛毛色以及外域家牛群体的毛色类别,估计黄牛集团与野生原种的主要毛色差异如下:1.有黧章、黑晕的个体在黄牛中约占1/4,而在野生原种中是大多数;2.黄牛集团中的绝大多数个体属全色牛,而原牛绝     

湘西黄牛毛色控制基因MC1R多态性研究

为了将毛色遗传标记作为湘西黄牛杂交组合选择、纯种鉴别、保种选育的科学理论依据,应用PCR-RFLP技术,研究了湘西黄牛黑素皮质素受体1(Melanocortin 1 Receptor,MC1R)基因对其黑毛色和红毛色表型的影响机制.结果表明:湘西黄牛中MC1R基因有三个等位基因 (ED 、E+、e );隐性的e基因在310处缺失一个碱基G 造成移码突变,在468处提前终止翻译,翻译出一个缩短了的失去功能的MC1R蛋白,表现或强或弱的红毛色;E+所对应的是野生型毛色,如黄色、灰色等;湘西黄牛中黄色个体优势等位基因为E,而红色个体优势等位基因为e,e相对E是隐性基因,只有在e等位基因纯合状态下,才表现为红色毛色; E+/e也表现为红色,可能湘西黄牛红色和黄色表型除了有MC1R基因控制外,还有其它基因参与作用.     

嘉祥县鲁西黄牛选育和改良效果研究工作总结

嘉祥县鲁西黄牛选育和改良效果研究工作总结赵松修（山东省嘉祥县畜牧工作站２７２４００）我县鲁西黄牛是劳动人民经数千年精心选育而成的国内外驰名的地方良种，具有体格高大、体质结实、役用性能好、适应性能强、遗传性稳定等优点。毛色以黄和棕红为主。省内外用它来改...     

中国黄牛酪氨酸关联蛋白1（TYRP1）基因多态性的研究

[目的]验证TYRP1基因的错义突变(g.1300C>T)与中国黄牛毛色性状是否存在相关性。[方法]采用PCR测序及生物信息学的方法,对991头中国黄牛、48头安格斯牛、104头婆罗门牛的TYRP1基因进行多态性分析。[结果]通过对中国黄牛的等位基因频率和基因型频率的分析,发现此变异与中国黄牛棕色毛色性状不相关。[结论]TYRP1基因的错义突变(g.1300C>T)与中国黄牛棕色表型不相关。该位点可能在一些品种中受到了选择,中国黄牛的棕色表型可能受其他基因调控。     

南德温肉牛杂交改良本地黄牛效果

利用南德温肉牛对乐都县地区本地黄牛进行了杂交改良,结果表明,南德温肉牛改良牛的体形外貌多数牛犊为红色,占统计数的83.33%,棕红色占16.67%.6月龄增重以南×黄速度最快,比皮×黄和本地黄牛分别多增重77.89和96.03,差异极显著(P＜0.01);胸围比皮×黄和本地黄牛分别大于26.47和47.54,差异极显著(P＜0.01).因此,南黄F1体重、体尺生产性能等方面都比本地黄牛得到了明显改善和提高.     

Effect of growth and parturition on hair cortisol in Holstein cattle

The effect of growth and parturition on hair cortisol concentrations of cattle was investigated. Plasma, saliva, and hair (black and white from the shoulders and hip) samples were collected from calves at 6 and 24 weeks old and from dairy cattle at the dry (1 and 2 months prepartum) and lactation (10, 50, 150, and 250 days postpartum) periods. Plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations were lower in 24-week-old calves than those of 6-week-old calves, and hair cortisol concentrations decreased regardless of color and position. In 6-week-old calves, hair cortisol concentrations differed between sampling positions, but this difference was not observed in 24-week-old calves. Plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations increased before parturition until 10 days postpartum then decreased until 50 days postpartum. The same trend was observed in the cortisol concentrations of white hair. Contrarily, cortisol concentrations in black hair remained unchanged and was lower than that in white hair. Hair cortisol concentration can vary greatly depending on the location on the body, hair color, cattle age, or parturition. When this method is used, all of the above factors must be considered.     

