Modelling the establishment,spread and distribution shifts of pests

Abstract

During the last century increasing human trade networks have interacted with other global changes – such as land use and climate change – to accelerate the range expansion of pest species worldwide. In this special issue, we present a series of articles that model the risk of establishment and spread of non-native harmful species, as well as shifts in the distribution of native pest species. We also provide a state-of the art review of the available literature on species distribution models for pests, weeds, and pathogens. Recent advances in modelling approaches have allowed us to significantly improve our abilities to predict changes in species distribution, and these tools have been widely used to enhance biosecurity planning and pest management. We expect that this special issue contributes toward and integration of the scientific knowledge and the development of novel approaches to model pest species distribution, as well as to better understand the factors that influence their expansion in the context of a rapidly changing world.     

松褐天牛的天敌及其对寄主的控制能力研究

根据国内外的研究和作者的研究结果,总结和记述了传播松材线虫的媒介昆虫松褐天牛的天敌种类及其控害情况。共有9 7种天敌,其中天敌昆虫4 7种,病原微生物1 7种,捕食性鸟类3 3种。同时对主要天敌种类病原微生物、肿腿蜂、斑头陡盾茧蜂、花绒寄甲、天牛斑叩甲和捕食性鸟类对松褐天牛的控制能力进行了阐述。     

Factors affecting the distribution and associated species of Malva parviflora in the Nile Delta,Egypt

Malva parviflora (little mallow) is a wild herb with agricultural importance in Egypt, where it is cultivated as a food crop. The main objective of the present work was to study the distribution and common associated species of the arable weed, M. parviflora, in the Nile Delta, Egypt. In addition, the diversity and behavior of the common species along the prevailing environmental conditions were assessed. Fifty stands, representing five common habitats (crop fields, orchards, canals, drains and roadsides), were selected. Eighty‐five species and one variety (50 annuals and 36 perennials) were recorded. Therophytes dominated the other life forms and biregional taxa contributed the highest chorological elements. Malva parviflora is a therophytic plant that has a Mediterranean distribution intermingled with Irano‐Turanian elements. Moreover, the highest coverage percentage of M. parviflora was recorded in the canal banks. Four vegetation groups that represented the distinct habitats were produced by the application of a two‐way indicator species analysis and a detrended correspondence analysis as a classification and ordination technique, respectively. Vegetation group C, which inhabited the crop fields, was the most diverse. A canonical correspondence analysis indicated that calcium carbonate, organic carbon, carbonate, potassium and the potassium adsorption ratio and electrical conductivity are the most effective soil variables on the distribution of M. parviflora and its associated species in the different habitats. It was found that M. parviflora was affected greatly by calcium carbonate, sand and magnesium. In addition, it was significantly associated with soil bicarbonate. Such a study could help in managing this important agricultural weed.     

沙冬青豆荚螟-天敌空间分布的地统计学分析

空间分布格局是昆虫种群的重要属性。沙冬青是我国重点保护的珍稀濒危植物,豆荚螟是为害沙冬青种子的主要害虫,研究种子害虫及其天敌的区域性空间分布格局是害虫宏观管理的前提和基础。地统计学是深入研究昆虫种群空间格局的有效方法。2018年5月-6月,选择宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区内沙冬青分布片区,采用地统计学方法,分析了沙冬青种子害虫豆荚螟幼虫及其天敌的空间分布格局。结果显示沙冬青有虫株率为100%,豆荚受害率为23.02%,豆粒受害率为14.11%;沙冬青豆荚螟幼虫的密度为(0.296 9±0.002 0)头/荚,寄生性天敌密度为(0.012 0±0.000 2)头/荚。分别采用不同的理论模型来拟合豆荚螟幼虫及其天敌的空间半变异函数曲线,其全方向半变异函数曲线最优模型分别为高斯模型和球面模型,空间格局均呈聚集分布;害虫和天敌存在一定空间相关性,空间依赖范围分别为88.61～434.05 m和159.05～426.88 m。用Kriging空间插值法对害虫和天敌的空间分布进行模拟,结果呈斑块状分布,二者存在空间依赖性和互补性。天敌对害虫有一定的空间跟随效应和控制效应。     

