益生菌对硬骨鱼肠道黏膜免疫影响的研究进展

益生菌在健康硬骨鱼肠道中不仅起到抑制致病微生物的作用,而且更重要的是,益生菌能够刺激和增强肠道黏膜免疫系统,在肠道免疫中起重要作用。近年来,硬骨鱼黏膜免疫因其多样性及其不明确的定义,已成为热门的研究课题。硬骨鱼与水生环境直接接触,使肠道黏膜表面易受各种病原体的侵袭。免疫调节是硬骨鱼中有效的预防性措施,而益生菌能够提高肠道黏膜表面固有的免疫活性细胞和因子,对病原体起颉颃作用。益生菌主要通过口服方式进入鱼体,而肠道作为其主要靶器官,对鱼体产生特异性免疫应答。因此,关于益生菌影响肠道黏膜免疫系统的研究值得关注。相比于哺乳动物,硬骨鱼具有更加弥散的肠淋巴系统。局部免疫应答所必需的免疫细胞大量存在于肠道黏膜中,并且可以在免疫后的鱼体肠道中监测到局部免疫应答。文章综述了近年来硬骨鱼肠道黏膜免疫系统以及益生菌对硬骨鱼肠道黏膜免疫的影响,并对鱼类益生菌的进一步研究进行了展望,以期为后续研究益生菌与硬骨鱼之间相互作用提供参考。     

羊痘病毒免疫学研究进展

羊痘病毒是在细胞浆中复制的DNA病毒,能引起羊和牛的皮肤病变.病毒编码一系列免疫调节基因和引起宿主细胞凋亡的基因来逃避宿主先天和后天的免疫反应.病毒感染机体后,主要引起宿主的细胞免疫.羊痘病毒能增强机体对其他免疫原的免疫反应.     

Immune mechanisms in Marek's disease.

Resistance to progressive tumor development in MD is either naturally inherited or can be induced by vaccination with apathogenic or attenuated MDV or with HVT. Studies on the effects of immunosuppression on resistance have shown that natural and vaccine induced resistance may be mediated through immune responses. Cell-mediated immune responses rather than humoral responses appear to be of principal importance. The antigen(s) against which protective cell-mediated immunity is elicited are not yet clearly delineated. Both virus-related and tumor antigens may be involved. Progress in the understanding of cell-mediated immunity in MD has been slow because of lack of reproducible in vitro tests to measure this response in infected chickens. The development of lymphoblastoid cell lines from MD lymphomas, however, has enabled the development of an in vitro cytotoxicity test. In this test, which utilizes MSB-1 cells as the target cells, a specific cell-mediated immune response, presumably against the tumor antigen, MATSA, was detected in chickens infected with MDV. Further studies using similar in vitro tests will facilitate a better understanding of the role cell-mediated immune responses might play in development of MD.     

猪脾脏结构和功能及其免疫关键基因研究进展

脾脏作为猪最大的次级淋巴器官,含有多种免疫活性细胞和免疫因子,是先天性免疫和适应性免疫重要的应答场所,具有广泛的免疫调控功能;同时可清除衰老、损伤红细胞及过滤病原体,并在造血和储藏血细胞方面具有重要作用。这些功能与脾脏的结构密切相关,其中红髓主要作为血液滤过器,执行造血、储血和清除异物的功能;白髓是免疫的主要区域,含有多种免疫细胞,可执行特异性免疫应答调控功能;而边缘区是连接两个区室的重要桥梁,使所有细胞和抗原都能通过其进入脾脏不同部位。不同的发育和免疫关键基因是实现脾脏功能的根本,发育基因的表达保证了其结构的完整,为脾脏执行各种功能提供空间。免疫关键基因的表达确保了免疫反应进行,其中不同模式识别受体基因的表达保证了先天性免疫的吞噬和识别应答,而各种免疫细胞分泌的多种细胞因子和免疫活性物质是获得性免疫反应的基础,实现机体清除和监控抗原的生理过程。随着脾脏研究的深入,对其各种免疫细胞和免疫功能有了新的认识。作者首先阐述了脾脏组织不同区域的生物学功能;然后结合机体免疫应答机制,论述脾脏先天性和特异性免疫功能以及所需免疫细胞和免疫因子的作用与关联;最后简单介绍了脾脏胚胎期和出生后期的组织发育和免疫相关基因,总结了猪脾脏先天性免疫中重要的模式识别受体及其基因家族,为研究猪脾脏先天性免疫功能提供参考。     