不同受体牛对黑毛和牛冷冻胚胎移植的效果

[目的]选择不同品种牛,利用同期发情和自然发情后作为受体牛,进行日本和牛冻胚移植研究。[方法]选择奶牛20头和南德温杂种肉牛41头作为受体牛,利用CIDR+PG做人工同期发情处理,发情后的受体牛移植和牛冻胚。统计分析受体牛的同期发情率和移植后的妊娠率。[结果]试验结果表明奶牛和南德温杂种肉牛的受体牛同期发情率分别为90.00%和85.36%,差异显著(P<0.05);在同一牛场场使用不同品种受体牛进行冻胚移植试验结果表明,15头奶牛和27头南德温杂种肉牛受体牛妊娠率分别为46.67%和48.14%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。[结论]只要符合胚胎移植受体牛要求,奶牛和南德温杂种肉牛均可作为和牛胚胎移植受体牛。     

湘西黄牛与湘南黄牛主要种质特性的比较研究

[目的]为评价、保护和利用好湘西黄牛和湘南黄牛重要的遗传资源提供科学依据.[方法]按照DB43/T638-2011规定的方法对湘西黄牛和湘南黄牛的体型外貌、体重体尺、繁殖性能、生长发育性状、胴体性状、肌肉品质和役用性能等主要种质特性进行了研究和评价.[结果]湘西黄牛较湘南黄牛体型大,生长发育快,役力大；肌内脂肪高和肌肉...     

Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge and age on hair cortisol concentrations in dairy cattle

Dairy cattle suffer stress from management and production; contemporary farming tries to improve animal welfare and reduce stress. Therefore, the assessment of long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function using non-invasive techniques is useful. The aims in this study were: to measure cortisol concentration in cow and calves hair by radioimmunoassay (RIA), to test cortisol accumulation in bovine hair after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenges, and determine the influence of hair color on cortisol concentrations. Fifteen Holstein heifers were allotted to 3 groups (n = 5 each): in control group (C), just the hair was sampled; in the saline solution group (SS), IV saline solution was administered on days 0, 7, and 14; and the ACTH group was challenged 3 times with ACTH (0.15 UI per kg of body weight) on days 0, 7, and 14. Serum samples from the SS and ACTH groups were obtained 0, 60 and 90 min post-injection. Serum cortisol concentration was greater 60 and 90 min after injection with ACTH. Hair was clipped on days 0, 14, 28, and 44. Hair cortisol was methanol extracted and measured by RIA. Hair cortisol was preserved for 11 mo. Hair cortisol concentrations in the ACTH group were greater than in the saline and control groups on days 14 and 28, but not on day 44. Concentrations were greater in calves than in cows and greater in white hair than in black hair. Cortisol accumulated in bovine hair after ACTH challenges, but the concentration was affected by both age and hair color. If hair color effects are taken into account, assessing cortisol concentration in hair is a potentially useful non-invasive method for assessing stress in cattle.     

