Crop/Weed Outcomes from Site-Specific and Uniform Soil-Applied Herbicide Applications

While uniform broadcast application (BC) of soil-applied herbicides is the norm, advances in geospatial technologies have enabled the deployment of site-specific herbicide application (SS). Since there are several, largely-untested decision rules for SS herbicide use, the objective of this work was to evaluate crop/weed outcomes and isoxaflutole use for a number of BC and SS strategies. Field experiments were established where isoxaflutole dose response functions were quantified from early-season Zea mays (L.), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., and Abutilon theophrasti Medic. response data at multiple plots (64 in 1999; 62 in 2000) throughout a variable field. These data were then used to infer crop and weed outcomes from simulated application strategies. While BC and SS strategies that relied on the product label were similar in terms of total herbicide use, extent of crop tolerance, and A. theophrasti efficacy, the SS strategy resulted in a significant redistribution of herbicide. Using biologically effective doses (ED) resulted in the highest efficacy and herbicide use was highly species-dependent. By using a historical weed map of the field to guide herbicide application, herbicide use could be reduced some 20–48% when following the product label where seedlings were present, or >90% when using the ED for A. theophrasti. In order to maximize the potential agronomic benefits of SS, biological and spatial information of both the weed and soil should be taken into account.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Patchy weed distribution and site-specific weed control in winter cereals

Site-specific weed control in winter cereals was performed on the same fields every year over a 5-year period (1999–2003). The most common weeds (Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Viola arvensis) were counted by species, at grid points which were georeferenced and the data were analysed spatially. For weed control, weeds were grouped into three classes: grass, broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine), and Galium aparine. Based on weed distribution maps generated by the spatial analyses, herbicide application maps were created and site-specific herbicide application was carried out for grouped and or single weed species. This resulted in a significant reduction in herbicide use. Averaging the results for all fields and years, the total field area treated with herbicides was 39% for grass weeds, 44% for broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine) and 49% for Galium aparine. Therefore, site-specific weed control has the potential to reduce herbicide use compared to broadcast application, thus giving environmental and economic benefits.     

Evaluation of Site-Specific Weed Management Implementing the Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS)

A major concern of producers has always been how to reduce the amount of inputs required for crop production while maintaining or improving yields. One area of research addressing this issue is site-specific weed management (SSWM). The objective of this research was to evaluate the possibility of using SSWM herbicide applications to reduce overall production costs when site-specific weed populations are known. Weed populations of three soybean fields (B-East, B-South, B-North), located at the Black Belt Branch Experiment Station, Brooksville, MS, were estimated in 1998 and 1999. Sampling occurred July 8–9, 1998 (8 weeks after planting), and June 30–July 1, 1999 (6 WAP). An established 10 m × 10 m Universal Transmercator (UTM) grid coordinate system was used to divide the fields into 100 m² cells, with the sample point located in the center of each cell. Optimal herbicide recommendations were obtained for each sample location within each field by subjecting the weed information to the Herbicide Application Decision Support System (HADSS). An average of the weed populations for the entire field was also subjected to HADSS to obtain an optimal recommendation for a broadcast application for comparison purposes. Data from 1998 resulted in 25% and 15% of the field not requiring a herbicide treatment for the B-North and B-South when compared to the whole-field recommendations to receive broadcast treatments. However, B-East received a no treatment recommendation for the whole-field analysis. The no treatment recommendation was attributed to the sicklepod population exceeding a level deemed economically controllable by HADSS. However, when SSWM recommendations were generated, 49% of the field received no treatment recommendation, while 51% resulted in a herbicide application as an economical choice. In 1999, glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean was used, thereby increasing the POST herbicide treatment options available in HADSS. Herbicide treatment recommendations resulted in 100%, 56%, and 91% of the total area requiring herbicide treatments for B-East, B-North, and B-South, respectively. Comparing the projected net returns for each field can develop a better estimate of the value of SSWM. In 1998, data from the B-East resulted in a projected net return increase of $21.63 ha^–1 over that of the broadcast application. Estimated net return increased $5.42 ha^–1 at B-North, with simulated SSWM applications over broadcast applications, and $14.67 ha^–1 increase at B-South. Net returns for 1999 resulted in only a $0.32 ha^–1 increase by using SSWM for B-East, but a $21.00 and $13.56 ha^–1 increase for B-North and B-South, respectively. The extra expenses of SSWM, such as sampling and technology costs, are not included in the net returns calculations and, when included, would reduce the difference between SSWM and conventional methods. This research has demonstrated the potential value of SSWM from an economic standpoint; environmental benefits through reductions in herbicide applications are also apparent.     

