新疆艾比湖流域景观格局尺度效应

通过了解流域景观格局指数的尺度效应,能客观反映土地利用景观格局及其动态变化。以MODIS和OLI为数据源,针对地区社会经济活动频繁、人为干扰强烈和生态脆弱等特性,以土地利用/土地覆盖(LUCC)类型为斑块类型划分依据,将流域内的LUCC类型划分为7种景观类型,选取类型水平和景观水平来计算景观特征指数,分析不同景观格局尺度效应的响应情况。结果表明:(1)在类型水平上,随着空间分辨率的不断降低,MODIS和OLI影像所计算的斑块密度都随着粒度的增大而减小;斑块面积的变化趋势相似,除个别地类变化剧烈外,其余各地类的变化幅度较小。MODIS影像中各地类的周长面积分维度的总体趋势是减小的;OLI影像所计算的周长面积分维度的总体趋势成基本持平状态。凝聚度指数、边缘密度、斑块面积百分比、斑块类型面积和有效网格大小的散点图分布较为集中,有个别尺度下的某一土地利用类型出现异常的现象。(2)在景观水平上,不同遥感影像中各景观指数的变化趋势表现出不同形式,且不同景观指数间的变化趋势也存在差异。随着空间尺度的增大,斑块密度、景观形状指数和斑块数量均呈现单调下降的趋势;最大斑块指数的变化趋势不确定;香农多样性和香农均匀性指数的整体变化趋势相对稳定。     

基于分形理论的新疆土地利用空间格局分析

应用地理信息技术,提取基于遥感影像的新疆土地利用空间数据,通过分形模型,计算20世纪80年代末、90年代末和2005年3个时期各土地类型的分形维数和稳定性指数,定量分析其土地利用空间格局变化,并以此为依据,探讨各土地利用类型的复杂性和稳定性,同时结合土地利用变化动态度指数,探讨新疆土地利用空间格局变化的原因。结果表明:80年代末至2005年水域分形维数逐年增大,土地利用斑块形态不规则程度递增,并在空间上呈扩张趋势;但其稳定性呈逐年下降趋势。除水域外的其他各大土地利用类型,在80年代末至90年代末,其分形维数呈递增趋势,复杂性递增且达到最高点,土地利用斑块形态趋于不规则,空间上呈扩张趋势;而稳定性递减且达到最低点。90年代末至2005年分形维数呈递减趋势,土地利用斑块形态趋于规则,空间上呈缩小趋势,其稳定性呈逐渐增强趋势。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄间地沙丘空间分形及稳定性

塔克拉玛干沙漠的大地貌格局是高大复合沙垄和宽广垄间地相间分布,而垄间地是研究简单沙丘发育过程的良好试验场地。基于Google Earth影像,以分形理论为基础,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄区垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风方向上的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 垄间地沙丘形状指数（面积-周长关系）的标度-频度双对数关系非常显著,分形关系客观存在,并且不受统计时所用标度的影响;② 垄间地各类沙丘的分维值存在差异,其中,饼状沙堆和沙片分维值最大（1.337）,新月形沙丘次之（1.170）,简单线性沙丘最小（1.087）;③ 垄间地沙丘分维值的空间差异较大,在1.187~1.656,其分维数：背风坡脚（1.24）＜垄间地中部（1.40）＜迎风坡脚（1.50）,变异系数为0.106;④ 垄间地沙丘稳定性指数与分维值的空间分布相反,即背风坡脚（0.26）＞垄间地中部（0.16）＞迎风坡脚（0.10）;⑤ 垄间地沙丘分维值空间差异主要与沙丘发育程度有关,其中,风信是动力基础,沙源是物质基础。在流动沙漠,沙丘分形维数可以作为反映其风沙环境特征的定量指标。     

综合治理前后民勤绿洲景观格局时空演变特征

根据1999年、2006年和2013年的Landsat/TM影像数据,利用GIS技术和Fragstats,分别从景观和类型2个水平上对比研究了综合治理前后民勤绿洲的景观格局及其时空格局演变,结果表明:石羊河流域综合治理前(1999—2006年),绿洲内以牺牲林地、草地为代价的盲目开垦现象与绿洲沙漠化趋势同时并存,民勤绿洲景观的复杂程度和连通性不断提高,而其景观异质性在降低,绿洲呈破碎化发展趋势;综合治理后(2006—2013年),民勤绿洲景观斑块形状复杂程度在提高,破碎化程度和斑块连通程度均在下降,而其景观异质性在增加。绿洲景观破碎化程度的下降主要是受湖区绿洲景观破碎化程度变化的影响,该时期,退耕后的生态恢复已初见成效,但泉山区土地沙化和湖区土地盐碱化现象依然严峻。景观指数变化在绿洲尺度和各景观分区尺度上表现出明显差异,说明景观指数存在明显的尺度效应。石羊河流域综合治理措施的实施,改变了民勤绿洲土地利用景观时空格局特征,从而对绿洲生态系统的结构和功能产生影响。     