不同种植方式早玉米田害虫及其天敌的种类和数量组成研究

1987年,蒋佩兰等曾研究不同种植方式玉米田玉米害虫及其天敌与产量关系。1998年又在江西农业大学农学试验站红壤旱地上进行了不同种植方式早玉米田害虫及天敌的种类和数量组成研究,现报告如下：1研究方法1．1材料供试品种：玉米为登海一号,大豆为余江农家品种,绿豆为南昌农家品种。1．2方法试验设4个处理：①玉米间大豆,②玉米间大豆同穴,③玉米间绿豆,④玉米清种。重复2次,随机排列。4月11日播种,7月4日成熟收获。吐丝期开始调查五米害虫及其天敌种类和数量,每小区按5点取样,每点调查5株,进行累计。2结果与分析从表1可知,玉米…     

安徽合肥地区茶园蓟马与其捕食性天敌的关系

采用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法,研究了安徽合肥地区2015年和2016年‘乌牛早’茶园和‘白毫早’茶园的蓟马与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面的关联,依据天敌与蓟马关系密切指数之和,评判出蓟马的主要天敌。结果表明‘白毫早’茶园蓟马的主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛(10.890 1)、锥腹肖蛸(9.8740)、鳞纹肖蛸(9.1478)和茶色新圆蛛(8.552 2);‘乌牛早’茶园蓟马两年的前四位主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛(11.347 8)、锥腹肖蛸(9.634 4)、异色瓢虫(9.627 0)和鳞纹肖蛸(9.507 3)。综合分析,2015年和2016年‘乌牛早’茶园和‘白毫早’茶园蓟马前四位天敌中有三种相同,即八斑球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和鳞纹肖蛸。两种茶园两年高峰日的蓟马类都是聚集分布格局,其聚集是由蓟马本身原因或环境中的某一因子引起的。该分析方法是评判害虫主要天敌较为理想的方法。     

青海省枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类调查

本文于2009-2016年调查了青海省天然枸杞林和栽培枸杞林病虫害及其天敌昆虫种类和主要病虫害发生规律。在当地枸杞林有害虫34种,病害7种,天敌昆虫32种。对栽培红果枸杞生产造成较大影响的病害有:枸杞白粉病、根腐病、干热风害和霜冻害。34种枸杞害虫隶属于节肢动物2纲7目18科,栽培红果枸杞的主要害虫有棉蚜、白枸杞瘤瘿螨、枸杞木虱、枸杞绢蛾;天然枸杞林重要病虫有枸杞绢蛾、白枸杞瘤瘿螨和枸杞白粉病。黑果枸杞主要病虫仅有2种,枸杞瘤瘿螨和枸杞白粉病。枸杞干果(黑果枸杞和红果枸杞)的重要仓储害虫是印度谷斑螟。枸杞蚜虫类的主要天敌昆虫为瓢虫类和丽草蛉,枸杞瘿螨类的主要天敌昆虫是枸杞瘿螨姬小蜂,枸杞木虱的优势天敌为莱曼氏蚁。     

Spread dynamics and agricultural impact of Sorghum halepense,an emerging invasive species in Central Europe

Sorghum halepense is a serious weed and reservoir for pathogens of crops worldwide that has recently spread in Austria. On the basis of an exhaustive distribution data set (302 records), we analysed the spread dynamics and agricultural impact. The first record of S. halepense was recorded in 1871, but the species remained rare until 1970. After a moderate increase in records until 1990, it has recently expanded strongly (>70% of all records have been collected since 1990), in particular, in the lowlands of eastern and southern Austria. Invasion into fields was first documented in the 1970s, but again, since 1990, S. halepense has spread strongly and fields now account for 32% of all records. In southern Austria, we found that S. halepense invasion already puts approximately 41% of grain maize fields and 40% of oil‐pumpkin fields at risk of yield losses. In cooler regions within Austria, S. halepense is still rarely recorded in fields. Sorghum halepense serves as a reservoir for the maize dwarf mosaic virus, as it was found in 38% of 21 samples collected in southern Austria. Invasion of S. halepense in fields was most likely assisted by frequent secondary dispersal and intensive maize and oil‐pumpkin cultivation. Given the fast and on‐going spread in fields, which is likely to continue under climate warming, our results provide evidence that S. halepense will cause serious impacts for agriculture in Austria and probably in other countries of Central Europe.     

