豆腐中库特氏菌生长动力学模型和货架期预测

以引起豆腐腐败的特定腐败菌库特氏菌为研究对象,研究不同温度对其生长的影响,定量评价温度对豆腐货架期的影响,为货架期快速有效的估测提供有效的手段。将库特氏菌接种到豆腐表面,在4、12、20、30℃条件下贮藏,由此建立一级和二级生长动力学模型以及剩余货架期预测模型。结果表明,Gompertz函数能够很好的描述豆腐中的微生物生长动态,建立了4种温度下豆腐的微生物生长动力学模型。采用平方根模型(Belehradek)描述温度对最大比生长速率(μmax)和延滞时间(Lag)的影响,结果表明呈现良好的线性关系。用豆腐在8℃和25℃的库特氏菌实测值进行验证,偏差度(Bf)和准确度(Af)分别为1.04、1.02和1.20、1.18。获得的剩余货架期的预测模型为:SL=Lag-[(8.6-N0)/(μmax·2.718)]·{ln[-ln(7.14-N0)/(8.6–N0)]-1},用豆腐贮藏在8℃和25℃的货架期实测值验证建立的模型,预测值和实测值的相对误差分别为-3.47%和4.89%,说明建立的模型能够快速可靠的预测豆腐的微生物学品质和剩余货架期。     

不同贮藏温度下养殖大黄鱼货架期预测模型的构建

为探讨不同温度范围内导致产品腐败的原因和开发货架期预测模型,通过对低温(0～10℃)、室温(25℃)和变温贮藏下养殖大黄鱼感官、理化和微生物质量指标和细菌种群的研究,确定上述温度条件下的货架期和特定腐败菌,开发出3种货架期预测模型,并用恒温和波动温度下的货架期进行验证。结果表明,养殖大黄鱼低温下的货架期为5.4～17.8d,特定腐败菌为腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌,室温下货架期仅1.1d,特定腐败菌为弧菌和肠杆菌。依据相对腐败速率与温度的相关性,开发出Exponential、School-field和Square-root货架期预测模型,模型参数表观活化能Ea、最小温度Tmin和温度特性系数a分别为74kJ/mol、-10℃和0.11,并用3、7、10℃恒温和变温下的货架期对模型进行验证,相对误差分别为0%～13.8%、-0.9%～9.8%和-0.2%～-22.1%,表明School-field和Exponential货架期模型性能优于Square-root货架期模型,能快速有效预测0～25℃范围的大黄鱼品质。该文将为进一步研发集包装、贮藏和流通等为一体的水产品品质智能化预警系统提供依据。     

上海青蔬菜的品质变化动力学模型及货架期预测

为探讨上海青蔬菜不同储藏温度下的货架期预测方法,试验测定了在5、10、15和20℃ 4个温度下贮藏的上海青(Brassica rapa var. chinensis)的还原型抗坏血酸、叶绿素、颜色参数L*（亮度）、b*(黄度)、△E（色差）和感官评价,并对这些指标进行了动力学分析。研究表明,在测定温度范围内,上海青储藏的温度越低,其品质指标变化越慢。动力学分析显示,零级动力学比一级动力学更适合表现所测品质的变化规律,并且除b*外的指标拟合较好。研究还采用Arrhenius 方程对品质变化速率常数k和温度T进行非线性拟合,得到还原型抗坏血酸、叶绿素、L*和ΔE活化能Ea分别为68.130、57.024、46.685和42.581 kJ/mol。最终得到以时间、温度和品质指标值为变量的上海青货架期预测方程,拟定不同的品质终点值能得到对应的货架期。同时,Arrhenius方程与依赖于感官终点的动态品质终点拟合方程结合预测的货架期曲线与感官寿命曲线能得到更好的契合。验证试验结果证明前者能较好地预测上海青不同剩余品质指标对应的货架期,另一方面,测量温度范围内,后者能较好地通过品质指标预测感官寿命（两者绝对差值小于0.3 d）。两者结合能得到较为全面的货架期预测参数,为上海青流通过程中的货架期预测提供理论基础。     