河西走廊典型绿洲景观格局比较研究--以张掖、临泽、高台、酒泉为例

以地处河西走廊的张掖、临泽、高台和酒泉等县 /市级行政区为景观单元 ,利用LandsetTM影像资料的目视解译 ,在ArcView 3.1和景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS的支持下 ,计算各绿洲景观格局指标。结果表明 :荒漠类型在四个绿洲景观组分中占绝对优势 ,其次为水浇地 ,但不同绿洲水浇地所占比例相差较大 ,酒泉最高 ,张掖其次 ,高台最低 ;斑块数、斑块密度、边缘密度和平均斑块面积的差异表明 ,张掖绿洲景观类型最多且斑块粒径小 ,而高台则完全相反 ,体现出单调而粒径粗大的荒漠绿洲特征。     

基于GIS的关中地区土地利用/覆盖变化对比研究

关中地区土地利用变化剧烈,内部结构差异明显。选取了该区域的长武县、长安区两个典型区进行土地利用/覆盖变化对比研究。利用1985年、2000年和2005年3期TM遥感影像解译数据,借助GIS的空间分析功能分析了土地利用变化过程,选取了斑块密度、平均分维数、分离度指数、景观多样性指数、景观形状指数等具有明显生态学意义的景观指数对土地利用景观格局进行分析,为土地可持续利用提供景观生态学依据。研究结果表明:在研究时段内,长武县和长安区耕地面积不断减少,长武县的耕地主要流向为林地,而长安区主要转为建设用地。景观格局特征的分析表明,两个区域受人类活动干预较大,斑块数量显著增加,土地利用景观不断破碎,多样性增强,分离度指数显示出各景观类型的空间分布更为分散,而长安区的分散程度相对更高。     

塔里木河上游景观破碎化的时空动态变化分析

本文以遥感影像资料为基础信息源,以GIS及Fragstats景观格局分析软件为数据处理和破碎化指数计算的工具,在分析了塔里木河上游2000年和2005年景观格局变化的总体特征的基础上,选择景观斑块密度指数、景观斑块数量破碎化指数、景观斑块形状破碎化指数、景观分离度指数等指标,对塔里木河上游2000年和2005年景观破碎化程度进行了不同角度的分析。结果表明:就整个景观而言,斑块数量减少而平均斑块面积扩大,景观分布趋于连片,景观破碎化指数趋于稳定和减小;同时由于绿洲内部城镇化,农田水利设施的发展及绿洲外围的不断扩张,局部地区景观破碎化现象亦存在。     

新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用时空变化特征分析

基于GIS平台,以新疆各县市统计资料及Landsat TM影像解译得到的3期土地利用数据为基础,结合统计分析工作,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲1996～2004年土地利用数量、类型及其变化进行了分析.分析得出,前后2个4年间,渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕地为先增加后减少,园地和林地则是先减少后增加.在8年尺度上土地利用总的动态特征是,耕地、园地、林地、水域及建设用地面积增加,草地和未利用土地面积减少.8年尺度渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲综合土地利用动态度为0.61.前4年综合土地利用动态度为0.55,耕地及建设用地的年变化率较大,园地和林地的年变化率较低.后4年渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲综合土地利用动态度为0.38,园地与耕地的年变化率较大,水域和未利用土地的变化率较低,前4年变化程度比后4年明显.最后引入单一土地利用类型相对变化率反映出渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用变化存在明显的区域差异.政策变动、经济发展、城市化水平、市场需求和人口增长是渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用变化的主要原因.     

