利用BLUP模型和MTDFREML法对敖汉细毛羊产毛性状遗传参数估计

对敖汉细毛羊的产毛性状进行分析,运用动物模型BLUP法(最佳线性无偏预测法)和MTDFREML法(多性状非求导约束最大似然法)计算产毛量、剪毛后体重、毛长度、纤维直径的遗传力。结果表明,产毛量、剪毛后体重、毛长度和纤维直径的遗传力分别为0.12、0.12、0.16和0.12。提示产毛量、剪毛后体重、毛长度、纤维直径4个性状都属于中等遗传力性状。     

中国美利奴羊（新疆型）产毛性状的相关及通径分析

利用998只中国美利奴羊（新疆型）周岁资料，应用通径分析方法研究了中国美利奴羊（新疆型）羊毛长度、剪毛后体重、毛弯曲分、毛油汗分和羊毛纤维直径对产毛量的影响程度，结果表明：这5个性状与产毛量的表型相关系数分别为0.5552、0.7048、-0.0759、-0.0917和-0.0105；对产毛量的直接通径系数分别为0.2103、0.6447、-0.0105、0.0324和0.1141。可见，剪毛后体重是影响中国美利奴羊（新疆型）产毛量的主要因素。     

采用动物模型BLUP法对不同模型进行筛选

运用动物模型BLUP法时敖汉细毛羊的早期性状和产毛性状进行分析得出:模型(1)适合估计周岁重、断乳毛长度和断乳毛细度;模型(4)适合估计初生重和断乳重;模型(5)适合估计产毛量、体重和毛长度;模型(7)适合估计毛细度、毛弯曲分、毛密度分和毛油汗分.     

新疆木垒长眉驼的生产性能测定

对新疆木垒县博斯坦乡长眉驼群随机抽样的115峰和182峰成年公母驼,进行体重、体长、胸围等体尺性状的个体测定,通过EXCEL软件进行数据整理,运用SAS8.1最小二乘方差分析研究不同性别长眉驼体尺性状,同时研究了产毛量、毛纤维直径、产肉性能等生产性能。结果表明:成年公驼平均产毛量6~15 kg,成年母驼平均产毛量6~9 kg;青年公驼平均产毛量4~5 kg,青年母驼5~6 kg。长眉驼的绒毛纤维细度范围在12.0~23.5μm之间,准噶尔驼在11.8~26.5μm之间,长眉驼的绒毛纤维细度比准噶尔驼的绒毛细。同样年龄的长眉驼比一般当地骆驼宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率都高。     

盐池滩羊主要经济性状的遗传力分析

旨在评价宁夏盐池滩羊选育场近年来舍饲条件下的选育成果,分析滩羊主要经济性状遗传力。从369只羔羊中筛选110只二毛期[(35±5)日龄]羔羊,对其二毛性状进行遗传力计算分析。结果表明,该选育场滩羊的初生重、侧部毛长、侧部弯曲数、35日龄校正体重、35日龄校正侧部毛长、35日龄校正侧部弯曲数的遗传力分别是0.02、0.07、0.04、0.13、0.09和0.12,提示该选育场舍饲滩羊的主要经济性状均属于低遗传力性状。     

甘肃高山细毛羊数量性状遗传相关和通径分析

为了探讨甘肃高山细毛羊数量性状的遗传参数,研究应用2006—2007年甘肃皇城绵羊繁育技术推广站采集的甘肃高山细毛羊6个核心群育种资料,对初生重,出生等级,断奶毛长,断奶重,1.5岁毛长、细度、产毛量及体重的遗传力以半同胞组内相关法进行估测,对遗传相关以公羊的方差组分和协方差组分进行估测,并对计算出的相关系数进行显著性检验。结果表明:以上性状对产毛性状的影响存在很大差异,通径分析进一步揭示污毛量、净毛率及与其互作的性状(断奶重、剪毛后体重、毛丛长度、束强)是影响产毛量最主要的因素。     