谷氨酰胺对免疫细胞的影响研究进展

谷氨酰胺作为一种条件性必需氨基酸,在动物处于特殊生长阶段如幼龄期或在应激期间都显示出明显的免疫促进作用。动物免疫力的高低直接取决于各种免疫细胞如淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞的生长情况和免疫应答能力,谷氨酰胺的免疫促进作用与影响免疫细胞生长和免疫应答能力的发挥密切相关。本文就谷氨酰胺与免疫细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、分泌和热休克反应的研究进展做一综述。     

Early infections by myxoma virus of young rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) protected by maternal antibodies activate their immune system and enhance herd immunity in wild populations

The role of maternal antibodies is to protect newborns against acute early infection by pathogens. This can be achieved either by preventing any infection or by allowing attenuated infections associated with activation of the immune system, the two strategies being based on different cost/benefit ratios. We carried out an epidemiological survey of myxomatosis, which is a highly lethal infectious disease, in two distant wild populations of rabbits to describe the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Detection of specific IgM and IgG enabled us to describe the pattern of immunity. We show that maternal immunity attenuates early infection of juveniles and enables activation of their immune system. This mechanism associated with steady circulation of the myxoma virus in both populations, which induces frequent reinfections of immune rabbits, leads to the maintenance of high immunity levels within populations. Thus, myxomatosis has a low impact, with most infections being asymptomatic. This work shows that infection of young rabbits protected by maternal antibodies induces attenuated disease and activates their immune system. This may play a major role in reducing the impact of a highly lethal disease when ecological conditions enable permanent circulation of the pathogen.     

Equine immunity to viruses.

The identification of some of the adaptive immune responses to infection with equine viruses has been the first step toward rational immunoprophylactic design. Sufficient knowledge of infection-induced immunity and informed estimates of the requirements for long-term immunity for EIV have now been obtained. Thus, the future for inactivated EIV vaccines is promising now that new adjuvants have been applied to induce cellular immunity and safe methods have been designed to stimulate virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody at mucosal surfaces. Adenoviruses induce circulating VN antibody, the presence of which appears to correlate with protection from reinfection. Therefore, the potential of vaccines to induce VN antibody and protect from challenge is an important next step with this virus. With persistent viruses such as EHV-1, antibody-mediated protection from infection can be achieved only at the site of initial infection, that is, the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract. Systemic dissemination is very rapid and consequently VN antibody is unlikely to play a major role in prevention of disease once the initial infection event has occurred. Cellular immune responses, particularly CTLs, play a dominant role in protection and recovery and are important in immune surveillance and determination of the outcome of reactivation of latent virus. Therefore, the key to future EHV-1 vaccine design is to focus on stimulation of CTL responses, and this requires the successful presentation of vaccine-derived antigenic peptides to MHC class I molecules that are recognized by specific receptors on CTL. There is some evidence that stimulation of EHV-1-specific CTL precursors may correlate with immunity to this virus. By analogy with gamma herpesviruses in humans, CTL precursor frequency may also function as an immune correlate for EHV-2. Although EAV infection induces strong immunity in females and geldings, persistent infection of the genital tract is an important route of dissemination from stallions. Although inactivated vaccines induce strong immunity (which depends upon VN activity of serum antibody) to first infection, the immunologic control of persistent infection is currently poorly understood; however, analogy with other persistent viruses suggests that CTLs are also likely to play an important role in the control of persistent EAV infections.     

饲粮中色氨酸对畜禽的免疫调节作用

色氨酸是一种具有调节机体免疫功能的必需氨基酸。色氨酸的代谢产物吲哚-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)、犬尿氨酸、喹啉酸和褪黑激素等,可通过抑制T淋巴细胞增殖、增加血液免疫球蛋白含量和促进组织的抗原递呈等,来提高机体免疫力、抗炎症反应和影响肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸。本文就色氨酸及其代谢产物对畜禽免疫功能的调控作用和机制进行简要叙述。     

寄生虫细胞因子免疫的研究进展（一）

寄生虫在入侵机体时必须具备逃避机体免疫,破坏宿主免疫屏障才能感染,这种入侵过程必然和宿主机体的免疫系统发生联系,不但使宿主的先天免疫细胞功能缺失,而且获得性免疫也受到抑制。寄生虫感染均不同程度地伴随免疫损伤,宿主在感染寄生虫后产生的免疫应答中,细胞因子作为免疫过程中的介质起到关键作用,主要是调节机体细胞免疫抗虫,保护机体不被感染,其中巨噬细胞是主要功能的承担者。本文将阐述细胞因子在寄生虫感染过程中所发挥的免疫作用,为解决寄生虫感染的防控问题奠定基础,同时为寄生虫的研究提供新的思路。     

