Use of culture-derived Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, race 1 filtrates for rapid and non-destructive in vitro differentiation between resistant and susceptible clones of field-grown banana

Banana and plantain are among the most important food crops in developing countries but production is threatened by increasing virulent forms of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Chemical control is not economically effective and,therefore, breeding programs are necessary. Traditional field studies of new genotype resistance to this disease are time-consuming and destructive. Therefore,we developed a rapid and non-destructive procedure to differentiate field-grown banana resistant from susceptible clones. This procedure implicates application of culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 onto banana leaves. The relationship between duration of the fungal in vitro incubation, and the fungal culture fresh mass, the culture filtrate absorbency, and the Gross Michel (susceptible cultivar)leaf lesion area (after application of the culture filtrate) were similar and at 24day-incubation the highest values of the recorded indicators were observed. A comparison between Gross Michel and FHIA-01(resistant) was also performed. The most relevant differences between cultivars were observed at 48 hours after application of the culture filtrate, and in the middle-aged leaves. The position of the culture filtrate application in the leaf limb (distal, middle, proximal) was not determinant. A wider comparison among banana cultivars confirmed previous results informed by other researchers using different systems to study this plant-fungus interaction. Such a confirmation validates the effectiveness of the procedure described here to select rapid and non-destructively banana resistance to this disease at field level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

香蕉枯萎病菌对不同香蕉品种防御酶系的影响

摘要：本文研究了不同香蕉品种在接种香蕉枯萎病菌后防御酶系的变化。结果表明,经病原菌接种后,SOD酶活性的大小与不同香蕉品种的耐、感病之间呈负相关;PO酶和内切几丁质酶活性的变化趋势与香蕉品种的抗病性之间不存在相关性;PAL酶、β-1, 3-葡聚糖酶和外切几丁质酶的活性变化趋势与香蕉品种抗、感病品种关系密切,可以作为香蕉品种抗枯萎病一个重要的生物化学指标。     

Evaluation of common wheat cultivars for tan spot resistance and chromosomal location of a resistance gene in the cultivar 'Salamouni'

A total of 50 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were evaluated for resistance to tan spot, using Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis race 1 and race 5 isolates. The cultivars ‘Salamouni’, ‘Red Chief’, ‘Dashen’, ‘Empire’ and ‘Armada’ were resistant to isolate ASC1a (race 1), whereas 76% of the cultivars were susceptible. Chi‐squared analysis of the F₂ segregation data of hybrids between 20 monosomic lines of the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ and the resistant cultivar ‘Salamouni’ revealed that tan spot resistance in ‘Salamouni’ was controlled by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 3A. This gene is designated tsn4. The resistant cultivars identified in this study are recommended for use in breeding programmes to improve tan spot resistance in common wheat.     

Salt‐Induced Regulation of Some Key Antioxidant Enzymes and Physio‐Biochemical Phenomena in Five Diverse Cultivars of Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to examine the differential morpho‐physiological responses of five cultivars of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) to salt stress. Five diverse cultivars of turnip (shaljum desi surakh, shaljum purple top, shaljum golden bal, neela shaljum, and peela shaljum) were subjected for 6 weeks to varying levels of NaCl, i.e. 0, 80 and 160 mm in Hoagland’s nutrient solution in sand culture. Imposition of varying levels of salt substantially decreased shoot and root fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll contents, leaf osmotic potential, relative water contents, different gas exchange attributes, total phenolics, malondialdehyde, activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase catalase, and leaf and root K⁺ levels while enhanced the proline contents, membrane permeability, level of H₂O₂, leaf and root Na⁺ and Cl^? and leaf Ca²⁺ in all turnip cultivars under study. Of all cultivars, peela shaljum and neela shaljum were consistently higher in their growth than the other turnip cultivars at all salt concentrations of the growth medium. Photosynthetic capacity (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were higher in high biomass‐producing cultivars, i.e. peela shaljum and neela shaljum, which provide to be potential selection criteria of salt tolerance in turnip. However, the regulation of antioxidant system was cultivar‐specific under saline conditions.     

