笼养重产蛋鸭产蛋初期适宜磷水平的研究

在相同的饲养管理条件下，测定相同的基础日粮不同的有效磷水平0．32％，0．37％，0．43％，0．49％，0.55％的5种饲粮，对笼养重产蛋鸭产蛋初期生产性能的影响。结果表明：饲喂不同磷水平饲粮的5组试验鸭，试验2组的鸭产蛋率、日产蛋量、平均蛋重最高，软破蛋率最低，蛋壳厚度随着日粮磷水平的升高而逐渐降低；笼养蛋鸭重产蛋初期日粮的适宜有效磷水平为0．37％。     

低钙日粮对笼养蛋鸡骨骼显微结构及骨矿含量的影响

将180只19周龄健康伊莎笼养蛋鸡随机分为对照A和低钙B、C、D四组，分别饲喂钙含量为3．55％、2．50％、2．05％、1．27％的日粮。不同时间进行骨骼病理组织学检查和活体骨矿含量（BMC）测定。结论：低钙日粮诱发的蛋鸡骨质疏松除具有典型的骨质疏松病理变化外，骨矿含量也明显减少。     

蛋壳质量综合控制措施

钙是蛋壳的主要成分,据研究,母鸡体内总钙量约20-23g,每产一个蛋随蛋壳排出2．2-2．3g钙,也就是说,每天体内有10％的钙需要更换。因此,日粮钙水平对蛋壳质量起决定性作用。大量资料表明,日粮钙水平为3．25％-3．75％时,可以获得优质蛋壳,且以碳酸钙盐、磷酸钙盐为好。同时,钙源物质饲料颗粒的大小对蛋壳质量也有明显影响。大颗粒的钙质饲料易于提高蛋壳强度,故通常给鸡补饲砂砾,补饲时间最好在下午4点以后,经过消化吸收,然后进入血液,刚好满足蛋壳形成时的需要。     

低钙性笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症PTH、CT及E2的变化

将180只19周龄伊莎笼养蛋鸡随机分为对照（A）、低钙Ⅰ（B）、低钙Ⅱ（C）、低钙Ⅲ（D）4组，分别饲喂含量为3．55％、2．50％、2．05％、1．27％的日粮，定期用放射免疫分析法检测血清甲状旁腺素（PTH）、血清降钙素（CT）和血清雌二醇（E2）。结果显示，日粮钙含量越低的组，骨质疏松越明显，其PTH和CT上升越明显，而E2下降越明显。结论：低钙性骨质疏松症蛋的雌激素和钙调节激素发生了明显的变化。     

产蛋高峰期日粮中钙磷水平对产蛋鸡胫骨强度及产蛋性能的影响

将６４８只海克斯商品代产蛋鸡随机组群进行九种处理来确定三咎不同含钙量日粮和三种不同含磷量日粮（０．３０％、０．４０％和０．５０％）对产蛋高峰期中产蛋鸡产蛋性能、胫骨重、胫骨强度、胫骨灰分等的影响,当日粮中磷钙水平增加时对饲料消耗量也随之增;增加日粮中钙含量时,蛋的比重也随之呈线性增高;但增加日粮磷含量时对蛋批重无影响。日粮中钙磷水平对产蛋率、体重无显著影响,随着日粮中钙含量增加,鸡的胫骨强度、胫骨     

不同能量水平饲粮对笼养蛋鸭产蛋初期生产性能影响的研究

摘要在相同的饲养管理条件下,测定相同蛋白质(17.0%)不同代谢能水平(11.09MJ/kg、11.30MJ/kg、11.51MJ/kg、11.78MJ/kg、11.92MJ/kg)的5种饲粮对笼养蛋鸭产蛋初期产蛋性能的影响。结果表明,饲喂不同代谢能水平饲粮的5组试鸭,其产蛋率分别为69.38%、66.67%、74.45%、67.26%、67.07%;平均蛋重分别为53.66g、53.95g、57.35g、54.22g、54.71g;经方差分析,5组的产蛋率、蛋重差异显著(P<0.05),可见饲粮代谢能水平为11.51MJ/kg,可满足笼养蛋鸭的产蛋需要,其相应的蛋能比为14.77g粗蛋白/兆焦代谢能。代谢试验结果表明,饲粮代谢能水平为11.51MJ/kg,氮的存留率、能量、钙、磷的利用率最高,分别为62.32%、85.24%、72.995%、46.96%。     

