美国香柏引种栽培技术

美国香柏原产北关与黑龙江省纬度相同地区，其抗寒性强（分布区极端最低气温可达-41℃），该树为高大常绿乔木，黑龙江引种栽培5年生苗木生长正常。     

矮牵牛栽培技术

<正>矮牵牛为茄科多年生草本,一般作1a生栽培,花色有白粉、红紫、玫红、酒红等,花大者10cm,高度一般为30～40cm,冠幅30～50cm,现在是花坛、花卉的主要栽培品种。     

北美香柏播种育苗技术

该文描述北美香柏形态特征及生物学特性,总结3 a播种育苗试验结果,并从北美香柏种子采收与处理、整地、播种、苗期管理等方面,介绍北美香柏在沈阳地区主要的播种育苗技术环节。     

华东野核桃（华胡桃）

胡桃科乔木或有时呈灌木状,高达12～25 m,胸径达1～1.5 m;幼枝灰绿色,被腺毛。髓心薄片状分隔;顶芽裸露,锥形,长约1.5 cm,黄褐色,密生毛。奇数羽状复叶,通常40～50 cm长。叶柄及叶轴被毛,具9～17枚小叶;小叶近对生,无柄,硬纸质,卵状距圆形或长卵形,长8～15cm,宽3～7．5cm,     

钻天柳的生长规律与特点

对吉林省八家子林业局钻天柳天然林中的平均木和优势木进行树干解析,研究其生长规律和特点,结果表明:40 a生时的树高、胸径、材积生长量分别为26.0～27.5 m、37.6～41.4 cm、1.32～1.77 m3·株-1。树高生长高峰出现得比较早,5～15 a之间生长最快,高生长每年都在1.0 m以上;胸径生长高峰出现在10～18 a之间,直到35 a生时胸径平均生长量还保持在0.8 cm左右,持续时间较长;7 a生时材积生长开始加快,直到40 a生时还未达到生长高峰。     

35杨等杨树无性系育苗不同密度对比试验

选择目前江苏连云港地区比较适宜生长的35、95、107、土耳其杨树等4个优良杨树无性系,在东海县牛山综合试验场,进行了3种密度育苗试验,结果表明:采用40 cm×50 cm、40 cm×60 cm的育苗密度,不论是1年生还是2年生苗木的质量均比育苗密度30 cm×50 cm的苗木质量明显提高,其经济效益也明显增加,是连云港地区的杨树育苗最佳密度。     

香柏插条育苗简介

香柏(Cupressus funebris Endl.)一般采用种子育苗,种子育苗两年才出圃定植,时间较长。一九七八和一九七九年我们进行了香柏的插条育苗试验,并获得成功。插条育苗一年苗高达1米以上(种子育苗一年苗高仅40—50厘米)可出圃定植。香柏插条育苗是选取0.3至1厘米粗的枝条,截取插条长为10—15厘米,其截口应平滑。在苗床上以20厘米的行距开浅沟,沟宽5厘米,沟内以5厘米间距插条,插条入土深3—5厘米。扦插时应使插条靠于浅沟一     

塞罕坝地区樟子松生长过程研究

为了了解塞罕坝地区樟子松(Pinus sylvesris.var.mongolica)人工林的生长规律,对不同地位级条件下樟子松的胸径和树高的生长规律进行了研究。研究结果表明:1)樟子松胸径的连年生长量在最初的10年内呈逐年增加的趋势,在9~10a生左右达到最大值,约为0.90~1.20cm/a,之后逐渐下降,到20a生之后趋于稳定,年生长量约为0.4~0.5cm/a。应对10~20a生的樟子松人工林适时进行抚育间伐,以促进胸径的生长。2)与胸径相似,樟子松树高的连年生长量也在12~13a生之前呈逐年增加的趋势,12~13a生左右达到最高,年生长量可达69.99cm/a,之后略有下降,然后趋于稳定,在40cm/a上下波动。3)I地位级条件下樟子松的胸径及树高生长量明显高于II地位级。4)塞罕坝地区樟子松的年生长量高于年龄相近的大部分其他地区,包括黑龙江和内蒙古地区。     

施肥对乡土树种川滇桤木幼林生长特征的影响

对1a生川滇桤木幼林进行施肥试验。结果表明,施肥对川滇桤木苗木的幼林生长有显著影响。1a生幼林施肥处理下的苗高、地茎和冠幅生长量分别比对照增长13．01％、20．37％和11．52％,且差异显著;2年后肥料效应对地径影响显著,比对照增长21．13％;对苗高、冠幅的作用减弱,分别比对照增长6．97％和7．20％。1a生和2a生幼林施肥处理下,茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重、根系鲜重、根系干重的平均生长量均明显高于未施肥处理的对照,且差异显著;叶片相对含水量也高于对照,且1a生幼林茎叶的相对含水量差异显著,而2a生幼林差异不显著。2a生川滇桤木新造幼林根系从0．2～1．5cm范围内均有分布,其中0．20～0．45cm范围根系最多;0．46～0．59cm范围内次之;0．60～0．99cm和1．00～1．50cm范围内最少。     

白桦次生林4个林龄0～30cm土层水源涵养功能比较

以小兴安岭地区白桦次生林4个林龄为研究对象,对其凋落物持水量、土壤贮水性能、土壤特性等进行研究.试验表明：4个林龄凋落物的蓄积量和最大持水量是70 a为最低,40 a为最大;土壤非毛管孔隙度在各林龄间变化呈波动性,30 a白桦次生林0～30 cm土层非毛管孔隙最小,不利于水分下渗,40 a白桦次生林0～ 30 cm土层非毛管孔隙最大,有利于降水的下渗,土壤水源涵养功能大小排序为40 a（3 276.820 t·hm-2）＜30 a（3 434.626 t·hm-2）＜50 a（3 525.015 t·hm-2）＜70 a（3 629.445 t·hm-2）.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.