梨胶锈菌重寄生菌对贴梗海棠锈病菌的寄生及控病作用

本文报道了梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌在贴梗海棠锈病菌上的寄生形态特征、侵入及控病作用。重寄生菌在贴梗海棠锈菌的性子器旁及性子器相对叶背发生重寄生现象。描述和测量了重寄生菌产孢结构的形态及大小。重寄生菌以分生孢子萌发形成芽管，经性子器口和锈子器口侵入（不能直接侵入），完成侵入所需最短时间为７个小时。潜育期８～９天。用重寄生菌孢子悬浮液，在性子器成熟时喷雾接种防治贴梗海棠锈病，重寄生率从５月初的３７．４％逐渐上升至７月中旬的９４．６％。     

大叶白蜡树锈病及其重寄生菌研究

 小叶白蜡树锈孢锈菌(Aecidium fraxinibungeanae Diet.)引起大叶白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis var.rhynchophylla Hemsl)锈病为国内新记录。该锈病在我国重要白蜡产区乐山市严重发生,病株率和病叶率分别可达100%和56%,造成叶片病部坏死,病叶脱落,严重影响白蜡产量。大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌在乐山市及雅安市大叶白蜡树锈病菌上寄生很普遍,自然重寄生率达46.8%。重寄生菌寄生在大叶白蜡树锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子(锈孢子)的释放。本文还报道了大叶白蜡树锈病的危害、症状特点、病原形态特征及大叶白蜡树锈病菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌形态特征。     

Tuberculina sp.,苹果锈病菌的一种重寄生菌

苹果锈病(Gymnosporangium yamadai)在我国大部分苹果产区均有发生，在一些地区发病严重。该病造成叶片枯斑，早期落叶，削弱树势，影响产量。该病长期采用化学农药或砍伐其转主寄主柏科植物进行防治，导致杀伤天敌，有益生物种类减少，果园生态群落结构恶化，果品中农药残留量增加。由于该锈菌同时在转主寄主柏科植物上寄生危害，也给药剂防治及防治效果带来不利影响。利用重寄生菌防治植物病害是生物防治的方法之一。植物锈菌的重寄生菌研究，国内外已有报道。但苹果锈病菌的自然重寄生菌尚未见报道。本文是苹果锈病菌的自然重寄生现象及重寄生菌的研究报道。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究Ⅳ重寄生菌的越冬、传播及侵入

 本文报道了梨胶锈菌(Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)越冬、传播及侵入的研究结果。重寄生菌在自然条件下以分生孢子在其寄生部位越冬;经150天后,其孢子萌发率为29.5%;分生孢子随气流传播;孢子萌发形成芽管经性子器口和锈子器口侵入,不能直接侵入;完成侵入所需最短时间为10小时;在14~12℃下,潜育期为12~7天。在梨胶锈菌发生期,重寄生菌可发生多次再侵入。     

华中五味子锈病菌及其重寄生菌的鉴定

 五味子属植物是我国传统的中药材。五味子春孢锈菌(Aecidium schisandrae J. Y. Zhuang)引起华中五味子(Schisandra sphenanthera)锈病为国内外新报道。该病在四川省雅安市喇叭河自然保护区华中五味子生长地造成严重危害,其病株率91%,病叶率36%,造成叶片枯斑、脱落。华中五味子锈病的重寄生菌(Tuberculina sp.)为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌的自然重寄生率达35.5%,重寄生菌寄生在华中五味子锈菌春孢子器(锈子器)出口处,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了华中五味子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及华中五味子锈菌的重寄生现象和重寄生菌的形态特征。     

白粉寄生孢寄生黄瓜白粉菌的特性研究

采用白粉寄生孢（Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces.AQ）接种离体条件下赛璐酚上黄瓜白粉菌［Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht)Poll.］和活体条件下黄瓜白粉菌后,通过棉兰染色和显微观察分析,初步明确了白粉寄生孢的侵染寄生过程。白粉寄生孢分生孢子产生芽管可入侵黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子、菌丝、分生孢子梗;有时黄瓜白粉菌串生的分生孢子、分生孢子梗可被2~3条白粉寄生孢的菌丝寄生,随着寄生过程的进一步发展,黄瓜白粉菌的分生孢子梗基部膨大成无色的椭圆形或球形,其上逐渐产生由黄色至褐色的白粉寄生孢的分生孢子器,器内含有大量的分生孢子。     

