富集型鸡笼的发展和应用

为了改善笼养蛋鸡的福利状况,富集型鸡笼产生并被广泛应用。作者介绍了富集型鸡笼的产生和发展概况,并对富集型鸡笼在生产实践中对蛋鸡的影响进行了探讨,评价了未来富集型鸡笼在中国的应用前景。     

笼养肉种鸡人工授精的手法

笼养鸡的人工授精技术含量高,要求管理人员不仅要精通此项技术,而且要严格的要求饲养人员遵守操作程序,规范技术和手法,以求获得稳定的生产成绩.现针对笼养肉种鸡介绍人工授精的手法及相关要点.     

笼养蛋鸡瘫痪症的病因及防治

<正>笼养蛋鸡瘫痪又称笼养蛋鸡疲劳症或笼养鸡骨质疏松症,美国称该病为产蛋鸡猝死症,是笼养蛋鸡由于物质代谢障碍而发生的以腿软、麻痹、易骨折为特征的一种营养代谢性疾病。本病     

Perch Arrangements in Small-Group Furnished Cages for Laying Hens

In 2 trials, including 2,768 birds in total, 3 different perch arrangements were evaluated in furnished 8-hen cages for laying hens. The hybrids used were Lohmann Selected Leghorn and Lohmann Brown in trial 1 and Hy-Line White and Hy-Line Brown in trial 2. The furnished cages were identical in all other respects than the arrangement of perches. A perch was either fitted across the cage, providing 12 cm of perch per hen, or 2 perches were installed in a cross, implying 15 cm per hen. Although the perches arranged in a cross provided more perch per hen than the single perch fitted across the cage, perch use at night by the birds was similar or lower as compared with the single perch. Hence, the way perches are arranged in the cage may be as important as perch length itself to achieve a high use at night. Perch arrangement did not affect production, mortality, or egg quality. Compared with a conventional battery cage, also included in the trials, hygiene was inferior in the furnished cages, but there was no difference in proportions of dirty eggs. Differences in proportions of cracked eggs were found between furnished and conventional cages in 1 of the trials. However, on the whole, production, mortality, and egg quality were at similar levels in all cage models. Genotype differences were found in production traits, egg quality, hygiene, and in the use of perches and nests.     

提高笼养种鸡种蛋受精率的探讨

比较全面地分析了影响笼养种鸡种蛋受精率的因素，包括来自种公鸡与种母鸡的影响，人工受精操作技术，种蛋早期管理等，可以作为种鸡场制订提高种蛋受精率措施的参考。     

富集型笼具对肉仔鸡行为与福利的影响

为探讨富集型笼具对肉仔鸡行为的影响,本研究采用单因子四水平试验设计,选择健康、体重相近的21日龄肉仔鸡128只,随机分为4个组,每组32只,公母各半,1组作对照,笼内不设置富集物体;2、3、4作试验组,分别在笼内设置栖木、垫料与同时设置栖木、垫料等富集物体,观察分析4～6周龄肉仔鸡的各种行为.结果表明:采食频次和时间2、3、4组显著高于1组(P＜0.05);梳羽频次和时间1组显著高于4组(P＜0.05).饮水、趴卧、行走、站立、伸展等行为的发生频次和时间各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),但趴卧频次和时间1组比2、3、4组有增加的趋势;啄物、争斗等异常行为发生频次和时间1、2组显著高于3、4组(P＜0.05),同时,1组比2组也呈增加的趋势.探究、抖身等舒适行为发生时间4个组分别为1.89％、2.28％、2.53％和5.49％.因此,富集型笼具使肉仔鸡的采食更为频发,使啄物、争斗等异常行为减少,并利于其种属内的抖身、探究等舒适行为的表达,提高了其福利水平.     

本交笼养模式公鸡遗传贡献率与公鸡行为研究

为探究种公鸡行为与其遗传贡献率的相关性,试验选取4组本交笼,单组饲养50只罗曼粉父母代种鸡(公母配比为1∶9),通过亲缘鉴定技术研究本交笼中种公鸡对后代的遗传贡献率,并利用视频录像与物理标记相结合的方法对公鸡行为进行观察。结果表明:在本交笼中,各组公鸡在遗传贡献率方面均存在明显的等级排序;在行为学方面,各组内均存在明显的啄斗序列,斗性最强的公鸡的遗传贡献率不一定最高,斗性最弱的公鸡遗传贡献率均最低,且各组内公鸡无固定交配的母鸡个体;公鸡遗传贡献率与公鸡交配频数及啄斗频数的相关系数分别为0.35与0.14。     

