拉萨白鸡蛋品质的测定及相关分析

为研究拉萨白鸡蛋品质的相关物理性状,对43周龄拉萨白鸡所产的30枚新鲜鸡蛋进行了蛋品质测定及相关分析。结果表明,蛋壳重量与蛋壳颜色呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;蛋壳强度与蛋重呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;蛋白重量与蛋壳颜色呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,与蛋壳重量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与蛋壳率呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;蛋白率与蛋壳率呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与蛋白重量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;蛋黄重量与蛋壳重量、蛋白重量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与蛋壳率呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与蛋白率呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;蛋黄率与蛋形指数、蛋黄重量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与蛋壳重量、蛋白重量、蛋白率呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;蛋黄比色与蛋壳强度呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;哈氏单位与蛋壳颜色呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与蛋白高度呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;蛋壳厚度与蛋壳强度呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;血肉斑与蛋壳强度呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与哈氏单位呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与蛋壳厚度呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。其他性状间也有相关性,但差异不显著。该研究为拉萨白鸡今后的选育提供了理论依据。     

不同周龄母鸡鸡蛋及不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋的蛋品质比较

本文比较了同一品种不同周龄(26、40周龄和64周龄)母鸡所产蛋的蛋壳品质和蛋品质,包括蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位、蛋清pH值。之后,还比较了该鸡种不同蛋壳质地鸡蛋(正常蛋和砂壳蛋)之间上述指标的差异。结果表明:在不同周龄母鸡所产蛋之间,蛋重、蛋黄指数、蛋黄比率、哈氏单位等均存在显著差异(p<0.05),而蛋壳厚度之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。此外,蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄比率随着母鸡周龄的增加呈上升趋势,而蛋壳强度、蛋壳相对重、哈氏单位、蛋黄指数、蛋清pH值呈下降趋势。最后,蛋壳质地不同的鸡蛋(正常蛋与砂壳蛋)之间,蛋重、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳强度、蛋清pH值之间存在极显著差异(p<0.01),而其他参数之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

Genetic Relations between Reproduction,Chick Weight and Maternal Egg Composition in a White Leghorn Line

Selection is a viable way to increase egg dry matter, an important trait for the egg processing industry, but simultaneously a change in the embryonic environment takes place. The main purpose of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the percentage of fertile eggs of eggs set (FERT), percentage of eggs hatched of fertile eggs (HATCH), percentage of live chicks 2 weeks post-hatch of hatched eggs (SURV/h) and of fertile eggs (SURV), and their genetic correlations with egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk proportion, albumen dry matter and mean chick weight in a White Leghorn selection line. Direct and maternal heritabilities were low for FERT, HATCH and SURV, and non-existent for SURV/h. All direct-direct genetic correlations between reproduction traits and egg composition traits were not significant. Maternal-direct genetic correlations between HATCH and egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk proportion and albumen dry matter were - 0.22, - 0.30, 0.28, 0.52 and 0.26, respectively. Similar correlations were found between SURV and egg composition traits. No significant genetic relationship was found between chick weight and post-hatch survival. In conclusion, within the range of values for egg composition in this study, selection for an increased egg dry matter should not impair reproduction.     

Genetic parameter estimates and strain comparisons of egg compositional traits 1

1. Genetic parameters and responses to selection involving egg composition and allied traits were estimated, using two unselected control strains and three selected strains of White Leghorns.

2. Heritability estimate for yolk weight was 0.5 ± 0.1; for albumen percentage protein, 0.6 ± 0.1; and for yolk percentage solids, 0.5 ± 0.1.

3. Genetic correlation estimates indicated that there was no antagonistic relationship between the weight of any egg component and its composition but, because of the unreliability of the estimates of the genetic correlations involving the egg number traits, it is impossible to predict the correlated effects that selection for egg composition would have on egg number.

4. Eggs from selected strains weighed an average of 3‐. g more, contained more albumen, and greater amounts of albumen percentage solids and percentage protein than controls, whereas no differences were found for yolk weight; yolk percentage solids changed little in the selected strains.

5. Comparisons of one control strain with four commercial strains suggest that the findings may be applicable to commercial stocks.     