引起西洋参锈腐病的Ilyonectria属4种病原菌的生物学特性及其对不同杀菌剂的敏感性

 Ilyonectria属真菌是引起西洋参锈腐病的主要病原菌,每年给西洋参生产造成重要经济损失。本文选取分离自我国吉林省及山东省栽培的西洋参的I. mors-panacis、I. robusta、I. vredehoekensis及I. communis 4种病原菌,通过平板培养,测定它们在不同培养基、温度、碳源、氮源和光照条件下菌丝生长和产孢量;采用生长速率法测定对6种常用杀菌剂的敏感性。生物学试验结果表明:Czapek培养基为Ilyonectria spp.菌丝生长的最适培养基,PDA、OA和CMA培养基有利于产孢;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源分别是可溶性淀粉和硝态氮,不同碳源对各菌株产孢的作用不同,最适产孢氮源为硫酸铵;I. vredehoekensis最适生长温度为25 ℃,I. robusta为20～25 ℃,其他2种菌则为20 ℃,产孢最适温度范围为15～20 ℃;黑暗条件适宜供试菌的生长,全光照有利于I. mors-panacis和I. robusta产孢,但不利于I. vredehoekensis和I. communis产孢。药剂试验结果表明:同一杀菌剂对4种病菌的作用存在差异,在供试的6种杀菌剂中,4种病菌对多菌灵最为敏感(EC₅₀<0.5 μg·mL^-1),其次是戊唑醇(EC₅₀<15 μg·mL^-1),恶霉灵的抑制效果最差(EC₅₀>960 μg·mL^-1)。上述研究结果为了解西洋参锈腐病菌Ilyonectria的环境适应性及防治策略提供了有益参考。     

串珠镰刀菌细胞壁多糖激活寄生菌纤细齿梗孢的孢子萌发

 利用碱抽提法从串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)菌丝细胞壁得到多糖粗提物。该多糖提取物可以激活寄生于串珠镰刀菌上的活体寄生真菌纤细齿梗孢(Olpitrichum tenellum)的孢子萌发,多糖浓度为0.2 mg/m L时,萌发率达80.5%。纤细齿梗孢的孢子仅在存在该多糖提取物的条件下才能萌发,在马铃薯-葡萄糖或葡萄糖-酵母液体培养基上不能萌发,一些糖、氨基酸、无机盐、维生素不能促使其萌发,光也不影响萌发。纤细齿梗孢孢子萌发最适p H是7.0,最适温度25℃。结果表明,串珠镰刀菌菌丝细胞壁多糖可能在激活纤细齿梗孢孢子萌发中起重要作用。     

线虫内寄生真菌明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutella minnesotensis)的营养研究

 明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutella minnesotensis)是中国大豆胞囊线虫重要的内寄生菌,本研究采取固体和液体2种培养方法测定了6种天然培养基、20种碳源、19种氮源和9种维生素对其生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:H. minnesotensis在酵母葡萄糖琼脂(Yeast dextrose agar,YDA)培养基上生长最快,在麦芽浸膏琼脂(Malt extract agar,MEA)培养基上产孢最好,胰化大豆琼脂(Tryptic soy agar,TSA)培养基既不适合生长,也不适合产孢。在碳氮源研究中,Melibiose在固体培养基上显著促进H. minnesotensis气生菌丝生长,Glycogen是液体培养和孢子萌发最好的碳源。H. minnesotensis在以Casein为氮源的培养基上气生菌丝最多,Peptone是H. minnesotensis液体培养最好的氮源,大多数的氮源可以促进H. minnesotensis孢子萌发,但L-Cystine抑制孢子萌发,且在固体培养中不能被H. minnesotensis利用。维生素对H. minnesotensis的生长、产孢和孢子萌发有一定的促进作用。     

FpStuA参与假禾谷镰孢的产孢和致病性

 假禾谷镰孢是一种土传真菌,其引起的小麦茎基腐病已成为威胁我国小麦生产的重要病害。APSES蛋白是真菌中保守存在的一类转录因子,参与多种细胞生理过程。本研究,我们在假禾谷镰孢中鉴定到StuA同源蛋白FpStuA。qRT-PCR分析发现FpStuA在假禾谷镰孢分生孢子和侵染阶段诱导表达。通过PEG介导的原生质体转化方法获得3个FpStuA基因缺失的突变体。与假禾谷镰孢野生型菌株相比,Δfpstua突变体的生长速度明显减慢,气生菌丝减少;分生孢子的产生比野生型减少70%,且Δfpstua突变体分生孢子变短、分隔减少;Δfpstua突变体对大麦叶片、小麦胚芽鞘和小麦根的致病性均显著降低,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)合成明显减少。综上结果,转录因子FpStuA对假禾谷镰孢的生长、产孢和致病性都非常重要。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究——Ⅱ重寄生菌的生物学特性