粗毛型长毛兔遗传参数的初步估测

本文对粗毛型长毛兔的产毛性状和繁殖性状的遗传参数进行了估测。估测结果为：年产毛量、粗毛率、初生个体重，泌乳力和断奶个体重的遗传力分别为０．２９５，０．１３４，０．１１７，０．２３３，０．１６１；产毛量与粗毛率，初生个体重与２１天个体重、２１天个体重与断奶个体重的遗传相关分别为０．１３１，０．４０５，０．５１１。     

用MTDFREML估计中国美利奴羊(新疆型)产毛性状的遗传参数

利用新疆巩乃斯种羊场饲养的2001-2005年出生的5 425只中国美利奴羊(新疆型)周岁资料,采用动物模型多性状非求导约束最大似然法(MTDFREML),估计了中国美利奴羊(新疆型)在新疆自然条件下产毛性状的遗传参数.结果表明:毛长度、剪毛后体重、产毛量和纤维直径的遗传力估计值分别为0.13、0.29、0.22和0.36.     

导入澳血提高斯达夫细毛羊净毛率、净毛量的试验总结

<正> 在绵羊育种工作和生产上,仅知个体产毛量和全群产毛量或平均产毛量是不够的,还必须测定净毛率。尤其是种公羊测定净毛率更为重要。计算其净毛产量;按净毛产量高低进行选种。毛纺工业上用的是净毛,即使原毛产量高,但含杂质和油汗多,这些毛纺工业是不需要的,因此要提高净毛率、提高净毛产量才是养羊业的根本宗旨。 斯达夫细毛羊从1976年开始少量的导入澳血,在导入澳血育种工作中,达到育种指标的羊只横交固定,达不到育种指标的继续使用澳美公羊,到1987年导入澳血基母羊1200只,含澳血量提高了,净毛率及净毛产量也相应的提高。据1987年随机取样所测体侧部10×10的净毛率及净毛量均比原斯达夫品种提高了很多。现将试验测定结果报告如下:     

燕山绒山羊绒细与毛、绒性状间的相关、回归及通径分析

为探究燕山绒山羊毛、绒性状(产毛量、产绒量、毛细、毛长、绒长和绒厚)对绒细的影响,选取健康、年龄相近(2～3岁)的成年燕山绒山羊母羊共119只,利用Excel 2010和SPSS 26对该山羊各毛、绒性状进行了相关、回归和通径分析,并建立最优回归方程。结果表明,燕山绒山羊产毛量、产绒量、绒厚与绒细呈极显著正相关;毛、绒性状与绒细的最优回归方程为：Y=0.114X₁(毛细)+0.641X₂(绒厚)+0.346X₃(绒长)+7.712X₄(产毛量),其中毛细对绒细的直接作用最大,产毛量对绒细的间接影响最大。生产上,以羊绒细度为主要指标选育优质燕山绒山羊时,需同时兼顾毛细、产毛量等性状,以获得最优选育结果。     

高山美利奴羊重要经济性状遗传参数估计

本研究旨在估计高山美利奴羊重要经济性状的遗传参数,为优化高山美利奴羊选育方案、建设品种完整结构、进行遗传评估及实施育种值选种提供理论技术支撑。采用甘肃省绵羊繁育技术推广站2003—2018年高山美利奴羊核心群数据资料,基于ASReml运用单性状个体动物模型和多性状个体动物模型估计高山美利奴羊体重、产羔数、产毛量、净毛量、净毛率、羊毛纤维直径、羊毛纤维直径变异系数、毛丛长度等重要经济性状的遗传参数。结果表明:高山美利奴羊产羔数为低等遗传力,其他所有性状均为中高等遗传力;大部分经济性状间呈正遗传相关,体重、产毛量、羊毛纤维直径与净毛率间呈负遗传相关,羊毛纤维直径变异系数与体重、产毛量、纤维直径呈负遗传相关。     

Genetic parameters among weight, prolificacy, and wool traits of Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep.     