Use of L-carnitine and humate in laying quail diets

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using L-carnitine and humate alone or in combination in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 280 Japanese quails aged 10 weeks, divided into one control group and three treatment groups, were used. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 100 mg L-carnitine/kg, 1.5 g humate (Farmagülat?r Dry Plus)/kg and 100 mg L-camitine + 1.5 g humate/kg, respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. The addition of L-carnitine and sodium humate alone or in combination did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, mortality, egg-shell thickness, egg yolk index and the percentages of egg-shell, albumen and yolk. Egg weight increased (P < 0.001) with L-carnitine supplementation. The values of egg albumen height (P < 0.05), egg albumen index (P < 0.01) and egg Haugh unit (P < 0.05) were increased with humate supplementation. Egg cholesterol content and blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of L-carnitine with or without humate. The results in this study demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation increased egg weight while humate addition increased egg albumen index and egg Haugh unit of laying quails. However, the combined administration of L-carnitine and humate did not have any significant effects on the parameters measured.     

选择产蛋量七个世代蛋壳及蛋品质的相关反应

以北京白鸡Ⅲ系七世代选择群和基础群为材料,估计选择产蛋量七个世代对蛋壳及蛋品质产生的相关反应.结果表明,经七个世代选择,产蛋量、蛋重、蛋白高度和哈夫单位都有所提高,而蛋壳厚度和蛋比重有一定程度下降.估计蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度和哈夫单位的遗传力分别是0.159 5、0.017 8和0.099 4.产蛋量与蛋白高度、哈夫单位和蛋壳厚度呈负遗传相关.选择产蛋量使蛋壳品质发生负向相关反应.     

丝羽乌鸡蛋品质对种蛋受精率和受精蛋孵化率的影响

试验就丝羽乌鸡蛋品质因素对种蛋受精率和受精蛋孵化率的影响进行了研究.结果显示,哈氏单位和蛋白高度越大,受精率和受精蛋孵化率越高(P＜0.01);蛋重对受精率有一定的影响,蛋重与受精率呈一定正相关关系(r=0.0619,P＜0.1),随着蛋重增加,受精率也会增大;蛋壳强度与受精蛋孵化率呈一定负相关关系(r=-0.1808,P＜0.1),蛋壳强度太大的鸡蛋其受精蛋孵化率反而下降;蛋壳颜色与受精率呈强的负相关关系(r=-0.2848,P＜0.01),即蛋壳颜色越深的鸡蛋其受精率越高;而蛋黄颜色与受精蛋孵化率呈强的负相关关系(r=-0.2328,P＜0.05),即蛋黄颜色越浅的鸡蛋受精蛋孵化率越高;蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋比重等指标对受精率及受精蛋孵化率未有显著影响.     

Genetic control of egg quality. I. Sources of variation

Measurements of specific gravity, egg weight and albumen height of eggs from three consecutive trap days were taken at approximately 225, 350 and 450 d of age, for three years, from three strains of the White Leghorns. Haugh units were calculated for each egg. From these data estimates of genetic parameters were derived.

Pooled estimates within the 27 strain‐period‐year subclasses for heritability of single egg records from sire components of variance for specific gravity, egg weight, albumen height and Haugh units were 0.36, 0.48, 0.46 and 0.45, and repeatability within periods for the four traits were 0.68, 0.74, 0.76 and 0.74 respectively. The intra‐class correlations (repeatabilities) between period‐means of the same hen expressed in standard deviation units for each subclass were 0.58, 0.71, 0.74 and 0.69 respectively. Genetic correlations between adjacent periods were high varying from 0.91 to 0.96 while those between non‐adjacent periods varied from 0.76 to 0.87 for the four traits.

It was suggested from the size of these estimates that annual performance for a quality trait could be improved by selecting pullets on the basis of a small number of egg measurements taken at early periods in the laying year.     