景观格局分布特征的区域差异分析--以鄂尔多斯高原伊金霍洛旗为例

以内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原伊金霍洛旗为研究区域 ,以TM遥感影像解译的 1998年土地利用图为基础资料 ,将伊金霍洛旗划分为毛乌素沙地亚区、乌审凹地亚区和黄土丘陵亚区。从区域尺度 ,利用多样性、优势度、均匀度、分维数、平均斑块形状指数、平均斑块大小、斑块密度指数和斑块体平均斑块边缘等指数 ,对不同景观亚区的景观格局进行了数量分析。结果表明 ,在景观亚区这一尺度上 ,毛乌素沙地亚区一方面对该旗景观格局起控制作用 ,另一方面该亚区所承受的人类活动强度最大 ,景观的破碎化程度最深。而乌审凹地亚区的景观破碎化程度最小 ,人类活动强度最弱。从景观要素来看 ,无论哪一亚区均以天然草地为景观基质 ;不同类型斑块总的格局特点是 ,受人类影响程度愈深的斑块 ,其破碎化程度愈深 ,斑块的复杂性降低。总体而言 ,天然类型的斑块体 ,其斑块复杂性以乌审凹地亚区最为复杂 ,斑块的破碎化程度则以毛乌素沙地亚区最深 ;而人工斑块类型的变化规律在不同斑块类型之间稍有不同。     

干旱区流域绿洲时空变化及其景观响应

基于1973年的MSS、1980年的航片以及1990年、1999年、2009年的Landsat TM/ETM+等多源遥感影像,结合实地调查进行解译分类和验证,利用GIS、Fragstats和相关统计方法,对北大河流域中下游地区绿洲时空变化和景观响应进行分析。研究表明：① 近40 a来,北大河流域绿洲呈阶段性变化,在整个研究时段绿洲变化表现为扩张与萎缩并存,且以扩张为主。绿洲面积从1973年1 705.55 km² 增长到2009年1 990.60 km²,增长幅度为16.71%。② 绿洲变化在空间和时间尺度上不平衡。绿洲空间变化剧烈区主要集中在流域下游金塔绿洲;绿洲扩张主要表现为绿洲内部“填充式”和边缘“侵吞式”;绿洲萎缩变化主要发生在绿洲-荒漠交错带的生态脆弱区,且区域空间变化不稳定;1973-1990年,绿洲以萎缩为主,1990-2009年绿洲以扩张为主,且在近10 a动态度达到最大值。③ 绿洲面积的增加,促使绿洲景观的不稳定性增强,集中表现为下游和绿洲边缘区绿洲斑块密度、斑块数目和最大斑块指数的不稳定性变化,绿洲破碎化增加,生态脆弱性降低,这不利于维持干旱区内陆河流域生态系统稳定性和可持续发展。     

Simulating the effects of weed spatial pattern and resolution of mapping and spraying on economics of site-specific management

The economic benefits of using site‐specific weed management (SSWM) are related to the proportion of the field that is weed‐infested, the number of weed patches and the spatial resolution of sampling and spraying technologies. In this paper we simulate different combinations of these factors using parameter values obtained for Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana growing in Spanish winter barley crops. The profitability of SSWM systems increased as the proportion of the field infested by this weed decreased and when patch distribution was more concentrated. Under most of the conditions tested, positive net returns for SSWM were obtained when the weed‐infested area was smaller than 30%. The highest net return occurred using a 12 m × 12 m mapping and spraying resolution. The critical parameter that determined the economic viability of patch mapping and spraying resolution was the technology costs. The site specific strategy was economically superior to the standard strategy (overall herbicide application) in most cases. However, the differential between the two strategies decreased when the number of patches and the resolution of mapping and spraying increased, such that the highest net returns were obtained with a single patch covering 14% of the field and using a 12‐m mapping and spraying resolution; whereas the worst net returns were obtained for all patch numbers when 64% of the field was infested and a 3‐m mapping and spraying resolution was used.     

Patch spraying: future role of electronics in limiting pesticide use

Developments relating to the control of application equipment can deliver improvements in pesticide use by better matching applications to target requirements. This may have components relating to the spatial distribution of a weed, pest or disease or methods by which the target, particularly a crop canopy, can be described with respect to a given application. Changes in application can relate to the dose and/or volume applied, but may also concern the way in which a treatment is delivered in terms of parameters such as spray trajectory angle and droplet size distribution. For many weed species there is evidence of patchy distributions in field situations. Studies have shown that savings of typically up to 40% in herbicide use can be achieved by adopting patch spraying approaches in such situations. Weed patch detection is key to the performance of such patch spraying systems. In widely spaced rowcrops such as vegetables, there is considerable scope for developing fully automated detection systems based on image analysis, and for the development of accurate guidance systems that apply pesticides only to the crop row. In crops with a relatively high plant density, weed detection in the medium/short term is likely to be based on manual discrimination. The costs of labour for manual weed patch mapping have been estimated at less than 1.50 ha(-1) pounds sterling. Potential savings in pesticide use can also be made if applications are matched to crop canopy structure. This is most important in bush and tree crops where savings of up to 75% in pesticide use could be achieved. In crops such as cereals, studies have shown that savings in fungicide use may be possible, particularly at earlier stages of growth by adjusting spray delivery to measured canopy characteristics. Key components of the performance of application systems concern the ability to deliver over a dose rate range of more than 3:1 while maintaining control of variables such as delivery trajectory angle and spray quality. Traceability and the effective monitoring of applications is likely to be a major driver influencing the uptake of more sophisticated control systems. Methods of labelling pesticides with systems that can be read by the application unit will be an important step in the development of recording and data handling systems that will operate safely with the minimum of operator input and enable the environmental advantages of targeted pesticide application to be monitored.     