猪肉剩余货架期快速预测电化学设备的设计与试验

针对生鲜猪肉等短货架期食品对微生物快速检测的巨大需求,该研究依据微生物呼吸作用的电子传递规律,采用原电池的工作原理,结合构建的微生物生长预测模型(4~30℃)决定系数R2为0.9954以上,试制了操作简单、方便快捷的生鲜猪肉剩余货架期的电化学预测设备,并采用Labview编程语言开发了信号采集和数据分析软件。结果表明该设备检测时间为20 min,可预测4~30℃范围内生鲜肉的剩余货架期,预测准确度为1.02~1.06,研究结果为采用电化学方法预测食品中微生物含量及其货架期提供理论参考。     

红烧卤牛肉货架期预测模型的建立

为了探究红烧卤牛肉在不同温度下的货架期,本试验将加工好的红烧卤牛肉真空包装,进行二次沸水煮制杀菌(中间相隔48 h)。以菌落总数为指标建立货架期预测模型,将二次杀菌后的红烧卤牛肉产品分别贮藏在4、10、15、20、25℃的恒温培养箱中,测定贮藏期间菌落总数的变化。结果表明,随着贮藏温度的升高,微生物的最大生长比率增大,迟滞期和货架期缩短;建立一级模型(修正Gompertz模型)与二级模型(Belehradek模型),修正Gompertz模型除4℃下微生物生长曲线无法拟合之外,其余4个温度拟合效果良好(相关系数R²>0.9),并通过了模型验证(准确因子Af与偏差因子Bf的范围分别在1.1～1.9与0.75～1.25之间);结合一、二级模型建立红烧卤牛肉货架期预测模型,模型通过了验证(预测值与实测值相对误差在10%以内),预测得到的10、15、20、25℃贮藏的红烧卤牛肉货架期分别为185.76、64.05、31.00、15.08 d。本研究获得了红烧卤牛肉在10～25℃的货架期预测模型,为红烧卤牛肉在不同温度下的贮藏时间选择提供了理论依据。     

基于深度学习的鱼类养殖监测研究进展

鱼类养殖是通过人工方式在水中养殖各种鱼类的经济活动。鱼类养殖可以在淡水、海水或者盐碱水环境中进行,通过各种监测技术和设备来培育和管理鱼的生长和繁殖。传统的鱼类养殖监测方法存在效率低和准确性差等问题。近年来,基于深度学习的视觉技术的发展为鱼类养殖监测提供了新的解决方案。该文阐述了基于深度学习的视觉技术在鱼类养殖监测中的应用,并从鱼体测量、鱼类计数、鱼类摄食、鱼类游泳行为和鱼病诊断5个方面分别对研究进展进行梳理。在此基础上总结了鱼类养殖监测在数据采集与传输、建立鱼类养殖监测数据集、超规模参数模型、终端监测设备边缘计算、数字孪生、智能监测业务化应用不足等问题和展望,旨在为深度学习在鱼类养殖监测中的推广应用提供科学参考。     

ClO_2对猕猴桃表面溃疡病病菌的杀菌作用及果实货架期品质的影响

为杀灭猕猴桃果实表面溃疡病病原菌并保持果实货架期品质,以丁香假单孢杆菌猕猴桃致病变种(Psa)和海沃德猕猴桃果实为试验材料,通过单因素和响应曲面分析法研究二氧化氯(ClO_2)对Psa的杀灭效果及对猕猴桃果实货架期品质的影响。结果表明,最佳杀菌工艺条件为ClO_2溶液浓度115 mg·L^-1、处理时间8 min、pH值4,在此最佳工艺条件下,ClO_2溶液对Psa的杀菌率的最大预期值可达100%,对猕猴桃果实表面的Psa杀菌率为98.64%,并能延缓猕猴桃果实硬度的下降,保持可溶性固形物、Vc、可滴定酸的含量,延长果实的货架期。综上可知,ClO_2溶液处理既能杀灭猕猴桃表面Psa,又能保持果实货架期品质。本研究结果为控制猕猴桃果实传播Psa及其保鲜提供了理论依据。     