高铁高硒日粮对鸡蛋品质的影响

用高铁高硒日粮饲喂产蛋母鸡,观察蛋品质的变化,结果表明,蛋黄重、蛋黄重／蛋重比略有下降,蛋白质／蛋重比、哈夫单位有所提高,蛋壳／蛋重比,蛋壳厚度及蛋壳密度无明显变化,提示：高铁高硒日粮不会引起蛋品质的明显下降。     

高铁高碘日粮对蛋品质的影响

用高铁高碘日粮饲喂产蛋母鸡,观察对蛋品质的影响。结果表明,蛋黄重、蛋黄占蛋重比略有下降,蛋白占蛋重比、哈夫单位有所上升;蛋壳占蛋重比、蛋壳厚度及蛋壳密度无明显变化。提示高铁高碘日粮不会引起蛋品质的明显下降。     

Comparisons of egg quality traits,egg weight loss and hatchability between striped and normal duck eggs

1. The egg quality of striped and normal duck eggs was compared to determine why striped eggs show decreased hatchability. A total of 430 eggs, obtained from a Pekin duck breeder flock aged 50–65 wks, were used in three experiments. The eggs were weighed and assigned randomly to measure egg quality traits, egg weight (EW) loss and hatchability during incubation.

2. There were no significant differences between egg types in terms of egg shape index, eggshell strength and thickness, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk colour, weight of the eggshell with or without membranes, calcium, phosphorus, copper and manganese contents in the eggshell (with the inner and outer membranes or without the inner membrane), albumen weight, dry matter of albumen, crude protein (CP) of thick albumen and pH of the thick albumen.

3. The weight of eggshells with membranes, weight of thick albumen and CP of thin albumen in striped eggs were lower than those in normal eggs.

4. The thin albumen in striped eggs was heavier than that in normal eggs. The pH of the thin albumin in striped egg was significantly higher than that in normal eggs.

5. There were no significant differences in EW loss during incubation or duckling weight between striped and normal eggs. However, the hatchability of striped eggs was lower.

6. The lower weight of the eggshell inner membrane and thick albumen, lower CP content and higher pH in the thin albumen of striped eggs might contribute to lower hatchability.     

肉种鸡屠体肥度性状与蛋物理组成关系研究

以肉种鸡为素材,测量其42周龄蛋的物理组成和54周龄肉种鸡腹脂重(率),研究肉种鸡屠体肥度与蛋物理组成关系。结果表明:腹脂重(率)与蛋重、蛋黄重、蛋黄比例、蛋黄蛋白比例相关不显著;蛋重与蛋黄重、蛋白重存在极显著的正表型相关,与蛋黄比例、蛋黄蛋白比例呈显著的负表型相关;蛋黄重与蛋白重呈极显著的正表型相关,与蛋黄比例、蛋黄蛋白比例呈极显著的正表型相关;蛋白重与蛋黄比例、蛋黄蛋白比例呈极显著的负表型相关;蛋黄比例与蛋黄蛋白比例呈极显著正表型相关。     

Effect of sweet green pepper on yolk color and performance of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sweet green pepper (SGP) on the performance and egg quality of commercial laying hens. A total of 144 Hy Line W36 egg layers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 9 replicate groups of 4 hens each. Treatments consisted of the following diets: 1) basal diet (BD), 2) BD + 75 ppm SGP, 3) BD + 125 ppm SGP, 4) BD + 225 ppm SGP. The diets contained 2,730 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 15.5% crude protein. Egg production and egg quality were monitored for 16 weeks. Feed intake, hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion per dozen were not significantly affected by the addition of SGP to the diets. The addition of 225 ppm of SGP decreased egg weight. Specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen percentage, and yolk yellowness (b*) were not significantly affected by the addition of SGP. The addition of SGP to the diets increased yolk percentage, yolk color using a Roche fan, and yolk redness (a*). Based on these data, SGP was shown to be a useful feed ingredient for laying hens; it can be included in diets without negative effects on performance and egg quality. However, owing to the depression of egg weight with the inclusion of SGP, it may be of interest to producers and industry to control egg size in old layers and possibly improve shell quality. The addition of SGP to the diets impacted yolk color and may be useful in specialty markets.     