 梨胶锈菌(Cymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)在PDA、综合马铃薯和梨叶汁培养基上能生长、产孢,以PDA最好,Czapek和硝酸铵蔗糖上生长差且不产孢。菌丝生长和产孢的适温20~30℃,适宜pH6~9,荧光可促进产孢而黑光有抑制作用。对碳源的利用,菌丝生长和干重以甘露醇、葡萄糖等6种碳源为好,甘露醇最佳,淀粉最差;葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和甘露醇中均能产孢,以葡萄糖最好。对氮源的利用,菌丝生长及干重以硝酸钾、甘氨酸和蛋白胨为好;产孢以天冬酰胺、蛋白胨和硝酸钾为好,甘氨酸和谷氨酸不产孢。孢子萌发适温15~30℃,相对湿度65~100%均能萌发,在水滴中萌发率最高,低于50%不萌发;最适pH4~6,低于pH3和高于pH8不萌发;光照有利于孢子萌发。     

异色瓢虫显明变种对寄主植物和猎物复合体的行为反应

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了异色瓢虫显明变种对不同寄主植物-蚜虫复合体的定向和选择行为。结果表明，贴梗海棠、柳树、毛白杨在正常的生长状况下，不产生引诱异色瓢虫的挥发性次生物质，而当这些植物受到蚜虫为害后，释放出引诱异色瓢虫的挥发性次生物质，雌雄瓢虫对其选择率分别为73．3％、56．7％（贴梗海棠）；71．7％、73．3％（柳树）；58．3％、68．3％（毛白杨）；紫藤在正常的生长状况下和蚜虫为害后，都会产生排斥异色瓢虫的化学物质。     

长叶胡颓子锈病菌及其重寄生菌

长叶胡颓子是具有开发利用价值的野生植物资源。胡颓子春孢锈菌引起的长叶胡颓子锈病 ,使长叶胡颓子叶枯、落叶。长叶胡颓子锈病菌的重寄生菌Tuberculinasp .是长叶胡颓子锈病菌上的自然重寄生菌 ,为国内外首次报道。该重寄生菌寄生长叶胡颓子锈菌春孢子器处 ,阻碍春孢子的释放。本文报道了长叶胡颓子锈病的症状特点、病原形态特征及长叶胡颓子锈菌的重寄生现象及重寄生菌的形态特征     

Interactions between isolates of Puccinia smyrnii, an autoecious, demicyclic rust and accessions of Smyrnium olusatrum

Plants derived from bulked seed samples of Smyrnium olusatrum collected from small patches of plants in Anglesey, Gwynedd, Shropshire and Suffolk were all susceptible, but expressed quantitative differences in disease severity, when inoculated with either aeciospores or teliospores of Puccinia smyrnii from the same or similar locations under controlled environmental conditions. Latent periods (mean 16 and 11 days for appearance of telia and spermagonia, respectively) were longer in 1996 compared with repeat inoculation in 1997 when the rust was more severe. Summation of mean numbers for each year of both aecia and telia, for rust isolate × host accession combinations, showed significantly different numbers of aecia in both years but not of telia. Incidence and severity of P. smyrnii varied on plants derived from seed from Anglesey, Shropshire and Suffolk when transplanted into a naturally rust-affected population of S. olusatrum at Gwynedd, but all plants were susceptible. Experimental transfer of spermatia between spermagonia confirmed that P. smyrnii is heterothallic.     

Assessment of Environmental Factors Influencing Growth and Spread of Pantoea agglomerans on and Among Blossoms of Pear and Apple

ABSTRACT We evaluated effects of both physical and biological components of the environment on growth of Pantoea agglomerans on inoculated pear and apple blossoms and on spread of the bacterium to blossoms on non-inoculated trees. The center three rows of 0.35- to 0.5-ha blocks of four pear cultivars and four apple cultivars were sprayed with a suspension of streptomycin-resistant P. agglomerans strain C9-1S (C9-1S) at 20 to 60% and 60 to 90% bloom. Cultivars were chosen to create a sequence of continuous bloom from late March (d'Anjou pear) through mid-May (Red Rome apple). Each cultivar block was quartered into plots; two plots were treated twice with streptomycin sulfate near mid- and full bloom to suppress populations of indigenous bacterial epiphytes and the other two plots were treated with water. Colonization of blossoms by C9-1S and by indigenous bacterial epiphytes were monitored on inoculated trees and along transects of noninoculated trees. Immediately after spraying, C9-1S was detected principally on blossoms sampled from inoculated trees. As bloom progressed, trees up to 18 m from inoculated trees had high proportions of blossoms colonized by C9-1S. Streptomycin significantly (P 相似文献   