鲜带鱼不同贮藏温度的货架期预测模型（简报）

为了研究鲜带鱼在冷链流通中的品质变化与货架期,通过不同温度下的贮藏试验研究了鲜带鱼的货架期预测模型。将鲜带鱼贮藏在268、273、278、283和293 K条件下,测定了鲜带鱼的总菌落数、总挥发性盐基氮（T-VBN）、鲜度指标（K值）与感官品质指标的变化。在Arrhenius动力学方程基础之上,建立了菌落总数、总挥发性盐基氮和鲜度指标（K值）与贮藏时间及贮藏温度之间的动力学模型。试验表明一级化学反应动力学模型和Arrhenius方程对总菌落数、总挥发性盐基氮（T-VBN）及鲜度指标（K值）的变化具有较高的拟合精度。菌落总数变化预测模型中的活化能（EA）及速率常数（k0）分别为：71.26 kJ/mol和3.987×1013,挥发性盐基氮变化的活化能（EA）及速率常数（k0）分别为：68.86 kJ/mol和2.159×1012,鲜度指标（K值）变化的活化能（EA）及速率常数（k0）分别为：41.26 kJ/mol和2.539×107。结果表明,鲜带鱼的总菌落数、总挥发性盐基氮（T-VBN）、鲜度指标（K值）随着贮藏时间的延长而增加,且随着贮藏温度的升高而增加迅速,其感官品质指标随着贮藏时间的延长而下降,且随着贮藏温度的升高而下降迅速。该试验建立的带鱼货架期预测模型所获得货架期预测值准确率达到±10%以内,可根据菌落总数、T-VBN值及K值在268～293 K范围内,对带鱼的剩余货架期进行预测。     

大黄鱼冷却链用冰量估算系统的设计与评估

为准确评估冰鲜大黄鱼流通过程中的用冰量,应用传热学基本理论对流通过程中泡沫箱与外界间的传热进行分析,建立了环境温度0～25℃范围的大黄鱼流通用冰量估算模型,借助Visual Basic开发平台实现了模型在系统中的应用,增加了模型的实际应用功能。通过不同环境温度下的模拟试验,验证了估算系统的准确性,用冰量估算值和实际值间的相对误差在7.0%～16.2%范围内,平均误差为12.3%,用冰量估算系统的偏差因子和准确性因子分别为0.778和1.285,显示建立的估算系统可以快速可靠地估算冰鲜大黄鱼生产流通实际中的用冰量,是监控大黄鱼流通中用冰量的有效工具。     

基于鱼类上溯行为的导鱼堰设计与效果评估

河道内鱼类上溯路径不唯一,聚集位置更是难以预测,对鱼类上溯行为进行有效引导有助于提升过鱼设施进口的效率。为此,该研究提出了一种导鱼堰的概念和设计方法,结合姚家坪水电站的过鱼设施,利用流场三维数值模拟、鱼类洄游（active fish migration,AFM）模型和实鱼试验对导鱼堰的效果进行评估。结果表明：姚家平水利枢纽工程的导鱼堰上下游水面落差为0.36～0.40 m,过堰水流流速可达1.5～2.8 m/s,形成阻鱼的屏障,并在导鱼堰下游侧形成了诱导鱼类向集鱼渠进鱼口游动的唯一低流速上溯通道,鱼类聚集点趋于唯一,验证了导鱼堰方案的合理性。利用鱼类洄游模型对导鱼堰的导鱼效果进行预测,结果表明,下游高水位和低水位2种工况下,90%以上的鱼类游动路径均表现出相似的规律,鱼类沿河道右岸和导鱼堰下游侧的低流速通道上溯,并最终聚集在集鱼渠的进鱼口处。放鱼试验中试验个体全部进入集鱼渠,结果进一步证实导鱼堰可以有效引导鱼类游动路线,并在集鱼渠进鱼口处形成唯一的聚集区。本文提出的导鱼堰丰富了生态水工建筑物的形式,可为过鱼设施进口的水力设计及下游河道的局部整治提供参考。     

