环剥对杧果幼树光合作用及根韧皮部糖含量和成花的影响

为了探索环剥对抑制杧果幼树旺盛的营养生长、提早结果的影响机理,以台农一号杧果为试材,在其主干上进行环剥、螺旋环剥、环割等处理,研究各处理对叶片净光合速率、根韧皮部可溶性糖含量、翌年成花的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同处理均显著降低了叶片净光合速率和根系韧皮部中的可溶性糖含量,其中环剥的降幅最大,螺旋环剥的次之,环割的最小;杧果定植后第二年,环割处理翌年单株成花数量为49个,显著高于其他处理的;定植后第三年,环剥、螺旋环剥、环割和对照的单株成花数量分别为193个、183个、170个和22个。说明对于营养生长较旺的杧果幼树,定植后第二年即可通过主干环割提早结果,第三年主干环剥的成花效果最好。     

李丰产树形及整形修剪技术简介

简介几种常见的李丰产树形(开心形、小冠疏层形、纺锤形、圆头形、"V"字形)的特点及其培养要点;介绍李树的整形修剪方法(短截、疏枝、回缩、缓放、开张角度、抹芽、摘心扭梢、环割环剥)及不同树龄的修剪技术要点。     

环剥对丰都红心柚成花效应的影响

本文针对丰都红心柚适龄结果树不开花或花量少、投产晚、前期产量低等问题,探索了不同时期不同环剥方式对丰都红心柚叶片总糖、总氮、碳氮比和成花的影响。结果表明:各环剥处理均不同程度地提高了叶片碳水化合物的积累,减少了叶片氮的积累,提高了叶片碳氮比,促进了花芽分化,成花效果明显,并提出了适宜的环剥时期和环剥方法。     

杉树速生丰产栽培技术要点

杉木不仅具有生长周期短、实用性能广的特点,还具有较高的经济价值和药用价值,对带动种植地区经济发展有着重要的作用。为了提高杉木种植的经济效益和生态效益,还需加强杉木速生丰产栽培技术的应用,并做好杉木病虫害的相关防治工作。基于此,对杉树速生丰产栽培技术和病虫害防治策略进行详细的分析探讨。     

杉木优良家系丰产栽培技术探究

杉木是我国南方主要用材林树种,广西桂北地区作为培育杉木的重要区域,应加强对丰产栽培技术的研究,以提高杉木产量。基于此,主要从沙床轻基质容器育苗、抚育管理及病虫害防治这几方面出发,探究杉木优良家系丰产栽培技术实施措施,以期为相关工作者提供参考,达到杉木优质、丰产、速生、高效效果,提高当地经济效益。     

冬雪蜜桃早期丰产栽培技术研究

冬雪蜜桃具有成熟晚、耐贮藏、效益高的特点,是一种较好的水土保持经济植物.为使这一品种得到推广,自1995年春开始,进行了冬雪蜜桃早期丰产优质栽培技术的研究.经两年多的研究,取得了当年栽植半成苗,当年成花,第二年平均株产5.3kg、最高株产12.3kg的好效果.研究结果表明,改传统的一穴栽植1株为一穴定植3～4株,主枝角度由传统的60°～65°开张到70°～80°,并在生长季节喷生长延缓剂促花,是实现早期丰产的关键.     

基于主成分分析的片麻岩山地新栽幼树不同保水措施评价

[目的]探索北方退化干旱山地新栽幼树适宜的土壤保水措施,为北方干旱退化山地发展高效节水经济林产业提供科学依据。[方法]以2年生"绿岭"核桃嫁接幼树为试材,进行保水剂、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究不同保水措施对土壤环境状况及新栽核桃幼树生长的影响,并采用主成分分析法对保水措施进行科学的综合评价。[结果]用土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量和新栽幼树生长状况3个层次的17个指标构建了片麻岩山地新栽幼树保水措施的筛选模型,将原始数据标准化,提取出了4个主成分,可反映保水措施93.453%的综合效果。[结论]地膜覆盖是片麻岩山地新栽幼树最佳的保水措施。     

不同砍种方式对木薯幼苗期生长的影响

为了探讨不同砍种方式对木薯幼苗期生长的影响,为种植木薯提供科学指导。并验证环割或环剥能增加木薯苗期生根位置和生根数的假设。在沙床内种植木薯,设置直切、斜切、环剥等7种砍种方式,在12~14 d和33~35 d观测地上部重、根重、根数、长度、单位长度根重等指标。并通过专家调查法调查了各观测指标的权重,并将权重与各指标归一化后的值相乘,之后将所有指标得到的该乘积相加,得到各个砍种方式的评价系数。结果表明:各处理2次采样的各指标基本都有显著差异。环剥处理比直切增加了生根位置和生根数,但差异并不显著;木薯种茎重与各生长指标的相关分析表明,木薯种茎对12~14 d的生长影响较大;但随着木薯的生长,在33~35 d时,木薯种茎与各生长指标的相关性不显著,很可能是14 d的施肥导致的。通过专家调查法调查并计算各指标的权重,得到各种处理方式对木薯生长的评价系数大小为:环剥1 cm环割2 mm锯切环剥2 cm斜切(1~1.5 cm)直切斜切(2~3 cm)。研究中环剥1 cm的砍种方式是最优的,其在环剥处和种茎基部均有生根,符合假设。而斜切(2~3 cm)最不利于木薯生长。     

杉木速生丰产栽培技术

杉木在我国分布非常广泛,常作为生态林和经济林树种。杉木根系发达、适应性强,是优良的用材树种。在适宜的光照、水分、营养条件下,辅以科学的抚育管理,杉木的生长会更加迅速。因此做好杉木栽培管理工作,总结速生丰产栽培技术,对促进杉木生态效益和经济效益具有积极的现实意义。从栽培环境选择、精细整地、苗木选择与培育、造林、造林后管理及病虫害防治6个方面介绍了杉木速生丰产栽培技术。     

桂西北地区杉木速生丰产技术应用与推广探究

杉木是植树造林中的主要经济树种,也是广西地区造林的主要使用树种。杉木有着木质优质、生长周期短、经济效益高等多个优点,因此也被广泛应用于各行各业之中,创造了极高的经济效益和社会效益。目前,杉木速生丰产造林技术已经被广泛应用于桂西北地区的林业造林工作中,为了进一步提升林业行业的效益,需要不断对杉木速生丰产技术进行优化、应用和推广。基于此,总结杉木的生长环境以及杉木速生丰产造林技术,探究该技术的推广应用措施。     

河西地区梨树夏季整形修剪关键技术

为了使梨树早结果、高产、稳产,便于管理以及降低成本,阐述了甘肃河西地区梨树枝条生长特点及夏季修剪原则,并从抹芽、疏枝、环割、牙签开角和拉枝等方面介绍了河西地区梨树夏季修剪的关键技术。     

沙棘结实规律及其应用的研究

沙棘能源林不仅生产薪材,而且还要利用它的果实生产医用沙棘油和食用果汁,以取得综合效益。作者引用单位生物量的产果量即经济系数作为研究沙棘结实规律的依据,发现同一年龄阶段不同立地条件下的经济系数是接近的,从而使其结实规律的研究在不考虑立地条件的情况下进行。研究表明中国沙棘的结实规律是:Ⅰ龄级为营养生长期,Ⅱ龄级为初果期,Ⅲ—Ⅷ龄级为盛果期,经济系数稳定在20%左右,Ⅸ龄级进入衰果期;沙棘果实中的维生素C的含量有随树龄的增加而增加的趋势,但到盛果期后趋于一致。试验结果为沙棘能源林栽培技术和轮伐期的确定、为不同林     

Fruit development in artificially self- and cross-pollinated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) and raspberries (Rubus idaeus)

Tunnel cultivation of berries is increasing on a global basis, and suitable management techniques are being studied for growing berry crops in a protected environment. Soil mulching and irrigation are among the techniques that significantly affect plant growth and yield. Tunnel cultivation is often limited to growing single cultivars, and little attention has been paid to the effects of growing several cultivars in the same tunnel. There are indications that crop yield and quality might benefit from cross-pollination. In this study, the effects of artificial self- and cross-pollination were studied in 15 strawberry and 6 red raspberry cultivars grown in a protected environment in a greenhouse. Four strawberry cultivars benefited from cross-pollination and one required it. In the case of raspberries, self- and cross-pollination had no effect on yield and fruit quality. In conclusion, particular berry cultivars are better suited to tunnel cultivation.     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

水分胁迫对日光温室葡萄叶片生理变化及果实发育的影响

为探究鲜食日光温室葡萄高效节水生产的水分管理方式,选取日光温室6a生葡萄‘红地球’为试验材料,以充分灌溉为对照[CK,土壤含水率为75%～100%的田间持水率(θf)],分别在萌芽期、新梢生长期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期设置土壤含水率为55%θf(其他4个生育期为75%～100%θf)的5个水分胁迫处理,调查叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及膜质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量、果实纵横径、果实硬度、单粒重量和产量,研究日光温室葡萄叶片生理和果实产量对水分胁迫的响应机制。结果表明,在果实膨大期、着色成熟期施加水分胁迫均会显著降低葡萄叶片SOD活性和Pro含量,导致MDA含量大量积累,对叶片产生不利影响。在萌芽期、新梢生长期、开花坐果期进行水分胁迫对葡萄叶片SOD活性、Pro含量影响不大,但对叶片MDA含量的影响具有滞后效应。果实膨大期水分胁迫葡萄产量仅为14 830kg·hm–2,较CK和萌芽期、新梢生长期水分胁迫显著减产20%以上。因此,水分胁迫显著降低果实膨大期SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量,增加膜质过氧化物含量,并导致产量降低,该时期不宜进行亏水处理;生长前期的水分胁迫对葡萄叶片的生理和果实的影响不显著。     

钙水平对无限生长型番茄钙吸收利用及果实品质和产量的影响

利用基质栽培水肥一体化技术,设计不同钙素营养供给水平(0,1,3,6 mmol/L),研究钙对无限生长型番茄钙吸收利用及果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明:钙在番茄植物各部位中的分布极不均匀,且同一部位不同时期钙含量差异也很大,植物体内钙的分布和变化受钙素营养水平和气温的影响;随着钙水平的提高,番茄果实钙含量不断增加,缺钙将降低果实的产量和品质,虽然钙与K、Mg、P、N元素之间存在拮抗作用,但是高钙不会造成果实产量和品质的下降;高温会诱导植株缺钙症状及果实脐腐病的出现,严重影响番茄的产量和品质,高钙处理对高温胁迫具有一定的缓解作用。     

Blossom‐end rot and fruit cracking of tomato grown in net‐covered greenhouses in Central Thailand can partly be corrected by calcium and boron sprays

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars King Kong 2 (KK2) and FMTT 260 (FMTT) were grown in a net‐covered greenhouse in Central Thailand to investigate the influence of fruit applications of combined aqueous calcium (Ca) and boron (B) solutions amended or not with the tenside Glucopon® on fruit yield and quality. Special attention was paid on blossom‐end rot (BER) and fruit cracking (FC), two prevailing disorders in tomato and main causes for non‐marketability of tomato fruits under the conditions of protected cultivation in Central Thailand. While no effect of the additional Ca and B applications on total fruit yield was observed, the composition of the non‐marketable fraction of fruit yield differed significantly between treatments and cultivars. Cultivar KK2 proved to be highly susceptible to both BER and FC and, therefore, produced less marketable fruits than cv. FMTT. The Ca and B sprays decreased the incidence of BER but increased FC at the same time. Addition of the tenside Glucopon® to the Ca and B solutions did not yield any further advantage. The contrasting effect of the Ca and B sprays on BER and FC resulted in similar levels of non‐marketable fruit yield in the treatments with or without the sprays for both cultivars. The nutrient status in different fruit segments was surveyed during fruit development. The Ca concentration in the distal end of the fruit during the time of rapid fruit growth was correlated with the BER incidence in mature fruits. Since additional Ca and B sprays are labor‐intensive and did not significantly reduce the portion of non‐marketable fruits, the selection of cultivars insusceptible to BER and FC appears to be of highest priority when conditions favoring these disorders are to be expected. This is particularly true for protected cultivation in Central Thailand.     

海带与浒苔混合提取液对草莓生长及品质的影响

海藻提取液能够促进植物生长而广泛用于肥料增效剂,本研究以海藻混合降解提取液制备海藻肥,探讨海带与浒苔不同配比对温室草莓生长和品质的影响。结果表明:海带与浒苔混合降解效果优于单独降解,且海带与浒苔质量比为1∶2时的混合提取液在草莓上的表现效果最好,可使草莓叶绿素含量增加3.59%,相对叶面积增加32.93%,叶厚增加4.44%,同期开花数增加67.86%,同期结果数增加25%,果实横径日均生长速度增加18.87%,增产15.27%,糖度增加15.41%,Vc含量增加6.75%。试验结果还显示,浒苔提取液对草莓促生长作用优于海带提取液。该结果表明,不同原料组配的海藻提取液在草莓种植中表现出更优的作用效果,可为浒苔资源化利用和提高海藻肥利用效率提供参考。     

Yield and fruit quality of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) are favoured by precipitation and cool summer conditions

The aim of this study was to examine the genetic and climatic impact on yield parameters and fruit chemical composition of black currant cultivars (Ribes nigrum L.). Correlation analysis between fruit parameters and climatic conditions over a period of eight years revealed a positive correlation between yield and precipitation during fruit development, whereas summer temperatures and radiation were negatively correlated with yield. Higher soluble solid concentrations occurred in years with high summer temperatures and radiation, while anthocyanins concentrations were negatively correlated with summer temperature. Furthermore, a negative correlation between phenolic compounds and radiation in June and July was observed. Temperature and radiation in late spring and summer were also negatively correlated with ascorbic acid concentration, while precipitation during summer was highly positively correlated with this important vitamin. These results indicate that to achieve high yield of quality black currants, rich in phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid, cool summer conditions with ample precipitation are desirable. The observed cultivar variation in the content of health-related phytochemicals provides a good potential for further breeding of new cultivars with improved fruit quality.     

地膜覆盖栽培对小京生花生土壤温湿度的调控及其生物学效应

2002-2003年的试验表明,地膜覆盖栽培对小京生花生的土壤调温、调湿效应十分显著,在生育前期能提高土壤温度,夏季降低土壤温度,连续降雨天气能降低土壤湿度,干旱天气能提高土壤湿度,从而使小京生花生生育期提前,地上、地下部分生长良好,产量显著提高。实验结果为进一步推广和扩大地膜栽培提供依据。