Significance of local immunity in hen reproductive organs

The current paper describes aspects of local immunity in the ovary and oviduct, and the significance of immunity to reproductive functions in hens. The immunocompetent cell populations in the ovary and oviduct change with a positive correlation to sexual activity, and gonadal steroid is one of the key factors in the increase. Local immune responses mediated by major histocompatibility complex class II and T cell subsets occur in response to infection by Salmonella enteritidis, which may contaminate eggs. In the ovary, immunocompetent cells are also suggested to play roles in the regulation of ovarian functions. Macrophages and T cells are likely to enhance the regression of atretic follicles to maintain the ovarian tissue microenvironment. Autoantibodies to ovarian tissues appeared in the hens with low egg laying frequency, suggesting that the auto‐antibodies may be one of the factors in the decline of egg production. In the oviduct, local immunity possibly has a role in the selection of sperm, though the immunoreactions may also affect sperm survival leading to the decline in fertility. The concentration of yolk IgY, which plays a role in maternal immunity transmission, significantly decreases with the aging of birds, whereas it is significantly increased by estrogen. Therefore, the immune system plays significant roles not only in defense against infection, but also in the functions of reproductive organs. Investigations on the local immune system in the reproductive organs and factors affecting it are of importance for the production of sterile eggs and improvement of reproductive functions.     

黄芪多糖的免疫作用机制研究进展

对黄芪多糖的免疫作用机制研究进展进行阐述,该药物可以通过调节免疫器官,免疫细胞及免疫分子发挥对机体的免疫作用,通过多层次共同发挥作用,既能增强机体的非特异性免疫又能通过特异性免疫功能,对正常及非正常机体都发挥着免疫作用,可更广泛的应用于动物疾病的治疗与预防。     

Mechanisms of recovery from Herpesvirus infections -a review.

A variety of specific immunological mechanisms have been shown to be effective at neutralizing herpesviruses or destroying herpesvirus infected cells. These include both humoral and cell mediated immune responses or combinations thereof. Thus, it is genarlly accepted that humoral immunity is probably responsible for preventing reinfection whereas cellular immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes or by the interaction of antibody and Fc receptor bearing cells, is more important in recovery from infections. In addition to these specific responses to herpesvirus infection, a number of nonspecific cellular and humoral components have been shown to inhibit the progression of virus replication and therefore, have been implicated in assisting the host in the recovery process. The various interactions and counteractions between the various nonspecific and specific components of the immune response are discussed with respect to their role in recovery from both primary and recurrent disease as well as how they may eventually be manipulated so as to control herpesvirus recrudescent disease.     

奶牛DRB3基因生物信息学分析

利用生物基因组学数据库,对奶牛MHCⅡ区DRB3基因进行生物信息学分析,以预测DRB3基因编码产物的理化性质、结构与功能,同时构建DRB3同源基因的系统进化树。结果表明,DRB3编码产物为不稳定亲水性蛋白,具有明显的信号肽,其切割位点位于29～30位的氨基酸之间。二级结构主要以无规则卷曲和延伸链为主,主要在细胞质中发挥生物学作用。序列分析表明,DRB3编码产物可能具有免疫应答、受体、胁迫应答、信号转导等功能,可能在免疫应答和胁迫应答过程中发挥重要作用,可能对奶牛免疫力和抗病性起关键作用。DRB3编码产物氨基酸邻接系统树表明,奶牛DRB3与绵羊、羚羊、塔尔羊、麝牛、亚洲水牛等物种DRB3氨基酸距离较近,它们具有高度同源性。     

The biological and practical significance of antigenic variability in protective T cell responses against Theileria parva