中国小黑豆抗源对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种抗病的生化反应

抗源品种灰皮支黑豆、元钵黑豆和高感品种鲁豆１号为供试大豆材料，大豆孢囊线虫４号生理小种卵和二龄幼虫为接种物。接种后１７天，测定大豆根部的营养物质和次生代谢物含量。与不接种对照比，抗源品种灰皮支黑豆和元体黑豆根部的总糖含量分别降低２４．９１％和３７．７７％，而感病对照鲁豆１号升高４６．０１％；果糖和麦芽四糖含量在感病对照根上增加幅度较大，分别为１４４．３０％和６２．９０％，但在抗源品种根上或是具有小     

Genotypic difference for the susceptibility of Japanese, Chinese and European pears to Venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on Asian pears

Venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on Asian pears, is distinct from Venturia pirina, a causal fungus of European pear scab. Although scab caused by V. nashicola is one of the most serious diseases in the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai var. culta Nakai), information available regarding resistant breeding against V. nashicola is limited. In this study, 12 genotypes of Japanese pear, seven genotypes of Chinese pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.) and four genotypes of European pear (Pyrus communis L. var. sativa DC.) and/or their offspring were evaluated for susceptibility to V. nashicola with leaf and fruit inoculation tests. At 30–40 days after full bloom in their developmental stage, unfolded young leaves and fruit were inoculated with conidial suspensions of V. nashicola for each genotype, and the responses were rated at 30 days postinoculation for the inoculated leaves and at 42 days postinoculation for the inoculated fruits. No visible symptoms were found in European pear ‘Bartlett’ and ‘La France’ and their respective offspring ‘290‐36’ and ‘282‐12’, in the Japanese pear ‘Kinchaku’ and in the Chinese pears ‘Cangxili’ and ‘Hongli’; these genotypes were evaluated as highly resistant to V. nashicola. Necrotic lesions without sporulation were observed in the Chinese pears ‘Qiubaili’, ‘Manyuanxiang’, ‘Yuanbali’ and ‘Xiangyali’, which were regarded as resistant. Sporulating lesions were formed on the other genotypes, such as the major Japanese pear cultivars ‘Kosui’ and ‘Nijisseiki’, which were regarded as susceptible. The response of inoculated leaves coincided well with that of inoculated fruit for each genotype. When the severity of scab symptoms on scab‐susceptible genotypes was further rated with disease severity (DS) values, a genotypic difference was observed for overall DS values in a successive 2‐year measurement among the susceptible genotypes. Based on the DS values of leaf and fruit scabs, the Japanese pears ‘Niitaka’, ‘Shinko’, ‘Nijisseiki’, ‘Gold Nijisseiki’, ‘Osa Nijisseiki’ and ‘Shinsui’ were considered to be less susceptible to V. nashicola than the typical susceptible cultivar ‘Kosui’.     

大葱抗感紫斑病品种生理特性研究

为了研究大葱对紫斑病的抗性,进行了苗期抗性鉴定。以抗病性差异很大的2个品种为材料,分析了感病前后叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、过氧化物酶、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量变化。结果显示,不论是抗病材料还是感病材料,发病后叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量都呈下降趋势,但感病材料下降的幅度大。发病前后,抗病材料过氧化物酶活性明显高于感病材料,发病后2材料的过氧化物酶活性均大幅度提高,但抗病材料增幅大于感病材料。抗病材料未发病时MDA含量差异很小,发病后MDA均增加,但感病材料MDA含量明显高于抗病材料。抗病材料脯氨酸的自然含量高于感病材料,发病后两类材料脯氨酸含量都上升,抗病材料明显高于感病材料。抗病材料可溶性蛋白质的自然含量差异不大,发病后抗病材料蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,而感病材料则略有增加。大葱受紫斑病侵染后,无论抗病材料还是感病材料,可溶性糖含量都呈下降的趋势,但抗病材料下降的幅度小于感病材料。感、抗病材料游离氨基酸的自然含量高于感病材料,发病后感病材料游离氨基酸含量有所增加,而抗病材料的含量下降。     

Effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance in rice to leaf blast

Summary Ten rice genotypes were inoculated with a virulent isolate of Magnaporthe grisea to study the effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance, and evaluate associations between these components. The number of sporulating lesions per cm² leaf declined with increase of leaf age in all genotypes. The number of lesions per cm² leaf area in one week old leaves was about 25% that of the number in very young leaves in the susceptible cultivar CO39, but less than 2% in the more resistant cultivars IR36, IR60 and IR62. Large differences between genotypes were found for the number of sporulating lesions that developed, and this factor was closely related to the period that leaves remained susceptible after appearance. The number of lesions in the most susceptible cultivar CO39 was about 7 times that in the cultivars IR60 and IR64. Differences between genotypes were also found for lesion size. The effect of aging on average lesion size was less pronounced than on lesion density. Lesion size and lesion density were positively correlated, but a rapid decline of density was not necessarily accompanied by a rapid decline of size. No apparent differences between genotypes were observed for latent period. Genotypes with leaves that became highly resistant soon after appearance expressed higher levels of partial resistance in the field.     