饲粮不同钙水平对老龄蛋鸡蛋品质及骨密度的影响

选用58周龄新扬州产蛋母鸡300只,随机分为2组(高钙组、低钙组),每组5个重复,分别饲喂不同钙水平的玉米-豆粕型日粮,研究不同钙水平饲粮对老龄蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及骨密度的影响。研究结果表明:高钙组平均产蛋率及蛋比重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳比例等蛋品质指标均显著高于低钙组(P<0.05),老龄蛋鸡饲粮钙水平为3.5%生产性能及蛋品质质量最佳;日粮不同钙水平下(3.5%、2.5%)老龄蛋鸡骨骼质量无明显变化,在钙供给量不足的情况下,机体钙代谢分配首先保证骨钙沉积,笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症并非单纯由日粮钙供给不足引发。     

仔猪钙需要量的研究

本试验研究了饲粮中不同钙水平（０．１３％，０．３５％，０．５７％，０．６８％，０．７４％，０．８０％）对７～２２ｋｇ三元杂交（杜×大×长）仔猪的生长性能、骨骼和血清有关指标的影响。结果表明，饲粮中钙水平对仔猪平均日增重、采食量和饲料利用率（Ｇ／Ｆ）都无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），但０．５７％～０．８０％钙水平组略优于０．１３％～０．３５％钙水平组。随着饲粮中钙水平的升高，单位体重的脱脂干股骨重及其中灰分、钙和磷含量、血清钙浓度上升，到０．７４％钙水平组达到最高，０．８０％钙水平组又降低。其中，各组间单位体重的脱脂干股骨重无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中灰分和磷含量分别显著或极显著高于０．１３％和０．３５％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），０．５７％、０．６８％、０．８０％钙水平组显著高于０．１３％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中钙含量和血清钙浓度显著高于其他组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。饲粮钙水平对血清中碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）活性无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。因此认为，７～２２ｋｇ仔猪钙需要量为０．７４％。     

不同钙磷水平日粮对钙磷在猪体内代谢的影响

钙和磷对猪来说是2种极其重要的矿物质,具有非常重要的生理功能.钙和磷在日粮中的含量不同会对自身的代谢产生相当大的影响,为进一步了解日粮不同钙、磷水平对钙磷在猪体内代谢的影响,作者将从对钙、磷的吸收,血清中钙、磷的浓度,钙、磷在体内的存留,尿中钙、磷排出量和粪中钙、磷排出量这5个方面的影响来阐述.     

仔猪钙需要量的研究

本试验研究了饲粮中不同钙水平（０．１３，０．３５，０．５７，０．６８，０．７４，０．８０％）对７～２２千克三元杂交（杜大长）仔猪的生长、骨骼和血清有关指标的影响。结果表明，饲粮中钙水平对仔猪日增重、采食量和料肉比都无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），但０．５７％～０．８０％钙水平组略优于０．１３％～０．３５％钙水平组：随着钙水平升高，单位体重脱脂干股骨重及其中灰、钙和磷含量、血清钙浓度上升，到０．７４％钙水平组达到最高，０．８０％钙水平组又降低。其中，各组单位体重的脱脂干股骨重无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中灰分和磷含量分别显著和极显著高于０．１３％和０．３５％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），０．５７％、０．６８％、０．８０％钙水平组显著高于０．１３％钙水平组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。０．７４％钙水平组脱脂干股骨中钙含量和血清钙浓度显著高于其他组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。饲粮钙水平对血清中碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。综上认为，７～２２千克仔猪钙需要量为０．７４％。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.