培育品系中鸡青胫性状的遗传规律分析及分子基础初探

深受中国消费者青睐的青胫性状受隐性伴性基因或常染色体显性基因控制。为探明培育品系W系青胫性状的遗传规律及分子基础,本研究首先选取W系黑羽青胫与洛岛红黄羽黄胫的成熟公、母鸡(1♂∶5♀)进行正反交试验,然后对后代中青、黄胫母雏各4只的胫部皮肤进行转录组测序分析。结果表明,正交后代有青胫293只(♂172只,♀121只),黄胫51只(♂20只,♀31只); 反交后代有青胫256只(♂156只,♀100只),黄胫73只(♂29只,♀44只),正或反交后代均有两种胫色,且青胫显著多于黄胫,表明W系青胫性状属于常染色体显性遗传。将有胫色分离的杂交组合后代按胫色、羽色统计,青、黄胫个体分别为黑、黄羽,青、黄胫分离比符合1∶1(121∶117),因此青、黄胫性状或黑、黄羽性状可能受1对等位基因控制。雏鸡的胫部皮肤转录组测序分析表明,差异表达基因显著富集于黑色素生成通路(P < 0.01),Mc1r基因和已知参与黑色素合成的基因如Tyr、Tyrp1在青、黄胫皮肤中的表达量存在极显著差异。另外,一些尚无报道参与胫色形成的基因如Wnt16、Wnt3a、Fzd10等也存在极显著差异。青胫性状的形成除涉及显著富集的黑色素生成通路外,还涉及细胞外基质与受体信号、信号传导、细胞骨架与迁移、细胞黏附、鞘脂与糖脂代谢。综合遗传分析与转录组分析,本研究推定培育品系W系中的青胫性状受Mc1r基因控制,呈常染色体显性遗传,青胫性状的形成涉及多个信号通路,这为青胫性状形成机制的阐明奠定了基础。     

固原黄牛毛色及外形特征的研究

以系统随机整群抽样法调查分析了固原黄牛３个系统共１８６头毛色及外部形态特征的表型和基因频率分布。结果表明，固原黄牛毛色以红、黄色为主，头型、体型长窄为主，小肩峰（０．７９４６），额头无毛。为研究固原黄牛类源系统提供重要依据。     

BMY牛与婆罗门牛的毛色遗传

为了解BMY牛和婆罗门牛的毛色遗传,本文分析了BMY牛和婆罗门牛的生产资料,以期在BMY牛新品系的经济性状达到稳定遗传的同时,也达到毛色的相对固定。BMY牛和婆罗门牛的红色、黑色和灰色所占比例分别为31.55%、16.04%、14.98%和44.03%、0、11.19%。BMY牛3个毛色个体的比例占群体的62.57%,这暗示着还存在很大的选择潜力。基于毛色的遗传基础,推测BMY牛红毛和灰毛两个品系将快于黑毛品系育成。另外,我们也认为尽管毛色标志着品种的基本特征,但也不能一味强调对毛色的选种选配,而应更注重于经济性状的选择与提高。     

野猪与黑猪杂交的毛色遗传研究

对含有不同血统的野猪与黑猪进行杂交,通过对不同杂交组合的2 4窝仔猪进行观察,以确定野猪与黑猪杂交的毛色遗传规律。结果表明,野猪毛色(仔猪条纹状)与黑毛之间不存在显隐性关系,其杂交后毛色呈中间型遗传规律,杂交组合中父本野猪血统所占的比例越大,其后代出现条纹状仔猪也就越多     

Inheritance of the "rat-tail" syndrome and its effect on calf performance.

A form of congenital hypotrichosis, commonly know as the "rat-tail syndrome," occurs in a small percentage of calves produced by crossing some Continental cattle breeds with cattle that are black in color. These calves are characterized by short, curly, malformed, sometimes sparse hair and a lack of normal tail switch development. In our first study, performance of 43 rat-tail calves was compared with that of 570 non-rat-tail calves of the same breeding and contemporary groups. All rat-tail calves were sired by Simmental bulls and were from cows with various percentages of Angus breeding. The rat-tail condition had no effect on birth weight, weaning weight, or gain from birth to weaning. However, rat-tail calves had significantly lower rates of gain during the winter months from weaning to yearling than non-rat-tail calves, resulting in a 19 kg lighter yearling weight. Gains of steers from yearling to slaughter were not significantly different, but rat-tail steers were 36 kg lighter (P = .01) and 13 d older (P = .15) at slaughter than the non-rat-tail steers. In a second study, Angus-Simmental F1 males and females with the rat-tail condition were mated to produce 64 F2 offspring that were used to determine the mode of inheritance of this syndrome. Analysis showed that the rat-tail syndrome is controlled by interacting genes at two loci. Cattle that express the syndrome must have at least one dominant gene for black color and be heterozygous at the other locus involved.