西双版纳橡胶盔蚧天敌调查

通过对西双版纳州各大国有农场(景洪、勐养、勐捧、勐腊、橄榄坝、东风)、民营胶园(三达山、嘎栋、嘎洒、勐罕)及西双版纳热带花卉园内幼林地的调查,初步了解到橡胶盔蚧的天敌31种,其中云南省天敌新记录9种,分为2个纲、7个目、11个科,其中优势种为普通草蛉、川上座壳孢和寄生蜂,分别占天敌总量的26.43%、32.35%和27.48%。比较有利用前景的为普通草蛉和寄生蜂。     

The current and future potential distribution of Cytisus scoparius: a weed of pastoral systems, natural ecosystems and plantation forestry

Cytisus scoparius is a serious weed of pastoral systems, natural ecosystems and plantation forestry, which has become invasive in a number of countries. CLIMEX™ was used to infer the climatic requirements of C. scoparius from its native range, as well as its current range as an exotic in the United States and New Zealand. The parameterised model was used to examine the invasive potential of C. scoparius under current and future climatic conditions, assuming a range of climate-change scenarios. The modelled global potential distribution of C. scoparius compared favourably with the known distributions, in both the fitted and validation dataset, encompassing almost all temperate and Mediterranean regions. The predicted distribution also included most sub-tropical regions and extended into continental areas in North America and Europe and savanna regions in Africa. Under current climate, the projected potential distribution exceeded the known distribution. Places most at risk from range expansion include China, Australia, Argentina and North America, as C. scoparius is already present, but has not yet colonised all areas with apparently high climatic suitability. Climate change is likely to lead to a poleward shift in the range of C. scoparius and a contraction of areas of suitable climate for the species in southern Europe, central Africa, Australia, China, Brazil and the southern United States. With climate change, currently uncolonised areas within northern Scandinavia, southern Canada and western regions of the Russian Federation are projected to become climatically suitable.     

Weed problems and their management in rice fields of Malaysia: An overview

The available literature on weed problems and weed control in rice fields in Malaysia is reviewed and suggestions for future research are included. The problem of weed competition with rice is of great economic importance in the country because it causes a 10–35% reduction in grain yield. About US$4.10 million is spent annually on herbicides for rice alone, and this amounts to approximately 7% of the total expenditure on herbicides. The shift in methods of rice culture from transplanting to direct seeding has magnified the weed problem. The problem of weedy rice is particularly acute in the direct-seeding rice areas. Although a number of sulfonylurea herbicides (e.g. cinosulfuron, metsulfuron, bensulfuron and pyrazosulfuron) have been found to be suitable alternatives to the old herbicide 2,4-D, an integrated weed management program must be developed in order to reduce the problem of herbicide resistance in weeds. Weed control methods that are more friendly to the environment and affordable to farmers must be sought. Weed-competitive and allelopathic rice varieties must be produced. The problem of weeds in rice calls for systematic studies on biotechnological methods of control of weedy rice. Detailed studies on the biology and ecology of notorious rice weeds, particularly Oryza sativa L. (weedy rice), Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. and Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. need to be done in order to formulate successful weed control measures.     

Susceptibilities to methamidophos and enzymatic characteristics in 18 species of pest insects and their natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The susceptibilities to methamidophos as well as the kinetic and inhibitory parameter of acetylcholinesterases (AChE) and the activities of carboxyestsrases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) were studied in 18 species field populations of insects collected in Fuzhou, China during April and May 2000 and 2001. The insect species included five hymenopteran endoparasitoids, one hymenopteran exoparasitoid, one hymenopteran hyperparasitoid, one dipteran predator, four coleopteran predator ladybirds, six herbivorous pest insects of lepidoptera, diptera, homoptera, and coleoptera, respectively. There existed significant correlations between the susceptibility to methamidophos and the k_i values of AChE to methamidophos, dichlorvos, and carbofuran and between the k_i and V_max values of AChE among 18 species of insects. The six herbivorous pests and four ladybirds showed significantly low k_i and V_max values of AChE compared to the seven parasitoids and predator Epistrophe balteate. It was difficult to correlate the susceptibility to methamidophos or the k_i values with the K_m values of AChE, or with the activity of CarE and GST. The activities of CarE and GST varied depending on the different insect species. Significant synergisms of piperonyl butoxide (PB), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and diethyl maleate (DEM) with methamidophos were observed in 14 pest insects and their natural enemies. Synergisms of PB were found to be the greatest. Reduced k_i values suggested that insensitive AChE might play a critical role in the tolerance to methamidophos in the 18 insect species. The detoxification enzymes, mixed-function oxidase (MFO), CarE, and GST, were believed to be involved in the tolerance to methamidophos. MFO might play the most important role, and CarE or GST might be important in the tolerance in some insect species. Different models of tolerance to methamidophos and enzymatic potential were existed in parasitoids, predators, and herbivores based on the different selection of insecticide pressure (either directly by exposing to the spray in the field, or indirectly by the insecticides penetrated into the body of host insects) as well as different ecological and biological habitats.     