Site-Specific Weed Control in Maize,Sugar Beet,Winter Wheat,and Winter Barley

A four-year study of site-specific weed control is presented in this paper. Weed seedling distribution was sampled and mapped prior to and after post-emergence herbicide application in four fields planted with maize, sugar beets, winter wheat and winter barley, rotating on one site. Herbicides and other weed control strategies were applied site-specifically according to the spatial variation of weed populations. Different decision algorithms were used for chemical weed control methods in each crop. A weed treatment map was created to direct location and dosage of herbicide application. The sprayer was coupled with a differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The solenoid valves of the sprayer were opened automatically when the tractor entered a weed patch characterized in the weed treatment map. For site specific herbicide application, a patch sprayer was developed that allowed variable rate application and the selective control of each section of the spray boom.     

The Economic Impact of Site-Specific Weed Control

In order to evaluate economic and ecological benefits, site-specific weed control was realised in a 4-year experiment on five fields with a GPS-guided sprayer. An average of 54% of the herbicides could be saved. Savings were strongly dependent on crop and year. For grass weed herbicides, the savings were 90% in winter cereals, 78% in maize, and 36% in sugar beet. For herbicides against broadleaf weeds, 60% were saved in winter cereals, 11% in maize, and 41% in sugar beet. The monetary savings resulting from the reduction in herbicide use varied between the crops, depending on the amount of herbicides saved and the price of the herbicides. In maize, savings of 42euro/ha were realised, in winter wheat of 32euro/ha, in winter barley of 27euro/ha and in sugar beet of 20euro/ha. Large sections of the fields needed herbicide treatment significantly less frequently. In those areas where weed density remained below the weed control threshold, flora and fauna were allowed to establish largely without disturbance.     

抗药性杂草产生原因及治理策略

分析了长时间或多次使用一类或一种除草剂及使用作用靶标相同的除草剂致使杂草抗药性产生的原因,同时指出除草剂和杂草的特性也对杂草的抗性产生影响。提出了治理杂草抗性的措施：以预防为主,多种手段相结合的方式延缓和治理杂草抗药性的产生。     

Predicting Weed Species Occurrence Based on Site Properties and Previous Year's Weed Presence

Probabilities of Setaria spp., Solanum ptycanthum, Helianthus annuus and Abutilon theophrasti occurrence were predicted based on two site property factors and weed species presence in a previous year using logistic regression models. Weed seedling surveys were conducted just prior to post-emergence weed management in two grower-managed fields in the central Platte River Valley of Nebraska, USA at Alda in 1995 and 1996 and at Shelton in 1994, 1995 and 1997. Weed species density data were re-classified as present or absent at each pair of points on the sampling grid, representing quadrat locations either in the pre-emergence herbicide band or between the crop rows. Site property data were collected in March 1995 at Alda and March 1994 at Shelton. Using factor analysis, two independent factors were derived from correlated attributes of relative elevation, percent organic carbon, pH, nitrate, phosphate, and soil texture measured at Alda. Logistic regression models were estimated and parameterized for each weed species at Alda in 1996 based on the two factors (topography and soil type and soil fertility status) and weed species presence in 1995. Performance of these models for each weed species was evaluated using the independent data set from Shelton. Between and on crop row Setaria spp. and Solanum ptycanthum models described these populations at Alda. At Shelton, on row Setaria spp. occurrence and between row Solanum ptycanthum occurrence were adequately predicted. Helianthus annuus or Abutilon theophrasti occurrence was not well predicted even with knowledge of their presence in the previous year, probably as a result of low actual occurrence within a given year. Maps of predicted occurrence have value in directing weed scouting to field locations where the species is most likely to occur.     

Site-Specific Herbicide Decision Model to Maximize Profit in Winter Wheat

A user-friendly computerized agricultural herbicide decision model has been developed for selecting profitable site-specific herbicide applications in winter wheat. The model is based on 6 years of field research in southeastern Washington State, USA. The model calibrates herbicide applications to management unit weed densities, soil organic matter, soil moisture, and preceding management, as well as to expected input and output prices. The model increased broadleaf herbicide rates by an average 0.65 of label rates compared to the recommendations by farmers and weed science professionals, but cut the more expensive grass herbicides by an average 0.56 of label rates. The model increased average projected profitability, excluding model application costs, by 65% compared to four other criteria for determining application rates. The profitability increase relative to local farmers was 19%. Both the model and the cooperating farmers properly chose to use no grass herbicides on the study sites, but the weed science experts chose to use up to 1.0 of label rates. The estimated payoff from using the model substantially exceeded the cost of weed scouting and other information collection. Determining economically optimal sampling and management units is an important challenge for the adoption of precision agriculture models like the one developed in this study.     

黄河三角洲地区除草剂对紫花苜蓿产量及杂草群落影响的初探

针对紫花苜蓿田杂草,选用咪唑乙烟酸、精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵和