三江平原人类活动的水文效应

分析了三江平原人类活动对地表径流过程、土壤水、地下水以及地表水质的影响。对人类活动水文影响的尺度和趋势进行了预测分析,指出人类活动水文影响的时空尺度将日益扩大,径流过程人为化、区域水系网状化、湿地景观破碎化及地表水质恶化等问题将越来越严峻。     

我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究

试验研究证明农田生态系统产生生态服务价值,并在此基础上估算出我国农田生态系统因自然生态过程和人类种植业活动过程共同作用,为人类年提供19509.1亿元生态服务和经济产品总价值,其中41.9%是由农田生态系统自然过程提供和产生的,58.1%是由人类种植业活动过程产生的。目前我国统计系统计量的年度种植业总价值中仅计量了人类种植业活动过程产生的经济价值和部分由自然生态过程产生的生态服务价值,得到计量和反映的仅为64.7%,未计量的生态服务价值为35.3%,年达6881.06亿元。由于粮食生产过程中伴随产生的生态服务属公共服务范畴,国家应为粮食生产提供公共财政补贴的额度高限可达5140元/hm2·浕。     

水土流失与地貌侵蚀

物质的侵蚀-搬运-堆积是地貌发育的主要过程。水土流失目前主要是指第一阶段即地貌发育的侵蚀过程。地貌的侵蚀一般被分为两类:自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀,而人为侵蚀被认为是水土流失的主要原因。笔者认为,人类活动固然加剧了侵蚀过程的发生,但它是在自然侵蚀的基础上进行的,它是符合自然侵蚀规律的。在目前的社会条件下,水土流失的治理不仅仅是减少人类活动的影响,而应该是使人类活动在地貌演化过程中扮演因势利导的角色,使其向着人类有利的方向发展。     

水土流失社会经济因素作用机制分析

<正>严格地讲,在一定的相对稳定的地质时期内,水土流失受控于两种外力的作用,即涉及气候、地貌、植被、土壤等自然因素的外营力和人类活动.实际上,人类活动并不像地表径流等外营力那样直接参与侵蚀过程的发生,但人类活动的结果使水土流失过程发生了改变,使自然侵蚀过程大大加速.研究表明,在现代地质和气候未发生显著变化的情况下,人为活动特别是人为作用造成的天然植被的破坏是黄土高原现代水土流失加剧的根本原因;黄土高原土壤侵蚀的速率已由唐代以前7.9%的自然侵蚀速率上升到今天的25%.50年代我国的水土流失面积为153万km~2,1992年公布的遥感技术普查结果是水蚀面积179.4万km~2,40年来已治理53万km~2.也就是说,若不考虑其他原因,40年来以人类活动为主要原因的水蚀面积扩大了79万km~2.因此,人类不合理的社会经济行为是现代加速侵蚀的主导因素.     

环境变化对湘江湘潭站径流的影响研究

环境变化引起河川径流的显著变化,为水文水资源管理带来新的挑战,如何区分气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响是水文科学研究的热点和难点。基于STARS和Pettitt方法,综合检验径流时间序列的突变点,构建天然期径流过程模拟的水文模型,将人类活动期的径流过程还原到天然状态,并从不同年代和不同水平年的角度探讨环境变化对人类活动期的径流影响。结果表明:1992年为湘潭站1957—2014年径流时间序列的突变点,新安江模型对湘潭站天然期径流过程具有较好的模拟效果,人类活动和气候变化引起人类活动期径流增加的贡献率分别为68.24%和31.76%,气候变化影响最大的时间为2011—2014年,人类活动影响最大的时间为2001—2010年,尤以丰水年影响最大。     

喀斯特山区城乡人类活动强度及其效应时空演变研究

[目的]探究城镇与乡村人类活动强度,以及城镇与乡村地区人类活动的经济效应、生态效应的时空演变,为全面定量评估城乡人类活动机制、生态文明建设与社会经济发展等提供一定理论支撑和决策指引。[方法]通过构建城镇与乡村地区的人类活动强度指数、人类活动强度阈值及人类活动效应等模型方法,对贵州省各地市城乡人类活动强度及阈值演变进行了研究。[结果]2010—2018年,贵州省各地市乡村人类活动强度减弱(降低7.57%～28.57%),城镇人类活动强度增强(增加22.72%～124.83%),城镇人类活动强度大于乡村人类活动强度。各地市乡村人类活动强度最低与最高阈值总体呈降低变化,但多数地市超过最高阈值(1.02～1.62倍),山区土地系统承受较高乡村人类活动强度影响。各地市城镇人类活动强度阈值呈增加变化,2018年城镇人类活动强度趋近最高阈值(0.940～0.997倍),城镇人地系统承受着较大压力。各地市单位城镇人类活动经济效应与单位乡村人类活动生态效应均呈增长变化(年均增长率8.60%～13.53%),单位乡村人类活动生态效应比城镇人类活动经济效应更显著(2.24～14.84倍)。[结论]尽管贵州省...     

渭河流域产流产沙模型及径流泥沙变化原因分析

考虑渭河水沙变化特性,根据水量平衡原理及产沙机制,应用天然时期的气象、水文资料建立了渭河产流产沙模型;采用水文模拟途径外延了人类活动影响期间的天然径流、泥沙过程,进而分析了渭河变化原因。结果表明：1970－1995年,渭河华县站平均径流、泥沙量较前期分别减少25.9亿m^3和1.11亿t,其中58.3%和55.7％是由人类活动影响所致,人类活动是渭河近年来水沙减少的主要原因。     

风水两相作用和人类活动对无定河粗泥沙输沙量的影响

风沙活动、降雨和人类活动是干旱-湿润过渡区影响粗泥沙(d>0.05mm)入黄的几个重要因素。粗泥沙输沙量的变化取决于全沙输沙量和粗泥沙在全沙中所占的比例。基于悬移质输沙量和泥沙粒径构成、降雨量、沙尘暴日数和水土保持面积等数据,分析了粗泥沙输沙量与影响因素之间的关系,利用Arc-GIS和SPSS软件定量分析了影响无定河流域代表自然过程的风水两相作用和人类活动对粗泥沙输沙量的影响,并通过回归分析确定了不同影响因素对全沙输沙量和粗泥沙比例的贡献。结果表明,影响全沙输沙量的主要因素是降雨量和水土保持措施,而影响粗泥沙比例的是风沙活动和水土保持措施。利用二元回归分析确定了各因素的贡献比例,认为降雨量的减少和人类活动对全沙量减少的贡献相当,人类活动对粗泥沙比例降低的贡献高于风沙活动的作用。     

气候变化与人类活动对石羊河流域

从石羊河流域地下水循环的角度,分析了多年气候和人类活动的变化趋势及对地下水动态的影响;运用主成分回归法对影响民勤盆地地下水位动态变化的气候和人类活动因素进行了耦合分析,定量研究了其影响力.研究结果表明:近45 a来,流域平均气温呈现升高趋势,降水量略有增加,蒸发量为波动增加趋势;人类活动通过扩大灌溉面积,提高渠系衬砌率,大量开采地下水改变着地下水的补排条件,人为因素在民勤盆地地下水位动态变化过程中起主导作用,占总影响力的79.12%.受气候变化和人类活动共同作用的影响,流域平原区地下水位大幅度下降,生态环境趋于恶化.     

科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对大型土壤节肢动物群落影响

土地利用类型是地球表层系统最突出的景观标志,不仅可以客观地展示地球表面特征空间格局的活动,还反映着地球表面景观的时空动态过程[1-2].由于土地利用变化与人类活动和全球气候变化密切相关,对生物多样性消长、生态环境演变、生态安全水平以及人类可持续性发展有着重要影响,因而其研究已成为当今全球变化研究的前沿和热点课题[1,3].     

土壤溅蚀过程和研究方法综述

土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,是指由于降雨雨滴打击土壤表层,引起土壤颗粒分散和迁移的一种侵蚀过程,是导致坡面水蚀的一个重要威胁因子。因此,土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的重要形式和组成部分,具有重要的研究意义。土壤溅蚀过程和研究方法是土壤溅蚀领域研究的核心内容。论文根据有关资料,综述了国内外土壤溅蚀过程和研究方法方面的主要成果,并对将来的研究方向进行了展望,以期推动我国在该领域的研究工作。国内外研究表明,土壤溅蚀是土壤侵蚀的主要过程之一,是各种水文过程、水力过程和生态过程的综合表现,是复杂的降雨因子和土壤因子共同作用的结果,涉及一系列关于降雨雨滴与地表间的能量转换过程。测量土壤溅蚀的方法主要有溅蚀杯、溅蚀板和溅蚀盘。进一步的研究应致力于土壤溅蚀的力学过程和森林土壤溅蚀过程方面的探讨。     

土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学重点研究领域与问题

进入新世纪,我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学研究迎来了新的发展机遇和挑战。在分析我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科研究的社会需求、科学需求及其特殊性的基础上,指出了我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学研究中存在的主要问题,提出了该领域亟待解决的前沿科学问题,如土壤侵蚀过程与机理,土壤侵蚀预报模型,水土保持措施防蚀机理及其适用性,流域生态过程和水土保持措施配置,大尺度土壤侵蚀与水土保持的格局及其变化规律,土壤侵蚀与水土保持环境效应评价,土壤侵蚀研究新技术与方法等。     

Tillage and water erosion on different landscapes in the northern North American Great Plains evaluated using Cs technique and soil erosion models

Total soil erosion is the integrated result of all forms of soil erosion — wind, water and tillage. It has been recognized that in topographically complex landscapes, individual soil erosion processes and their interactions all contribute towards total soil erosion. In this study, two field sites, representing different landscapes in the northern region of the North American Great Plains, were examined. Water and tillage erosions were estimated using the established water and tillage erosion models and total soil erosion was estimated using the ¹³⁷Cs technique.We determined that the patterns of water and tillage erosion across the landscapes are mainly dependent on topographic features and they are fundamentally different within topographically complex landscapes. On the slope of undulating landscapes, tillage and water erosion both contribute considerably to total soil erosion. On the knoll of hummocky landscapes, tillage erosion dominates the pattern of total soil erosion. Tested against the Cs measurements, the patterns of total soil erosion cannot be well estimated by water or tillage erosion model alone unless one of the two erosion processes predominate over the other erosion processes. Combining water and tillage erosion models generally provides better estimations of total soil erosion than the component models on their own. Most soil properties and crop yield were found to be closely correlated with total soil erosion. For a given erosion process, the soil erosion patterns estimated using different models with reasonable parameter settings were similar to each other. However, it is necessary to choose an optimal model and to obtain accurate parameters for the purpose of accurate assessments of the erosion rates.     

Modeling spatial variation in productivity due to tillage and water erosion

The advent of precision farming practices has heightened interest in managing field variability to optimize profitability. The large variation in yields across many producer fields demonstrated by yield–monitor–equipped combines has generated concern about management-induced causes of spatial variation in soil productivity. Soil translocation from erosion processes may result in variation in soil properties across field landscape positions that produce long-term changes in soil productivity. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between soil redistribution caused by tillage and water erosion and the resulting spatial variability of soil productivity in a soil catena in eastern South Dakota. An empirical model developed to estimate tillage erosion was used to evaluate changes expected in the soil profile over a 50-year period on a typical toposequence found in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota. Changes in the soil profile due to water erosion over a 50-year period were evaluated using the WEPP hillslope model. The tillage erosion model and the WEPP hillslope model were run concurrently for a 50-year period to evaluate the combined effect of the two processes. The resulting changes in soil properties of the root zone were evaluated for changes in productivity using a productivity index model. Tillage erosion resulted in soil loss in the shoulder position, while soil loss from water erosion occurred primarily in the mid to lower backslope position. The decline in soil productivity was greater when both processes were combined compared to either process acting alone. Water erosion contributed to nearly all the decline in soil productivity in the backslope position when both tillage and water erosion processes were combined. The net effect of soil translocation from the combined effects of tillage and water erosion is an increase in spatial variability of crop yields and a likely decline in overall soil productivity.     

基于ArcGIS的淮河流域大别山区土地利用变化与土壤侵蚀特征研究

土地利用变化改变了原有地表植被类型、覆盖度和微地形,从而使区域土壤侵蚀特征发生变化.因而土地利用类型是土壤侵蚀强度划分的重要参考指标.选取2000年土地利用类型图与1995-2000年的土壤侵蚀图,借助ArcGIS软件技术分析了大别山区1995-2000年的不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀变化特征,揭示了区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的基本规律及其土壤侵蚀变化的基本过程,为区域水土流失治理的工程与技术措施提供依据.     

坡面过程、块体移动和土壤侵蚀研究进展

Soil erosion and land degradation are global problems and pose major issues in many countries.Both soil erosion and mass movement are two forms of land degradation and humans play important roles in these geomorphological processes.This paper reviews slope processes associated with mass movement and soil erosion and contributory factors,including physical and human agents.Acting together,these cause diverse geomorphological features.Slope processes are illustrated by reference to case studies from Brazil and UK.The causes and impacts of erosion are discussed,along with appropriate remedial bioengineering methods and the potential of the measures to prevent these types of environmental degradation.Although there are several agents of erosion,water is the most important one.Cultivation can promote soil erosion,due to ploughing and harvesting,which moves soil down slopes.Soil erosion and mass movement data would inform the viability of soil conservation practices.Integrated management of drainage basins offers a promising way forward for effective soil conservation and soil remedial bioengineering in Brazil and UK.     

区域水土流失研究的科学体系

区域水土流失研究是土壤侵蚀水土保持学科的重要组成部分.在综述国内外研究的基础上,从研究对象、研究目标和主要研究内容等方面,对区域水土流失研究的学科体系进行了讨论.最后提出了区域水土流失研究的重点问题,包括:区域水土流失及动态分析与趋势预测,水土保持的区域环境效应研究,区域水土保持政策与决策,区域水土保持的基础信息设施研究等四个方面.     

基于元胞自动机的小流域侵蚀产沙模型研究

动态模拟和预测土壤侵蚀的发育及演化过程具有十分重要的意义.传统土壤侵蚀模型从本质上来说是一种稳态模型,缺乏对土壤侵蚀发生、发展及演化过程的动态模拟能力.元胞自动机(cellular automata,简称CA)是一种"自下而上"的动态模拟建模框架,具有模拟复杂地理系统时空演化过程的能力.利用元胞自动机理论和方法,提出了将CA应用于土壤侵蚀过程模拟的基本思想.以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域为例,构建了基于元胞自动机的小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型.     

土壤侵蚀过程中坡面流水力学特性及侵蚀动力研究评述

土壤侵蚀动力过程是水流和土壤两者相互作用的复杂物理过程,而含沙水流是土壤侵蚀的主要动力,深入理解坡面流水力学特征及侵蚀动力是研究土壤侵蚀动力学规律的基础.本文从坡面流水力学特性及侵蚀动力,包括:流速、水深、流态、阻力规律以及坡面流的切应力、冲刷动力、运动能量等多方面对国内外关于土壤侵蚀动力过程研究进行了系统深入的评述,并探讨了研究中存在的问题,重点指出:坡面流作为三维、非恒定非均匀沿程变量流,流动形态千变万化,坡面状况较为复杂,其均匀流理论远不能真实反应自然界复杂地表状况下的水流水力学特性及其变化规律.开展复杂地表的水流运动过程、水力学参数变化规律及坡面侵蚀水动力过程研究是今后土壤侵蚀水动力学研究的重要方向,这对于深入了解土壤侵蚀水动力过程的内在机制、构建物理侵蚀模型具有重要的研究意义.     

Erosion and covered zones altered by surface coverage effects on soil nitrogen and carbon loss from an agricultural slope under laboratory-simulated rainfall events

Soil erosion, one of the most serious environmental concerns, might remove topsoil and essential element from terrestrial land. However, few attentions have been given to investigating how soil erosion regimes affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of surface coverage rates (83%, 67%, 50%, 33%, 17% and 0%) and two positions (up- and downslope) on erosion regimes and its associated soil nitrogen and carbon loss under a sequence of six rainfalls (R1-R6). These results showed that the sediment concentrations with 33% (R4) and 17% (R5) coverage downslope were significantly lower than those with coverage upslope, whereas there was no significant difference between the runoff rates of the two slopes. Thus, surface coverage at different positions induced two soil erosion regimes (deposition- and transport-dominated processes). Dynamics of the DON and DIN concentrations indicated different release processes of soil nitrogen into runoff. The DON contributed to a substantial amount of soil nitrogen loss, which accounted approximately 81% of the organic form. The SBOC is significantly correlated with sediment-enriched clay particles from the deposition-dominated processes and is higher than that from the transport-dominated processes. The DOC is significantly correlated with Rr for transport-dominated processes. These results illustrated the critical role of erosion regimes in soil organic carbon loss in dissolved or sediment-bound form. It is concluded that erosion/covered zones altered by surface coverage could produce transport- and deposition-dominated erosion regimes and consequently affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. In addition, these results demonstrated that surface coverage pattern may efficiently control soil erosion and soil carbon and nitrogen loss.