Strategies for the prevention of development of pesticide resistance in the UK—lessons for and from the use of herbicides,fungicides and insecticides

Since the 1950s, pesticide resistance has been identified in many species. This paper considers the role of resistance action groups and notes that they were all formed in response to resistance problems occurring. Data now exist on the strategies which are most effective and the paper aims to bring together information from the fields of weeds, pests and diseases. Pesticide mixtures, sequences or rotations have been demonstrated as having a clear role in resistance management strategies. Resistance management would be improved if there was agreement on uniform test methodology and interpretation of results. The industry must work together to agree what constitutes an anti-resistance strategy, whether this is for prevention or cure, and to ensure that this is then included within regulatory frameworks. Future developments such as patch treatment, biotechnology and biocontrol are discussed. It is concluded that, to date, there has been little discussion between specialists in the field of resistance to herbicides, fungicides or insecticides and it is clear there are significant advantages to be had from more interaction. ©1997 SCI     

Effect of patch size on seed removal by harvester ants

The harvester ant Messor barbarus can be responsible for high weed seed losses in dry land cereals in Spain. Because weeds occur in patches, harvester ants have to be able to find and exploit patches. However, seed patches can differ in size and may, therefore, differ in the probability of being discovered and exploited. Here, 90 patches varying in size from 0.25 to 9 m² were created in three 50 × 50 m subareas in a cereal field. Oat seeds were sown as weed seed surrogates in the patches at 2000 seeds m^?2. After 24 h, those remaining were collected and the exploitation rate (the percentage of seeds removed per patch discovered by ants) was estimated. Harvester ant nests and the location of the seed patches were georeferenced and used to estimate distances between them. The patch encounter rate (the proportion of patches discovered by the ants) decreased slightly, but significantly, with decreasing patch size, though not the exploitation rate, which was lowest in the smallest patches (78–94%) and highest in the largest (99–100%). Seed patches that were not found or partially exploited were mostly located in subareas with a lower ant nest density or a longer distance away from the nearest nest than seed patches that were fully exploited. The results of this study indicate that the interaction between the spatial distribution of ant nests and the patchy distribution of seeds can create opportunities for seeds to be subjected to lower levels of predation.     

A decision algorithm for patch spraying

It has been established that weeds are spatially aggregated with a spatially varying composition of weed species within agricultural fields. Site‐specific spraying therefore requires a decision method that includes the spatial variation of the weed composition and density. A computerized decision method that estimates an economic optimal herbicide dose according to site‐specific weed composition and density is presented in this paper. The method was termed a ‘decision algorithm for patch spraying’ (DAPS) and was evaluated in a 5‐year experiment, in Denmark. DAPS consists of a competition model, a herbicide dose–response model and an algorithm that estimates the economically optimal doses. The experiment was designed to compare herbicide treatments with DAPS recommendations and the Danish decision support system PC‐Plant Protection. The results did not show any significant grain yield difference between DAPS and PC‐Plant Protection; however, the recommended herbicide doses were significantly lower when using DAPS than PC‐Plant Protection in all years. The main difference between the two decision models is that DAPS integrates crop–weed competition and estimates the net return as a continuous function of herbicide dose. The hypothesis tested is that the benefit of using lower herbicide doses recommended by DAPS would disappear after a few years because weed density will increase and thus require higher doses. However, the results of weed counting every year did not confirm this hypothesis.     