我国农田害鼠种群分布与演替

农田害鼠的种类除与当地的地理环境相适应外,还具有鼠种相对较少,优势种突出,易维持较高数量水平的特征。各鼠种在农田的分布与作物种类有一定的关联度,随着季节变化、作物生长和各种农事活动的干扰,害鼠在作物地之间、或与周围环境之间迁移。随着环境条件的变化,农田鼠类群落不断地进行演替。     

Parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae family and their natural hosts in Jordan

A field survey of the Orobanchaceae family members and their hosts in Jordan was carried out from 2003 to 2007. The intensity of parasite infection on different hosts and the severity of the infestation were evaluated. The results showed the presence of seven species of Orobanche and three species of Cistanche . The Orobanche species were found parasitizing 86 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families. Most of the species attacked by Orobanche were from the Compositae (20 species), Solanaceae (11 species), Leguminosae (nine species), Umbelliferae (seven species), Cruciferae (seven species), Cucurbitaceae (four species), Labiatae (four species), and Rosaceae (four species) families. Other families were represented by one-to-three species. Cistanche attacked 20 species of forage wild shrubs, fruit trees, and forest trees of seven families, mostly belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (seven species) and Leguminosae (three species) families. Previously unreported hosts for both genera include: Amygdalus communis , Olea europaea , and Quercus coccifera , which were parasitized by Orobanche palaestina ; A. communis , O. europaea , Prunus armeniaca , and Prunus persica , which were parasitzed by Orobanche cernua ; O. europaea and A. communis , which were parasitzed by Orobanche schultzii ; Haloxylon persicum , which was parasitzed by Cistanche lutea ; Punica granatum , Alhagi maurorum , Casuarina equisetifolia , Centaurea postii , and Prosopis farcta , which were parasitzed by Cistanche tubulosa ; and Achillea spp., Anabasis syriaca , H. persicum , Haloxylon salicornicum, Suaeda spp., and Zilla spinosa , which were parasitzed by Cistanche salsa . Certain Orobanche species were completely destructive to the cultivated crops. The results indicated the high potential of both parasitic genera to spread and to attack new hosts, while the threat they impose to agriculture in Jordan will probably result from poor management and deficiences in farmers' training.     

Maize planting time and arthropod abundance in southern Mindanao,Philippines. II. Population dynamics of natural enemies

Abstract

Beneficial arthropods were monitored in monthly plantings over 4 years in a rainfed, triple-maize cropping system in southern Mindanao, Philippines. Generalist predators and two egg parasitoids of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (ACB) did not show significant differences in abundance with respect to calendar month of planting over 39 crops. Two species of Trichogramma (T. evanescens Westwood and T. chilonis Ishii) collectively parasitized 67% of ACB egg masses and 58% eggs over the study becoming more abundant as the crop aged. The closeness of the two parasitism rates suggests that to increase parasitoid efficacy, particularly early in the crop, the best strategy would be augmentation and to increase longevity of wasps by providing carbohydrate sources to extend their searching time. Unparasitized egg masses tended to be smaller showing they were more likely to be overlooked. The ratio between the two parasitoids was 56:44 in favour of the former. Trichogramma evanescens had been introduced 2 years earlier by a government project, whereas T. chilonis probably was introduced by sugarcane estates. Prior to their introduction there were no ACB egg parasitoids in the Philippines and both are firmly established as annual parasitism levels did not continue to rise during the study. Parasitoid activity caused significant reductions in neonate ACB larval numbers beginning 7 weeks after crop emergence in an average crop. Egg parasitism rates were positively and linearly correlated with ACB egg mass density. A quadratic regression model was established between mean egg parasitism rates and egg masses size with peak parasitism rates occurring at 25 eggs per mass. Collectively 32 species of generalist predators averaged 0.9 – 1.5 individuals per plant based on weekly samplings. If ants were excluded, the average dropped to 0.1 – 0.3 per plant. Ants, dominated by Solenopsis geminata (F.), fed on ACB eggs and larvae. Coccinellids as the next most numerous were represented by three species where Micraspis crocea (Mulsant) in particular tracked ACB egg masses and probably the corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) as well. Four species of orthropterans also tracked ACB egg masses. The third most abundant guild was 17 spiders with the oxyopid Oxyopes javanus Thorell and the araneid Araneus inustus (C.L. Koch) highly correlated with ACB egg mass densities. Other spiders targeted ACB moths and Atherigona oryzae Malloch adults. The predatory mirid Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter probably targeted the corn leafhopper Cicadulina bimaculata (Evans) and possibly thrips Thrips palmi Karny and Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall). The lacewing Chrysopa sp. was abundant late in the crop when aphids were present on tassels.     