伪钝绥螨的花粉饲养研究

在饲养伪钝绥螨的10种植物花粉中,核桃、洋槐、贴梗海棠、仙人球、迎春和卷心菜等可使其取食并完成发育,前4种还可使其产卵。花粉粒的外部形态结构,是影响该螨能否取食的重要因素之一。用桃、苹果花粉饲养伪钝绥螨,对其F_1代生活力有明显的不良影响。取食桃花粉的F_1代,幼螨间相互残杀,并取食未孵化的卵,使成活率降低。取食苹果花粉的F_1代可正常完成发育,但成螨性比降低,产卵时自食其卵。试验表明,单纯喂食桃或苹果花粉难以进行伪钝绥螨的累代饲养。     

性信息素迷向丝对不同果树梨小食心虫的防控效果

2017年在宁夏果园开展了性信息素迷向丝(北京中捷四方生物科技公司生产的长效迷向丝,有效成分占30%)对为害不同果树的梨小食心虫的防控效果研究。试验地共5.5 hm~2,栽植有成龄苹果树、梨树和李树。试验区按树种设置3个处理区,3个对照区。处理区在边缘区域每株树平均悬挂3条迷向丝,内部区域隔树悬挂,每树悬挂1条迷向丝,悬挂高度为距离地面2 m。调查各树种全年诱蛾量、诱蛾下降率、蛀果率等指标,研究迷向丝对不同果树上梨小食心虫的防控效果,分析苹果、梨和李树分区域集中栽培下梨小食心虫为害特点。研究结果显示:3个处理区的诱蛾下降率均达96%以上,果实膨大期蛀果下降率均达50%以上,成熟期蛀果下降率均达57%以上,说明性信息素迷向丝对3种果树区域的梨小食心虫防控效果明显且稳定;不同果树区域梨小食心虫发生高峰期一致;梨园中诱捕的梨小食心虫成虫最多,说明其具有寄主选择性;李园蛀果率明显高于苹果园和梨园,李果实成熟采摘后成虫诱捕量减少,同时期苹果园与梨园成虫诱捕量增加,说明梨小食心虫具有迁移为害特性。     

Increased content of phenolic compounds in pear leaves after infection by the pear rust pathogen

European pear rust induced by the fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks) G. causes yellow to bright orange leaf spots on leaves of pear trees. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds found in pear leaf extracts. Identified were: ten hydroxycinnamates, eight flavonols, nine flavan-3-ols and three arbutin derivatives. Polymeric procyanidins were additionally determined by UPLC-FL. The total content of phenolics in the control healthy green leaf extract was 11,889.98 mg but in the infected leaves it reached 28,573.89 mg in the samples with yellow spots and 11,480.06 mg/100 g dry matter (dm) in the green part of leaves. The yellow spots in pear rust leaves were characterized by increased content of flavanol (catechins and procyanidins) and arbutin compounds compared with the green part of the infected leaves and control healthy leaves.     

Dynamics of post‐harvest pathogens Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. in plant residues in Dutch apple and pear orchards

Post‐harvest diseases of apple and pear cause significant losses. Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. infect fruits during the growing season and remain quiescent until disease symptoms occur after several months in storage. Epidemiological knowledge of these diseases is limited. TaqMan PCR assays were developed for quantification of N. alba, N. perennans, C. malorum and C. luteo‐olivacea in environmental samples. Various host tissues, dead weeds and grasses, soil and applied composts were collected in 10 apple and 10 pear orchards in May 2012. Neofabraea alba was detected in 73% of samples from apple orchards and 48% from pear orchards. Neofabraea perennans was present in a few samples. Cadophora luteo‐olivacea was detected in 99% of samples from apple orchards and 93% from pear orchards, whilst C. malorum was not detected in any sample. In apple orchards, highest concentrations of N. alba were found in apple leaf litter, cankers and mummies, and of C. luteo‐olivacea in apple leaf litter, mummies and dead weeds. In pear orchards, N. alba and C. luteo‐olivacea were found in highest concentrations in pear leaf litter and in dead weeds. Substrate colonization varied considerably between orchards. The temporal dynamics of pathogens was followed in four apple orchards and four pear orchards. In apple orchards the colonization by pathogens decreased from April until August and increased from September until December. This pattern was less pronounced in pear. Knowledge on population dynamics is essential for the development of preventative measures to reduce risks of fruit infections during the growing season.