Inoculation of rice with nitrogen-fixing bacteria —problems and perspectives

Summary The present status and merits of inoculating rice with N₂-fixing bacteria are discussed in the light of recent advances. Bacterial inoculation improves plant growth and rice yield but not uniformly. The yield response to inoculation is more pronounced in the presence of moderate levels of fertilizer N. Evidence for the establishment and activity of the inoculated bacteria is limited, and the poor survival of the inoculum under field conditions further complicates the effects of inoculation. There is no clear evidence that improved growth and mineral content following inoculation are due to increased N₂ fixation. Beneficial effects of the inoculum on rice, such as plant growth promotion, N₂ fixation and antagonism effects against pathogens need to be further investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Improved management practices, such as organic amendments, suitable water and soil management, selection of efficient microbial strains, selection of effective breeding lines with high associative nitrogen fixation, and better management of agrochemicals are some of the measures suggested for deriving benefits from bacterial associations with rice.     

Increased emergence of spring wheat after inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate 2E3 under field and laboratory conditions

Inoculation at the time of planting with Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 2E3 increased the emergence of spring wheat by 8% and 6% at two different sites in northern Utah. Isolate 2E3 strongly inhibited the growth of the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum on artificial media. A second isolate of P. chlororaphis (strain O6) also inhibited fungal growth on artifical media but did not increase emergence of the spring wheat at the same field sites. Inoculation of winter wheat by 2E3 did not promote emergence when planted into field soil sterilized by fumigation with methyl bromide. Under laboratory conditions, emergence of spring wheat in sterilized soils from both sites was at least 90%. In the soils that were not sterilized, emergence was below 25% in soil from one site and below 50% in soil from the other. Treating seeds with 2E3 significantly improved emergence in a sterile soil-containing matrix that had been inoculated with the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Consequently, we propose that increases in wheat emergence can be attributed to the suppression by 2E3 of pathogenic organisms present in the native field soils. A strain of Rhizoctonia solani, shown to the pathogenic on winter wheat, was isolated from one of these soils.     

Microsatellite markers and genetic diversity assessment in Lolium temulentum

Lolium and Festuca are two important genera of cool-season forage and turf grasses worldwide. Lolium temulentum L. (darnel ryegrass) has been proposed as a model species for genomics studies of cool-season forage and turf grasses. A study with 41 darnel ryegrass, three tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), two tetraploid fescue (F. glaucescens), and two meadow fescue (F. pratensis) genotypes was initiated to (i) identify a set of microsatellite (simple sequence repeats) markers useful for L. temulentum L., and (ii) to utilize such markers for assessing the genetic variability of L. temulentum accessions collected from different geographical regions of the world. A total of 40 tall fescue (TF) EST-SSRs and 60 Festuca–Lolium (F × L) genomic SSRs were screened on a subset of eight genotypes. The selected 30 tall fescue EST-SSRs and 32 F × L genomic SSRs were used for further analysis of genotypes. The TF-EST- and the F × L genomic-SSRs identified 10.3 and 9.3 alleles per marker, respectively with an average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.66. The phenogram based on 319 EST-SSR and 296 genomic SSR fragments, grouped L. temulentum accessions into three major clusters except for accession ABY-BA 8892.78. Lolium temulentum accession ABY-BA 8892.78 did not cluster with any other accession. The Festuca clusters were distantly related with darnel ryegrass clusters with a similarity coefficient of 0.26. The selected set of tall fescue EST- and F × L genomic SSRs were useful in assessing L. temulentum genetic diversity and could benefit the genetic improvement of members of the Festuca–Lolium complex.     