非遗传因素对中国美利奴羊(新疆型)主要经济性状的影响

为探索非遗传因素对中国美利奴羊（新疆型）主要经济性状的影响,试验对拜城种羊场1992-2010年共19年周岁母羊鉴定记录进行统计分析,利用最小二乘方差分析法研究出生年份、群别及出生月份3个非遗传因素对周岁母羊鉴定记录的6个主观鉴定性状（头毛评分、毛密度评分、毛弯曲评分、毛细度评分、体型外貌评分、品种等级评分）和4个客观测定性状（毛长度、鉴定时体重、剪毛后体重、剪毛量）共10个经济性状的影响。结果表明,出生年份和群别对10个性状均有极显著影响（P<0.01）;出生月份对除毛密度评分、毛细度评分、品种等级评分外的其他7个性状均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。从毛细度、毛长度和剪毛量3个最主要的性状来看,2008年毛细度评分最高,显著高于2006、2007和2010年（P<0.05）;1996年毛长度最长,显著高于1994、2002、2004、2006、2007、2008和2010年（P<0.05）,与1995、2003和2009年差异不显著（P>0.05）;1995年剪毛量最多,显著高于1994和2009年（P<0.05）,与1992年差异不显著（P>0.05）;除此之外,其他年份的毛细度评分、毛长度和剪毛量均极显著低于最高值（P<0.01）。除2号群外,不同群别各有优势。1、2月份出生的羊较3、4月份好。由此可见,出生年份、群别和出生月份非遗传因素对中国美利奴羊（新疆型）的主要经济性状存在显著影响,因此,在遗传参数估计和遗传评定时应该综合考虑这些因素,从而为获得更为全面、准确的育种值及制定育种方案提供参考依据。     

青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊经济性状遗传力估测

对青海省柴达木地区青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊9个主要经济性状进行了遗传力估测。结果表明,初生重、断奶重、周岁剪毛量、羊毛细度、毛长、剪毛前体重、剪毛量都是高遗传力性状,也是青海高原毛肉兼用半细毛羊育种过程中的主要选择依据;断奶重、周岁剪毛量、剪毛前体重与剪毛量之间呈强正遗传相关,断奶重可作为对剪毛量进行早期选择的参数;断奶重与羊毛细度之间呈负遗传相关。     

运用贝叶斯方法估计中国美利奴羊(新疆型)毛用性状及繁殖性状的遗传参数

为了解中国美利奴羊（新疆型）近年来遗传结构的变化趋势以及探讨毛用性状与繁殖性状的遗传关系,需要进一步研究这些性状的遗传力以及它们之间的关系。本研究收集额敏县聚鑫细毛羊养殖专业合作社1985-2018年中国美利奴羊（新疆型）共计9 428只羊毛生产记录和1987-2018共计5 887只年繁殖记录,运用BLUPF90软件结合Gibbs抽样方法,利用单性状模型对中国美利奴（新疆型）毛用性状（细度支数、等级、总评分、毛长、污毛重和鉴定时体重）和繁殖性状（配种次数、妊娠天数、胎产羔数和总产羔数）进行方差组分和遗传力估计,利用双性状模型分析毛用性状与繁殖性状之间的遗传相关与表型相关。结果显示,中国美利奴羊（新疆型）毛用性状细度支数、等级、总评分、毛长、污毛重、鉴定时体重的遗传力估计值分别为0.471±0.020、0.088±0.030、0.114±0.018、0.426±0.025、0.328±0.041、0.317±0.046;繁殖性状配种次数、妊娠天数、胎产羔数及总产羔数的遗传力估计值分别为0.056±0.009、0.022±0.010、0.120±0.018、0.163±0.016;毛用性状与胎产羔数、总产羔数之间的遗传相关范围为-0.031~0.286,鉴定时体重与胎产羔数（0.286）、总产羔数（0.204）遗传相关最高,细度支数与胎产羔数（-0.143）、总产羔数（-0.048）呈负的遗传相关;毛用性状与胎产羔数、总产羔数之间的表型相关范围为-0.210~0.216,毛长与总产羔数（0.216）表型相关最高,细度支数与胎产羔数（-0.137）、总产羔数（-0.210）呈显著负表型相关。本研究结果发现,毛用性状与繁殖性状之间存在一定的关系,这一结果可为今后制定中国美利奴羊育种规划提供数据基础,为选育优质高产、繁殖性能好的细毛羊提供理论依据,从而进一步提高细毛羊产业经济效益。     