植物病害病斑形状的分形研究

应用分形理论中的周长面积法和曲线长度法分析了水稻纹枯病、玉米大斑病、玉米小斑病和桃细菌性穿孔病4种病害病斑形状的分形维数。结果表明 ,病斑形状具有明显的分形特征 ,其复杂性可以用分形维数的大小来表示 ,形状愈复杂 ,分形维数愈大 ,反之则愈小。周长面积法所得的分形维数分别是水稻纹枯病1.3385 ,玉米大斑病1.3799,玉米小斑病1.1633,桃细菌性穿孔病1.0470。曲线长度法所得的分形维数依次为水稻纹枯病1.3084,玉米大斑病1.2919,玉米小斑病1.0223,桃细菌性穿孔病1.0561。同一种病害中不同病斑之间分形维数变化范围表明了单个病斑之间形状差异。两种方法均可用于单个病斑或一类病斑分形维数的测算 ,但以周长面积法更好     

Characterizing the spatial pattern of Abutilon theophrasti seedling patches

Spatial biology of weed populations is the study of weed patches and their relevant patch-level processes. In this context, a patch was defined as an area in which individuals are aggregated into discrete subdivided populations. Four Abutilon theophrasti seedling patches in two continuous maize production fields were surveyed using a contiguous grid of quadrats between 1995 and 1997. Surveyed area was dependent on patch size and ranged from 96 m² to 1134 m². Within each area, all seedlings were counted in each 1 m × 0.75 m quadrat in June, just before post-emergence weed control, and in mid-July after all weed control practices were completed. The spatial pattern observed in the seedling distribution maps was single or multiple focal points of high seedling density that decreased with distance from the focal point. Two-directional correlograms corroborated this visual observation, such that A. theophrasti seedling density in neighbouring quadrats was spatially autocorrelated, and correlation strength decreased with distance separating quadrats. Autocorrelation coefficients decreased at a greater rate across crop rows than parallel to crop rows. Visually, patch shape was elliptical and oriented in the direction of field traffic. Factors affecting patch-level processes of spatial aggregation, stability and edge dynamics were considered.     

Image‐based thresholds for weeds in maize fields

Recent development of site‐specific weed management strategies suggests patch application of herbicides to avoid their excessive use in crops. The estimation of infestation of weeds and control thresholds are important components for taking spray decisions. If weed pressure is below a certain level in some parts of the field and if late germinating weeds do not affect yield, it may not be necessary the spray such places from an economic point of view. Consequently, it makes sense to develop weed control thresholds for patch spraying, based on weed cover early in the growing season. In Danish maize field experiments conducted from 2010 to 2012, we estimated competitive ability parameters and control thresholds of naturally established weed populations in the context of decision‐making for patch spraying. The most frequent weed was Chenopodium album, accompanied by Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Cirsium arvense, Lamium amplexicaule, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum persicaria, Stellaria media and Veronica persica. Relative leaf cover of weeds was estimated using an image analysis method. The relation between relative weed leaf cover and yield loss was analysed by nonlinear regression models. The competitive ability parameters and economic thresholds were estimated from the regression models. The competitive ability of weed mixtures was influenced by the increasing proportion of large size weeds in the mixtures. There was no significant effect of weeds which survived or established after the first herbicide application, indicating that early image analysis was robust for use under these conditions.     

土壤中氮营养斑研究进展

由于自然和人为因素,营养斑(nutrient patch)在土壤中是普遍存在的。从70年代以来,国外就通过各种模拟方式对土壤中营养斑进行了大量的研究,尤其以对氮营养斑研究居多。研究表明:氮营养斑对新生根系的繁殖影响较为明显,但不同植物反应不一样,影响机理还不很清楚。营养斑也是生物活性较强、种群数量较多区域,在养分循环体系中起着特殊作用。营养斑对土壤的理化性质和生物性质可能有很大的影响,但这方面的研究很欠缺。本文主要对土壤中氮营养班的研究进展做一综述。     

前期Nino 3.4 区海温变化与宁夏1、2月气温、降水的关系

通过对北半球极涡、亚洲极涡面积和强度指数、东亚大槽强度及位置指数的相关性年代际强弱分析、检验,在最强相关阶段对宁夏1、2月气温、降水影响进行相关性分析及显著性检验,通过检验的特征量与气温、降水在相应的阶段稳定性较好,作为预报预测的选取和参考因子具有一定的指示意义。对1961年以来Nino 3.4区12月海温监测状态与次年1、2月气温、降水进行相关性分析,得出前期Nino 3.4区12月海温自2000年以来在宁夏区域暖背景和厄尔尼诺-拉尼娜状态下,与次年1月气温、降水分别成正、负相关,系数较高;在厄尔尼诺状态下,与宁夏次年2月气温、降水的正、负相关性较高;在拉尼娜状态下,与次年2月降水的负相关较明显,上述相关均通过显著性水平检验,可作为短期气候预测中可确定因子的依据;海温在正常状态下与次年1、2月气温、降水均无明显相关。统计了1961-2010年共15次拉尼娜事件结束年对宁夏次年1、2月气温偏高、偏低、降水偏多、偏少影响的概率,并通过X²检验得出,拉尼娜事件与宁夏1、2月气温、降水无显著相关性。