Performance of Four Hybrids of Laying Hens in Modified and Conventional Cages

Abstract

In two trials, production, feed consumption, mortality, egg quality and birds' live weight of a total of 2877 caged laying hens of four hybrids, Dekalb XL, Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and Shaver 288 in Trial 1 and ISA Brown and LSL in Trial 2, were studied during full production cycles. The cage designs were Get-away cages (GA) with 15 hens per cage, a special version of the “Edinburgh modified cage” called “Modified and enriched cage” (ME) with 4 ISA or 5 Leghorn hens per cage, conventional cages of metal (CO) with 4 hens per cage and conventional cages of plastic (PL) with 3 hens per cage. GA and ME included nests, perches and sandbaths. LSL produced significantly better than the other hybrids. Shaver had a significantly lower live weight than Dekalb and LSL, while ISA was significantly heavier than LSL. Production in ME was similar to that in conventional cages and, in Trial 2, birds in ME, CO and PL produced significantly better than those in GA. The highest mortality was registered in GA, where in Trial 2 it was significantly higher than in ME. GA gave a significantly higher and CO a lower proportion of cracked eggs than ME and PL. In both trials ME gave significantly lower proportions of dirty eggs than GA and in Trial 2, the lowest. Few differences between the systems were registered regarding interior egg quality. It was concluded that ME is better for production, mortality and management than GA but similar to conventional cages.     

No Effect of Social Competition on Sham Dustbathing in Furnished Cages for Laying Hens

The wire-mesh netting used as the floor material in cages is often claimed to cause walking problems for foxes. The validity of this claim was tested in 96 15-year-old secondary school pupils. They were shown five separate 2 min fragments of videotapes showing the cage pairs with randomized floor material (solid or wire mesh) but with an obstructed view of the floor. The pupils were asked to evaluate the flooring material based on what they actually saw. The mean proportion of correct answers out of 5 for individuals were slightly more than half correct (0.54), but this did not differ significantly from the random value (0.5). When the pairs of foxes had different flooring material, the pupils answered correctly (0.58, P <0.05). Thus, the pupils were not able to identify a specific floor type (wire-mesh or solid floor) but were able to differentiate between two different types of floor based solely on the behaviour of the foxes.     

层叠式立体笼养肉鸡舍秋冬季节环境参数研究

试验旨在对商品肉鸡层叠式立体养殖模式的环境参数进行监控,分析不同季节笼养肉鸡环境参数的差异,为科学养殖提供数据支撑。选择规模化肉鸡养殖场的同一栋鸡舍,在秋季和冬季饲养周期中,采用分次多点测量法,连续监测3~6周龄肉鸡舍内温度、湿度和空气质量,测定点均匀分布在舍内4个位置,比较秋季和冬季舍内环境参数的变化。结果显示,在肉鸡生长后期,冬季舍内环境温度略高于秋季,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;秋季舍内湿度显著高于冬季（P＜0.05）,两个季节的温湿度均可满足不同日龄肉鸡生长需求。有害气体和微生物检测结果显示,冬季舍内氨气浓度略高于秋季,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冬季舍内二氧化碳浓度显著高于秋季（P＜0.05）;同时冬季舍内空气微生物总菌数显著高于秋季（P＜0.05）。层叠式立体笼养肉鸡舍内温度在不同季节可保持恒定;在冬季饲养期,舍内湿度降低,二氧化碳浓度升高,空气微生物总菌数升高。因此,冬季饲养肉鸡在做好保温的同时应适当增加通风换气。     

动物逃笼原因分析及防范措施和处理方法的探讨

通过对动物园或动物养殖场9例动物逃笼事件的分析，总结归纳出动物逃笼的主要原因，并提出有针对性的防范措施以及发生野生动物逃笼后的处理方法。     

Study on Environmental Quality Parameters in Broiler House with Three-overlap Cages in Winter and Autumn

The study was conducted to detect the indoor environmental quality parameters of broiler house with three-overlap cages and analyze the differences in winter and autumn. In the process of feeding, the same farming house in the same farm was chosen to carry out the test. The indoor ambient temperature, humidity and the air quality were determined in chicken house in different seasons. The measure points were distributed in 4 different positions in the house. The experiment period was from 3 to 6 weeks of broilers.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the ambient temperature between autumn and winter during experimental period (P >0.05). The ambient temperature in the house in winter was slightly higher than in autumn. The humidity in autumn was significantly higher than that in winter (P <0.05).The temperature and humidity in two seasons could meet the requirements of broiler growth. There was no significant difference in ammonia concentration between autumn and winter, while ammonia level in winter was slightly higher than that in autumn. The carbon dioxide in the house was significantly higher in winter than that in autumn (P <0.05). The total number of airborne bacteria in winter was significantly higher than that in autumn (P <0.05). The indoor temperature kept constant in autumn and winter seasons in closed poultry house. In winter, the humidity was reduced, the carbon dioxide concentration was increased, and the total number of bacteria in the air was increased.So, the ventilation should increase at the same time of heating in winter.     