多酚、黄酮及甾醇与番茄抗晚疫病关系

以对番茄晚疫病抗性较强的番茄品种‘25-1’和易感染番茄晚疫病的品种‘京乐502’为试材,通过人工接种病原的方法,研究多酚、黄酮及甾醇与番茄品种晚疫病抗性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）健康叶多酚类和甾醇类含量在2 个品种间无显著差异;黄酮类含量抗病品种‘25-1’显著高于感病品种‘京乐502’。（2）接种后,多酚类和黄酮类含量在2 个品种中均呈先增后减的趋势。峰值出现时间‘京乐502’晚于‘25-1’。总甾醇含量与番茄晚疫病抗性密切相关。接种晚疫病病原后,2 个品种中总甾醇含量均都呈下降趋势。随着病情的发展,感病品种‘京乐502’的总甾醇含量迅速下降,抗病品种‘25-1’下降较为缓慢。     

Identification of a major blast resistance gene in the rice cultivar 'Tetep'

Analysis of near‐isogenic lines (NILs) indicated the presence of a novel resistance gene in the indica rice cultivar ‘Tetep’ which was highly resistant to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea.‘Tetep’ was crossed to the widely used susceptible cultivar ‘CO39’ to generate the mapping population. A Mendelian segregation ratio of 3 : 1 for resistant to susceptible F₂ plants further confirmed the presence of a major dominant locus, in ‘Tetep’, conferring resistance to the blast fungal isolate B157, corresponding to the international race IC9. Simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) was used for molecular genetic analysis. The analysis revealed that the SSLP marker RM 246 was linked to a novel blast resistance gene designated Pi‐tp(t) in ‘Tetep’.     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to race 1 of Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis in synthetic hexaploid wheat

Tan spot, caused by a necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Ptr), has become an important foliar disease of wheat worldwide. Effective control of tan spot can be achieved by deployment of resistant wheat cultivars. An F_2:3 population derived from a cross between synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), TA4161‐L1 (moderately resistant) and susceptible winter wheat cultivar, ‘TAM105’ was evaluated with race 1 of Ptr under controlled conditions. The population was genotyped using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT). Presence of transgressive segregants indicated contribution of positive alleles from both parents. Two major QTLs were located on the short arm of chromosomes 1A and 6A and designated as QTs.ksu‐1A and QTs.ksu‐6A, respectively. Two additional QTLs were identified on chromosome 7A. Resistant alleles of all the QTLs were contributed by TA4161‐L1. Novel QTLs on 6A and 7A can be a valuable addition to known resistance genes and utilized in breeding programmes to produce highly resistant cultivars.     

Inheritance of insensitivity to culture filtrate of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, race 2, in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Tan spot of wheat is caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. On susceptible hosts, P. tritici‐repentis induces two phenotypically distinct symptoms, tan necrosis and chlorosis. This fungus produces several toxins that induce tan necrosis and chlorosis symptoms in susceptible cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of insensitivity to necrosis‐inducing culture filtrate of P. tritici‐repentis, race 2, and to establish the relationship between the host reaction to culture filtrate and spore inoculation with respect to the necrosis component. The F₁, F₂, and BC₁F₁ plants and F_2:8 lines of five crosses involving resistant wheat genotypes ‘Erik’, ‘Red Chief’, and line 86ISMN 2137 with susceptible cultivars ‘Glenlea’ and ‘Kenyon’ were studied. Plants were spore‐inoculated at the two‐leaf stage. Four days later, the newly emerged uninoculated third leaf was infiltrated with a culture filtrate of isolate Ptr 92–164 (race 2). Reactions to the spore inoculation and the culture filtrate were recorded 8 days after spore inoculation. The segregation observed in the F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations and the F_2:8 lines of all crosses indicated that a single recessive gene controlled insensitivity to necrosis caused by culture filtrate. This gene also controlled resistance to necrosis induced by spore inoculation.     