欣华鸡DRD2基因多态性及其与蛋用性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究多巴胺受体D2(dopamine receptor D2,DRD2)基因多态性及其与欣华鸡蛋用性状的相关性,寻找可用于欣华鸡蛋用性状选育的分子遗传标记。应用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计4对引物,利用PCR-RFLP技术对欣华E系鸡群的473个个体进行基因型鉴定,使用SPSS 19.0软件将欣华鸡的蛋用性状与DRD2基因多态性进行关联分析。群体多态性分析结果表明,存在4个SNPs位点:A-16105G(SNP1)、G-12510T(SNP2)、G+3360A(SNP3)和T+5042C(SNP4),其中SNP1和SNP2位点符合哈代-温伯格平衡(P>0.05),且杂合度较低,但SNP3和SNP4位点显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(P<0.05)。关联分析表明,DRD2基因4个SNPs位点与欣华E系鸡群体蛋用性状存在关联,其中与产蛋性状关联结果:SNP1与开产日龄显著关联(P<0.05),SNP2与33周龄产蛋数、300日龄产蛋总数极显著关联(P<0.01),SNP3与开产体重(P<0.05)、300日龄产蛋总数(P<0.01)、平均连产(P<0.01)和最长连产(P<0.05)关联,SNP4与开产日龄极显著关联(P<0.01);与蛋品质关联结果:SNP1与蛋形指数(P<0.01)、蛋黄颜色(P<0.01)和哈氏单位(P<0.05)关联,SNP2与蛋黄重显著关联(P<0.05),SNP3与蛋壳强度极显著关联(P<0.01),SNP4与蛋黄重、蛋清重和哈氏单位显著关联(P<0.05)。单倍型分析发现,DRD2基因4个SNPs位点的不同单倍型组合与欣华鸡的最长连产长度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与哈氏单位呈显著相关(P<0.05)。组织表达谱分析发现,DRD2基因主要在欣华E系鸡垂体中表达,在58周龄鸡胸肌中有较高表达,在36周龄鸡脑中有少量表达。结果表明,DRD2基因可作为候选基因辅助用于欣华E系鸡群体蛋用性状的遗传改良。     

Sire x location interactions from progeny tests in different countries

1. A total of 529 progeny arising from 19 sires, which had been selected on the basis of their daughters’ body weight (heavy, medium or light) were reared in Berlin, West Germany and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to test for sire x location interactions for production and egg composition traits.

2. Highly significant sire x location interactions were found for sexual maturity, egg production, egg weight, food consumption and egg mass.

3. For egg composition traits, significant interactions were found in some but not all periods for shell breaking strength and albumen : yolk ratio.

4. Highly significant location effects were found for all traits studied except sexual maturity, whereas significant sire effects were found mainly for the productive traits, shell breaking strength and albumen : yolk ratio.     

The correlation between height of thick albumen,yolk diameter,shape index and the position of the yolk after storage

From about 100 White Leghorn hens the following characteristics were determined on samples of four eggs per hen:

1. The shift of the yolk during a storage period of 7 d at a temperature of 20 °G

2. The height of the thick albumen directly after lay, and at the end of the storage period

3. The diameter of the yolk

4. The shape index of the egg.

The correlation, on a hen basis, between the shift of the yolk and the other above‐mentioned traits was only of very minor importance. This means that one of the arguments on the basis of which the height of the thick albumen was used as a criterion for the internal quality of eggs—the influence of the thick white on the central position of the yolk—has lost much of its significance.

In addition the same measurements were made on eggs from 12 entries at the Random Sample Testing Station at Putten. Here samples of 20 eggs per entry were taken. Contrary to expectation the combination of a large amount of thick albumen and a large shift of the yolk proved to be the rule rather than the exception.     

Association of polymorphism in the prolactin promoter and egg quality traits in laying hens

1. Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing was performed in White Leghorn hens to explore the polymorphisms present in the promoter of the prolactin gene. The effects of different genotypes on egg production and quality traits were determined, and expression of the prolactin gene in different genotypes was quantified by real time-PCR.

2. Five genotypes and four alleles at each of two Fragments of the promoter were found, of which the FG genotype in Fragment 1 and the PQ genotype in Fragment 2 were the most predominant genotypes.

3. The genotypes of Fragment 1 had significant effects (P?

4. Prolactin expression in the genotypes of Fragment 1 differed significantly and GH genotyped birds had the highest level of expression. The genotypes of Fragment 2 did not show any significant differences of expression.