Stress and Humoral Innate Immune Response of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata Cultured in Sea Cages

Innate and acquired immune responses of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata was studied under normal culture and short-term stressful conditions for 18 months in offshore sea cages in Alghero Bay, Italy. Every 45 d, 50 fish were sampled and divided into two groups: fish in the first group (normal culture conditions) were bled after harvesting; fish in the second group were put into a tank under stressful conditions (crowding and confinement) and bled after 2 h. Innate humoral immunity, such as complement-like, hemagglutination, and lysozyme activities, was determined in the sera of both groups. Pathogen challenge was not performed, but the specific humoral immune response was assessed against the most common pathogens affecting cultured fish in Sardinia. Stressed fish, compared with the control, showed a lower lysozyme activity against Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum, which was not clearly correlated with temperatures. Complement-like activity differed between the first and second half of the study and, at the end of the trial, a slightly higher activity was recorded in the controls than in the stressed fish. Hemagglutination activity was mainly higher in the stressed fish than in control fish. Confinement, crowding, and cold water temperature caused decreased lysozyme activity in short-term stressed Gilthead Seabream compared with those reared normally. The specific humoral immune response, against V. anguillarum, Tenacibaculum mesophilum, Enterococcus Seriolicida, and Aeromonas sobria, fluctuated during the rearing period, particularly during the first year of culture.

Received October 12, 2015; accepted March 24, 2016 Published online August 2, 2016     

饲粮中不同锌水平对育成期笼养蛋鸭生长及免疫性能的影响

采用玉米-豆粕型饲粮,4周龄健康金定育成鸭120只随机平均分为5个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复4只鸭,锌添加水平依次为0、30、60、200、1000mg/kg,试验期为8周,研究饲粮锌水平对育成蛋鸭生长及免疫性能的影响。试验表明,缺锌(第1处理组)和高锌(第5处理组)均能显著影响育成鸭体增重和免疫性能,笼养蛋鸭育成阶段在饲喂玉米-豆粕型实用日粮(含锌32.9mg/kg)时再添加锌30mg/kg可满足生长需要,适当增加日粮锌含量可提高免疫功能,建议蛋鸭在笼养条件下育成阶段饲粮锌的添加水平为30～60mg/kg。     

Effect of Perches at Different Positions in Conventional Cages for Laying Hens of Two Different Strains

Production, health and behaviour were studied in 648 White Leghorn hens of two strains, LSL and Shaver 288, housed in three-tier battery cages (four hens per cage, 600 cm2 per hen) with three treatments; two with a perch fitted across the cage, 17 (PB) or 24 cm (PC) from the back of the cage, respectively, and control cages without perch (NP). Introducing a perch did not significantly affect production, but PC gave more dirty eggs, and both PC and PB tended to give more cracked eggs. The perch caused inferior keel bone condition and hygiene of the cage floor and a stronger tibia. LSL hens showed higher production, better feed conversion ratio, fewer cracked eggs, better keel bone health and shorter claws than Shavers. Use of the perch averaged 25 and 90% during day and night, respectively. The perch did not significantly affect other behaviours. There were significant interactions between strain and cage design regarding laying percentage, egg weight, cracked eggs, live weight, foot- and perch hygiene, keel bone condition and toe pad hyperkeratosis.     

Longitudinal Growth of Leg and Wing Bones of Chickens Reared in Cages and on the Floor

The histomorphometry of proximal growth plate and rate of longitudinal growth was estimated in tibia and humerus of chickens reared in the cages and on the floor, during 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. The floor vs. the cage area was 3:1. All chicks were fed ad libitum standard broilers mixture: starter (0-4 weeks) with 0.9% Ca; 0.7% P and grower (4-8 weeks) with 0.8% Ca; 0.5% P. The rearing system showed no significant effect on macroscopy estimated tibia and humerus growth in length, just as in case of bone's proximal growth plate microscopy of floor reared chickens. However, our results suggested that wing bones are more affected by the housing system than that of leg bones. The proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone and total growth plate of the humerus in cage reared birds were significantly higher than in those reared on the floor.     

我国蛋鸡笼养工艺和环境控制技术研究进展

我国蛋鸡生产主要采取笼养模式。近年来,随着我国蛋鸡产业规模化发展加快,蛋鸡笼养工艺发生了巨大变化,鸡舍环境控制技术也变得愈发重要。文章介绍了我国蛋鸡养殖笼具系统和鸡舍环境控制技术的研究进展,为我国蛋鸡产业发展提供参考。