The evolution of antigenically distinct pathogen strains that fail to cross-protect is well documented for pathogens controlled primarily by humoral immune responses. Unlike antibodies, which recognise native proteins, protective T cells can potentially recognise epitopes in a variety of proteins that are not necessarily displayed on the pathogen surface. Moreover, individual hosts of different MHC genotypes generally respond to different sets of epitopes. It is therefore less easy to envisage how strain restricted immunity can arise for pathogens controlled by T cell responses, particularly in antigenically complex parasites. Nevertheless, strain restricted immunity is clearly a feature of a number of parasitic infections, where immunity is known to be mediated by T cell responses. One such parasite is Theileria parva which induces potent CD8 T cell responses that play an important role in immunity. CD8 T cells specific for parasitized lymphoblasts exhibit strain specificity, which appears to correlate with the ability of parasite strains to cross-protect. Studies using recently identified T. parva antigens recognised by CD8 T cells have shown that the strain restricted nature of immunity is a consequence of the CD8 T cell response in individual animals being focused on a limited number of dominant polymorphic antigenic determinants. Responses in animals of different MHC genotypes are often directed to different parasite antigens, indicating that, at the host population level, a larger number of parasite proteins can serve as targets for the protective T cell response. Nevertheless, the finding that parasite strains show overlapping antigenic profiles, probably as a consequence of sexual recombination, suggests that induction of responses to an extended but limited set of antigens in individual animals may overcome the strain restricted nature of immunity.     

对虾的免疫机制及其疾病预防策略的研究

在对虾的细胞免疫中血细胞是主要的作用因素,而体液免疫是血淋巴中的一些酶和调节因子,机体还可以被诱导产生特殊的免疫保护反应.应用免疫增强剂、疫苗和基因工程技术为预防对虾病害提供了有效的途径.本文根据国内外的有关资料,就对虾的免疫机制和疾病预防策略进行了综述.     

维生素E对动物免疫功能影响的生理机制

维生素E具有其特定的免疫功能,能以免疫佐剂的形式发挥作用,对人、动物免疫功能产生重要影响,尤其是可以提高动物在应激状态下的免疫力。适当剂量的维生素E能增强抗体和补体的产生以及抗体对抗原的应答反应,促进淋巴细胞的增殖、分化和细胞因子的产生,提高免疫细胞的免疫功能和吞噬细胞的吞噬作用。维生素E作用于靶细胞,通过细胞抗氧化作用、影响PGE2分泌、与V c和Se协同等来增强动物体液免疫、提高细胞介导的免疫应答、影响吞噬细胞功能,进而影响机体免疫状态。     

Immunity against genital infection by Histophilus ovis in rams

Rams have been immunized against an infection of their genitalia by Histophilus ovis. An alum-precipitated antigen and an antigen plus Freund's complete adjuvant proved equally effective. An injection of live H. ovis into the epididymal tissue proved to be a better method of challenging immunity than an injection into the vas deferens. It was shown that cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by tests for lymphocyte transformation, the presence of a macrophage migration inhibition factor and a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction did not play a role in the resistance, nor did specific IgG antibodies have any protective influence. It was shown that neutrophils play a cardinal role in the immunity against H. ovis infection in so far as they phagocytize and destroy the organisms and are attracted to them by chemotaxis in immune animals.     

Cell-based cancer gene therapy: breaking tolerance or inducing autoimmunity?

This review examines the mechanisms involved in anti-tumor immunity and how peptides present in many tumor types (tumor-associated antigens) are recognized by T cells from tumor-bearing cancer patients. Tumor-associated antigens are derived from proteins that are also expressed in normal cells. It is predicted that immune responses to such peptides will be compromised by self-tolerance or that stimulation of effective immune responses will be accompanied by autoimmunity. We also consider that the immunity induced against two autoantigens, which are highly conserved in vertebrates, involve qualitatively different mechanisms, such as the production of antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses. However, both pathways lead to tumor immunity and identical phenotypic manifestations of autoimmunity. Appropriate selection of the optimal tumor antigen is critical for the induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Thus, we stress that the methods for antigen presentation using dendritic cells play a critical role in the development of tumor vaccines, to break immune tolerance and induce a strong immune response against them. The viability and feasibility of expansion of canine dendritic cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood ex vivo for the treatment of spontaneous cancers in dogs is also discussed.     

Immunopathological aspects of canine renal disease

It is now becoming clear that the development of immunity against an infectious agent is not always beneficial to the host and may sometimes be instrumental in exacerbating the disease process. Thus, it is important to define the nature of the immunological processes which undoubtedly play an important role in some of the important renal diseases of the dog.
Deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli stimulates a range of morphological types of glomerulonephritis. The persistence of leptospiral antigen, alone or complexed with locally produced antibody, in the renal interstitium appears to be responsible for the marked cellular response in acute leptospiral nephritis. In chronic forms of diffuse renal disease, glomerular immune complexes have been detected in chronic glomerulonephritis but not with certainty in chronic interstitial nephritis.