Divergent selection for fleece weight in French Angora rabbits: Non-genetic effects, genetic parameters and response to selection

In order to explore genetic variability of wool production and other quantitative traits, an 8-cohort divergent selection experiment for total fleece weight (TFW) was carried out in French Angora rabbits. Studies were made on the wool production of 669 female rabbits born between 1994 and 2001 and having produced wool from the third to 12th harvests. The aim of the selection experiment was to obtain two divergent lines (low and high) on total fleece weight. The studied traits included total fleece weight, weight of the two qualities of wool (WAJ1 and WAW1), homogeneity (HOM), live body weight at ages of 4 (LW4), 8 (LW8), 12 (LW12), 16 (LW16), and 20 (LW20) weeks and then 9 weeks before each harvest (9LW). A preliminary analysis of non-genetic factors was done with the GLM procedure. The genetic parameters and genetic trends were analysed using a BLUP animal model. Heritability estimates for TFW, WAJ1, WAW1, HOM, LW4, LW8, LW12, LW16, LW20 and 9LW were 0.38, 0.30, 0.10, 0.06, 0.30, 0.09, 0.14, 0.32, 0.39 and 0.45, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between TFW and WAJ1 were high (0.98 ± 0.01 and 0.89 ± 0.01, respectively). There was a low genetic correlation between TFW and 9LW (0.26 ± 0.12). After eight cohorts of selection, the divergence between the lines was approximately three genetic standard deviations. Selection for total fleece weight had a generally beneficial effect on fleece quality.     

Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic change for reproduction,weight, and wool characteristics of Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters from both single-trait and bivariate analyses for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits were estimated using REML with animal models for Targhee sheep from data collected from 1950 to 1998 at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID. Breeding values from both single-trait and seven-trait analyses calculated with the parameters estimated from the single-trait and bivariate analyses were compared across years of birth with respect to genetic trends. The numbers of observations were 38,625 for litter size at birth and litter size at weaning, 33,994 for birth weight, 32,715 for weaning weight, 36,807 for fleece weight and fleece grade, and 3,341 for staple length. Direct heritability estimates from single-trait analyses were 0.10 for litter size at birth, 0.07 for litter size at weaning, 0.25 for birth weight, 0.22 for weaning weight, 0.54 for fleece weight, 0.41 for fleece grade, and 0.65 for staple length. Estimate of direct genetic correlation between litter size at birth and weaning was 0.77 and between birth and weaning weights was 0.52. The estimate of genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length was positive (0.54), but was negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-0.47) and between staple length and fleece grade (-0.69). Estimates of genetic correlations were near zero between birth weight and litter size traits and small and positive between weaning weight and litter size traits. Fleece weight was slightly and negatively correlated with both litter size traits. Fleece grade was slightly and positively correlated with both litter size traits. Estimates of correlations between staple length and litter size at birth (-0.14) and litter size at weaning (0.05) were small. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece weight were positive and low to moderate. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece grade were negative and small, whereas estimates between weight traits and staple length were positive and small. Estimated breeding values averaged by year of birth from both the single- and seven-trait analyses for the prolificacy and weight traits increased over time, whereas those for fleece weight decreased slightly and those for the other wool traits were unchanged. Estimated changes in breeding values over time did not differ substantially for the single-trait and seven-trait analyses, except for traits highly correlated with another trait that was responding to selection.     

Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic change for reproduction,weight, and wool characteristics of Columbia sheep

Genetic parameters from both single-trait and bivariate analyses for prolificacy, weight and wool traits were estimated using REML with animal models for Columbia sheep from data collected from 1950 to 1998 at the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (USSES), Dubois, ID. Breeding values from both single-trait and seven-trait analyses calculated using the parameters estimated from the single-trait and bivariate analyses were compared with respect to genetic trends. Number of observations were 31,401 for litter size at birth and litter size at weaning, 24,741 for birth weight, 23,903 for weaning weight, 29,572 for fleece weight and fleece grade, and 2,449 for staple length. Direct heritability estimates from single-trait analyses were 0.09 for litter size at birth, 0.06 for litter size at weaning, 0.27 for birth weight, 0.16 for weaning weight, 0.53 for fleece weight, 0.41 for fleece grade, and 0.55 for staple length. Estimate of direct genetic correlation between littersize at birth and weaning was 0.84 and between birth and weaning weights was 0.56. Estimate of genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length was positive (0.55) but negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-0.47) and between staple length and fleece grade (-0.70). Estimates of genetic correlations were positive but small between birth weight and litter size traits and moderate and positive between weaning weight and litter size traits. Fleece weight was lowly and negatively correlated with both litter size traits. Fleece grade was lowly and positively correlated with both litter size traits, while staple length was lowly and negatively correlated with the litter size traits. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece weight were positive and low to moderate. Estimates of correlations between weight traits and fleece grade were negative and small. Estimates of correlations between staple length and birth weight (0.05) and weaning weight were small (-0.04). Estimated breeding values averaged by year of birth from both the single-trait and multiple-trait analyses for the prolificacy and weight traits increased over time, but were unchanged for the wool traits. Estimated changes in breeding values over time did not differ substantially for single-trait and multiple-trait analyses, except for traits highly correlated with another trait that was responding to selection.     

Estimation of genetic parameters for wool fiber diameter measures.

Genetic and phenotypic correlations and heritability estimates of side, britch, and core diameters; side and britch CV; side and britch diameter difference; and clean fleece weight were investigated using 385 western white-faced ewes produced by 50 sires and maintained at two locations on a selection study. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures, and effects in the final model included breed of sire-selection line combination, sire within breed-selection line, and location. Heritabilities were estimated by paternal half-sib analysis. Sires within breed-selection line represented a significant source of variation for all traits studied. Location had a significant effect on side diameter, side and britch diameter difference, and clean fleece weight. Age of ewe only affected clean fleece weight. Phenotypic and genetic correlations among side, britch, and core diameter measures were high and positive. Phenotypic correlations ranged from .68 to .75 and genetic correlations ranged from .74 to .89. The genetic correlations between side and britch diameter difference and side diameter or core diameter were small (-.16 and .28, respectively). However, there was a stronger genetic correlation between side and britch diameter difference and britch diameter (.55). Heritability of the difference between side and britch diameter was high (.46 +/- .16) and similar to heritability estimates reported for other wool traits. Results of this study indicate that relatively rapid genetic progress through selection for fiber diameter should be possible. In addition, increased uniformity in fiber diameter should be possible through selection for either side and britch diameter difference or side or britch CV.     

Depression of productivity in sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica

The productivity of 24 Corriedale weaner wethers in eight groups of 3, artificially infected with a range of fluke burdens, was studied by measuring body weight change, midside patch wool growth, fleece weights and feed digestibility over a period of 24 weeks.Data from bodyweight and patch wool measurement and feed digestibility were analysed by regression procedures. All parasitised groups exhibited a reduction in growth rate, patch wool growth and fleece weight, when compared with the control groups. Reduction in feed conversion efficiency was detected in groups having mean burdens of 45, 67 and 117 flukes. Because groups with mean burdens of 230 or more flukes had reduced feed intake, and sheep in these groups died, the feed conversion information from these groups cannot be considered unequivocal.The group mean liveweight changes, patch wool growth and fleece weights were closely related to the mean number of flukes in the respective group. Prediction equations for wool growth rate and body weight gain in fluke infected sheep are presented.