腌干鱼贮藏过程生物胺的变化及其货架期研究

为建立以生物胺变化预测腌干鱼在贮藏过程中品质和安全食用货架期的回归方程,以多脂的腌干带鱼和低脂的腌干金线鱼为原料,研究其在常温贮藏过程中的理化指标、主要微生物和生物胺的变化及相关关系,并应用逐步回归法进行回归分析,初步建立分析腌干鱼制品的货架期预测模型。结果表明,腌干带鱼和金线鱼在贮藏过程中p H、水分含量和Aw不断下降。葡萄球菌及微球菌、乳酸菌、菌落总数在贮藏3周内呈上升趋势,从第4周开始逐渐下降,而假单胞杆菌和肠杆菌在贮藏第4周之后未检出;组胺、尸胺和腐胺为腌干鱼贮藏过程主要胺类物质,呈上升趋势。5种生物胺(组胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺、酪胺)、总生物胺量、生物胺相关指标、理化指标、假单胞杆菌均与贮藏时间高度相关,微生物中只有假单胞杆菌与生物胺及其相关指标有相关性;生物胺与理化指标也呈高度负相关。本研究结果为腌干鱼制品货架期体系的建立提供了参考依据。     

Influence of sewage sludge and heavy metals on nematodes in an arable soil

Summary The abundance of nematodes was investigated in agricultural plots treated in three different ways, the first with no treatment, the second with 300 m³ ha^-1 a^-1 raw sewage sludge and the third with 300 m³ ha^-1 a^-1 sewage sludge with the addition of heavy metals. The nematodes were determined down to the genus and were assigned to five feeding groups. Total nematode numbers were highest in the site treated with sewage sludge and heavy metals. The smallest total numbers were found in the control site. The plant-feeding nematode genera showed different patterns of abundance depending on the sludge treatment and heavy metal content. For the mycophagic and bacteriophagic nematodes, numbers increased with the amount of sludge, especially in the sites with a higher heavy metal content. The family Rhabditidae was the most numerous group in the sludge plus heavy metals treatment. In contrast to these findings, the omnivorous nematodes were very rare in the sludgetreated plots and were completely absent in plots treated with sludge plus heavy metals, whereas predatory nematodes were numerous only after the application of sludge alone.     

Oligotrophic pseudomonads in the rhizosphere: Suppressiveness to Pythium damping-off of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.)

Summary Pseudomonads recovered from the cucumber rhizosphere were evaluated for their ability to suppress Pythium ultimum damping-off. Full-strength and 250-fold diluted selective media formulations with King's B medium (KB and KB/250, respectively) as the basal medium were used as the recovery media. Eight per cent of the isolates recovered (11/138) could induce suppression to Pythium damping-off and 45% of these biocontrol agents produced fluorescent pigments. No differences in the ability to induce suppression among the isolates recovered on full-strength and diluted media were detected. The growth rates of the selected isolates indicated that growth in KB broth was faster or equal to that in KB/10. Therefore, no obligate oligotrophs were recovered. Additionally, growth was observed in 15 000-fold diluted KB for 10 of 11 test isolates, which indicated that these isolates were facultative oligotrophs. In general, the faster growing isolates were more likely to induce suppression when used as seed treatments. Finally, the in vitro antifungal properties of test isolates against P. ultimum indicated that 4 of the 11 isolates inhibited P. ultimum.     

Dual inoculation of pretransplant stage Oryza sativa L. plants with indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.

Summary This study examined the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants at the pretransplant/nursery stage to inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., singly or in combination. The VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants. In the plants grown in soil inoculated with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. alone, I found increases in shoot growth, and in root length and fine roots, and decreases in root growth, and P and N concentrations. In contrast, in the plants colonized by VAM fungi alone, the results were the reverse of those of the pseudomonad treatment. Dual inoculation of soil with VAM fungi and fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded plants with the highest biomass and nutrient acquisition. In contrast, the plants of the control treatment had the lowest biomass and nutrient levels. The dual-inoculated plants had intermediate root and specific root lengths. The precentages of mycorrhizal colonization and colonized root lengths were significantly lower in the dual-inoculated treatment than the VAM fungal treatment. Inoculation of plants with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. suppressed VAM fungal colonization and apparently reduced photosynthate loss to the mycorrhizal associates, which led to greater biomass and nutrient levels in dual-inoculated plants compared with plants inoculated with VAM fungi alone. Dual inoculation of seedlings with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and VAM fungi may be preferable to inoculation with VAM alone and may contribute to the successful establishment of these plants in the field.