草莓新品种‘晶玉’抗炭疽病相关的生理生化指标分析

为了研究草莓新品种‘晶玉’抗炭疽病特性的生理生化机制,以‘晶玉’为研究对象,高抗炭疽病品种‘甜查理’和感病品种‘丰香’、‘红颜’为对照,分别检测接种炭疽菌后不同时间点的可溶性总蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)、维生素C含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的变化。结果表明：在96 h检测范围内,6个生理生化指标的变化趋势总体表现为先升高后降低;抗、感品种间可溶性总蛋白、MDA含量以及SOD、POD活力差异显著;MDA含量随品种抗炭疽病能力增强而降低,CAT活力随品种抗炭疽病能力增强而增加。研究结果说明,‘晶玉’抗炭疽病特性与其低MDA含量、高的可溶性蛋白含量,以及高的SOD、POD、CAT活力相关。     

Quantitative resistance and its components in 16 barley cultivars to yellow rust, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">hordei</Emphasis>

Sixteen barley cultivars with a susceptible infection type (IT = 7–8) in the seedling stage to an isolate of race 24 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei were planted at two locations in México. Disease severity (DS) parameters were assessed for the flag leaf and for the upper three leaves. The cultivars represented at least five levels of quantitative resistance ranging from very susceptible to quite resistant. “Granado”, “Gloria/Copal” and “Calicuchima-92” represented the most resistant group and had an IT of 7 or 8. The cultivar × environment interaction variance, although significant, was very small compared with the cultivar variance. The disease severity parameters were highly correlated. The monocyclic parameter DS_m, measured when the most susceptible cultivar had reached its maximum DS, was very highly correlated with the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), r being 0.98. Components of quantitative resistance were evaluated in two plant stages. In the seedling stage small cultivar effects for the latency period were observed, which were not correlated with the quantitative resistance measured in the field. In the adult plant stage the latency period (LP), infection frequency (IF) and colonization rate (CR) were measured in the upper two leaves. The LP was much longer than in the seedling stage and differed strongly between cultivars. The differences in IF were too large, those in CR varied much less. The components showed association with one another. The LP and IF were well correlated with the AUDPC (r = 0.7–0.8). †Deceased     

Studies on resistance to bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in tomato cv. Ontario 7710

Plants of 17 tomato cultivars and four wild Lycopersicon accessions were evaluated for their reaction to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in a greenhouse following a leaf‐spray inoculation. The genotypes exhibited a large amount of variation in response to Pst infection, with disease severity index (DSI) ratings from 0.2 to 3.9. The cultivar ‘Ontario 7710’ and two accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum (LA 1773 and LA 1775) were the most resistant, with DSI values of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, respectively. Three varieties, M 1812, Kujawski and Warszawski, also showed a high level of tolerance. The most susceptible was ‘A 100’(DSI = 3.9). The inheritance of resistance to bacterial speck was investigated by disease tests in segregated populations obtained by hybridizing the tomato cv. Ontario 7710 with the susceptible variety ‘A 100′. Plants were rated for disease severity by inspecting each plant and were then evaluated according to phenotypic similarity to ‘Ontario 7710’ or ‘A 100’ in respect of the number and size of the spots. Genetic analysis in F1, F2 and backcross segregations indicated that resistance of'Ontario 7710’ to Pst is conferred by one incompletely dominant gene, Pto.     

New sources of resistance for stripe rust in barley

Eight spring barley accessions from the gene bank in Gatersleben, Germany, and 10 cultivars were tested for stripe rust resistance. Tests were performed at the seedling stage in the growth chamber and as adult plants in the field. All accessions and six cultivars were scored as resistant against race 24 under all test conditions, with very few plants as exceptions, while the susceptible control cultivars ‘Karat’ and ‘Certina’, and four other cultivars were attacked in all cases. Differences between accessions and between cultivars were detected after infection with isolates from ‘Trumpf’ and ‘Bigo’ (seedling tests only). Infection structures within seedling leaves without pustules and for the first time within leaves of adult plants from the field were analysed by fluorescence microscopy. With this method additional genetic Differences in the resistance reaction could be detected which could not to be seen in the resistance test. Crosses between the accessions and the susceptible cultivar ‘Karat’ led to segregating F₂ progenies. The percentage of resistant plants varied between the accessions. This also indicates a different genetic basis of resistance in the accessions. The infection structures observed by fluorescence microscopy stopped earlier in leaves of the two accessions HOR 8979 and HOR 8991 than in leaves of other accessions in all the tests. These accessions were the only ones with more than 50% resistant plants in all F₂ tests. In general, the accessions from the gene bank can be used as new resistance sources against stripe rust.     