白洋淀鸟类蝗虫天敌及控制能力的研究

近年来,白洋淀滨湖蝗区东亚飞蝗及其优势种呈持续大发生。作者于2000-2002年对该蝗区鸟类蝗虫天敌种类进行了调查研究。调查表明,白洋淀有丰富的鸟类资源,其滨湖蝗区、河泛蝗区、内涝蝗区计有鸟类192种,其中鸟类蝗虫天敌有13目、34科、97种,并对区系分布、地理分布、生态分布、居留类型及优势种的控制能力进行了阐述。     

稻田轮作对水稻病、虫、草害的影响

目前南方大部分稻田采用连作耕作制度,并且滥用农药现象严重,这对农田生态环境造成极其不利的影响。为探讨稻田轮作对减轻稻田病、虫、草害的生态作用,本试验以长期水稻连作为对照,根据14年田间定位试验,详细研究了稻田轮作对水稻病、虫、草害的影响。结果表明,稻田轮作在一定程度上能减轻稻田水稻的病虫草害。稻田轮作处理的早稻纹枯病发病率平均比连作处理低10%,病情指数低0.4%;晚稻纹枯病的病株率平均比连作处理低17.7%,病情指数低13.3%。轮作处理的早晚稻稻曲病的病株率和病情指数也都低于连作处理。轮作处理所受虫害比连作处理要轻,轮作稻纵卷叶螟造成的白叶率和二化螟造成的白叶率明显低于连作。轮作处理的杂草生长情况比连作处理弱。     

Plant species composition in an international trading port and residential areas of Kobe,Japan

Invasive alien plants have caused negative ecological and economic impacts and numerous studies have focused on determining which traits make these plants successful invaders. Although it is commonly believed that only a small proportion of introduced species can become invasive, it is unknown why many alien species fail to establish. In order to identify the alien species that are exhibiting a limited distribution in their new habitat, the vegetation in an international trading port, which is a primary site for the introduction of alien plants, and residential areas of Kobe, western Japan, were surveyed every month from April–October, 2014. A total of 167 species, of which 59.3% were annual and 61.2% were alien, was found. Species that originated in Mediterranean regions were the dominant alien species, followed by those from North America. A principal component analysis showed that the species compositions were different between the port and the residential areas, particularly in spring. The species from the port areas were major weeds from the cereal crop fields of North America and Australia, but were limited in distribution in Japan. The residence time might be too short to allow them to expand or climatic differences between the areas where these aliens are naturally dominant and Japan could serve as ecological barriers to the range expansion of such species.     

我国栎类植物蛀干蛀果害虫及其天敌多样性研究进展

蛀干蛀果害虫是威胁我国栎类森林生态系统安全的重要因素。本文针对我国栎类植物蛀干蛀果害虫的物种多样性、地理分布情况、高风险外来入侵性害虫种类及其寄生性天敌种类进行了综述。目前我国有150余种栎类植物蛀干蛀果害虫,其中以天牛科Cerambycidae害虫最多,有64属96种,其次为小蠹科Scolytidae害虫,有13属29种;有10余种高风险入侵性害虫需加以重点防范;这些害虫的寄生性天敌目前仅报道了20余种。今后应在栎类植物蛀干蛀果害虫的分布区系、天敌资源调查、害虫及其天敌遗传多样性和害虫暴发关键诱发因子等方面开展更深入的研究。