5. It was concluded that the prolactin gene promoter was highly polymorphic, and had significant effects on egg quality traits in White Leghorn hens.     

鸡蛋暗斑对蛋品质及抗氧化能力的影响

[目的]研究鸡蛋暗斑对蛋品质及其抗氧化能力的影响。[方法]从饲喂同种日粮、饲养环境相同、同日龄褐壳蛋鸡同一批次所产的褐壳蛋中,用灯光照射法挑选出24枚典型正常蛋、24枚典型暗斑蛋进行试验,并分别对正常蛋和暗斑蛋进行蛋品质、蛋黄抗氧化指标的测定及比较。[结果]蛋品质比较:暗斑蛋与正常蛋相比,其蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋重、哈氏单位、蛋白高度、鸡蛋等级、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄重、蛋壳重、蛋清重、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄比重、蛋壳比重、蛋清比重均差异不显著(P>0.05);暗斑蛋蛋壳颜色极显著深于正常蛋(P<0.01)。抗氧化指标比较:暗斑蛋蛋黄的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著低于正常蛋蛋黄的总抗氧化能力(P<0.05),暗斑蛋蛋黄的丙二醛(MDA)含量与正常蛋蛋黄的丙二醛含量相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。[结论]与正常蛋相比,暗斑蛋的蛋壳颜色较深,总抗氧化能力较差。     

Effects of supplementary iodine on the performance and egg traits of laying hens

1. This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of dietary iodine supplementation on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. A total of 600 SHSY type brown layers aged 21 weeks of age were chosen at random from a large flock. They were randomly distributed into 30 pens at 20 hens per pen. Each treatment comprised 6 replicates of 20 layers in groups of 5 birds. The diets were supplemented with 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg iodine as calcium iodate. The experimental period lasted 30 weeks. 2. There were no significant differences among the groups in body weight, food consumption, egg production, food consumption per kg eggs, eggshell index, eggshell breaking strength, shell thickness or egg yolk index. 3. Supplementation of the diet with 12 mg/kg iodine increased food consumption per dozen eggs compared to the groups fed on diets supplemented with 0 and 6 mg/kg iodine. 4. Egg weight was less in groups fed on diets supplemented with 12 and 24 mg/kg iodine than in the group receiving no iodine supplementation. 5. Iodine supplementation to provide 12 and 24 mg/kg reduced egg albumen index and egg Haugh units. 6. There were no significant differences among the groups in egg cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol contents. 7. The iodine concentrations in egg yolk, egg albumen and whole egg increased with increased iodine supplementation. 8. As a result, the 3 and 6 mg/kg iodine supplementation of diet could be used to enrich the eggs with iodine without any adverse effect on performance and egg traits.     

Effects of main cereal type and feed form on production performance,egg quality and egg sanitary indices of laying hens

ABSTRACT

1. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cereal types (maize or wheat) and feed forms (pelleted or mash feed) on production performance, egg quality and egg sanitary indices in laying hens.

2. Three hundred and sixty hens (Jinghong No. 1) at 18 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four treatments with six replicates of 15 hens per replicate according to a 2 × 2 factorial design with two cereal types (maize or wheat) and two feed forms (pelleted or mash feed).

3. Compared with the wheat-based diet, the maize-based diet improved (P < 0.05) average egg weight of laying hens. Yolk colour of hens fed with the maize-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) in comparison to those fed the wheat-based diet, while Haugh units were lower (P < 0.05) for the maize-based treatment. Egg mass and average daily feed intake of hens fed the pelleted diet were higher (P < 0.05) than of those fed the mash diet. However, the mash diet improved (P < 0.05) yolk colour compared with the pelleted diet. The percentage of dirty eggs for the wheat-based diet was higher (P < 0.05) than for the maize-based diet. The percentage of dirty eggs was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed the pelleted diet compared with those fed the mash diet. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between cereal type and feed form, with regard to average egg weight and shell thickness.

4. In conclusion, dietary cereal type affected average egg weight, yolk colour and Haugh units in eggs, while feed form influenced egg mass, average daily feed intake and yolk colour.