不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病抗性中的作用

分析了枯萎病菌侵染后棉花叶片和根茎部组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质 (胞壁结合的简单酚、复杂酚聚合物及黄酮醇 )含量的变化。结果表明 ,抗病品种棉苗中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量高于感病品种 ,同一品种内根茎部组织中含量较高 ;氟乐灵播前土壤处理可诱发棉苗产生对枯萎病的诱导抗性 ,同时也促进了棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质的积累 ;枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量明显增加 ,抗病品种棉苗和经氟乐灵处理的棉苗受侵后不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量的增加分别大于感病品种棉苗和未经氟乐灵处理棉苗中的增加水平。这些结果说明 ,不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病的抗性及由氟乐灵诱发的诱导抗性中起作用     

高粉与低粉木薯品种叶片光合作用日变化及淀粉积累的研究

为了阐明高粉和低粉木薯叶片光合作用及淀粉累积的日变化规律,以高粉木薯品种‘辐选01’和低粉品种‘华南124’苗期叶片为对象,对叶片光合作用的日变化、叶片中的可溶性糖（葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖）及总糖、淀粉含量、气孔密度等进行比较研究。结果表明：随着光强的增加,高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合速率较低粉品种‘华南124’高;且‘辐选01’叶片上表皮与下表皮的气孔密度都显著高于‘华南124’;2个木薯品种叶片中蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量在一天中是不断积累、逐渐增加的。在一天当中,木薯叶片中淀粉含量在18:00时达到最高。而高粉品种‘辐选01’的光合作用能力在一天当中与低粉品种‘华南124’存在较大差异,在8:00—14:00之间,‘辐选01’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较‘华南124’高,而在16:00—18:00之间,‘华南124’的光合作用能力与糖分积累较高,这可能与午后温室温度上升引起叶片温度过高,叶绿体活性与Rubisico活性降低、RuBP羧化酶再生能力降低导致了‘辐选01’的光合作用能力比‘华南124’的低。     

Inheritance of resistance to angular leaf spot in Nicotiana tabacum L. cultivars burley 21 and kentucky 14

Summary The genetics of resistance to angular leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in Nicotiana tabacum cultivars Burley 21 and Kentucky 14 was investigated by studying disease reactions to three isolates of parental, F₁, F₂ and backcross generations derived from crosses between the resistant cultivars and the susceptible cultivar Judy's Pride. Studies were conducted in the greenhouse and in field plant beds. Chi-square values were computed to determine whether the observed ratios for disease reactions deviated from expected Mendelian ratios for a single, dominant gene controlling resistance to angular leaf spot in tobacco. Based on the resistance of the F₁ and the backcross generation to the resistant parent (BC-R), a 3 resistant: 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the F₂, and a 1 resistant: 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the backcross generation to the susceptible parent (BC-S), it was concluded that resistance to three isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is governed by a single, dominant gene.     

Characterizing Submergence Survival Strategy in Rice Via Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Rice plants cope with flash floods using either an ‘escape strategy’ involving rapid shoot elongation or a ‘quiescence strategy’ involving survival underwater with minimal activity. To clarify the differences in the response of leaf photosynthesis properties to conditions during and after submergence, two rice cultivars were compared: a non‐shoot‐elongating cultivar IR 67520‐B‐14‐1‐3‐2‐2 (IR67520) and a shoot‐elongating cultivar IR72442‐6B‐3‐2‐1‐1 (IR72442). Twenty‐three‐day‐old seedlings were submerged in 80‐cm‐deep water for 14 days. During submergence, the chlorophyll contents of the upper fully expanded leaf (5th leaf) and newly developed leaf later (6th leaf) and the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) of the fifth leaf decreased earlier in IR72442 than in IR67520. In the submerged sixth leaf, F_v/F_m was higher in IR72442 than in IR67520 at early measurement. Although F_v/F_m of the sixth leaf in submerged IR67520 increased substantially from 2 days post‐submergence, IR72442 decreased because of leaf chlorosis. Therefore, a non‐shoot‐elongating cultivar coped with submergence by inhibiting photodamage and maintaining high chlorophyll content in the leaves. The shoot‐elongating cultivar was able to maintain the photosynthetic capacity of the newly developed leaf during submergence by prompt reduction of chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence in the leaf that developed before submergence.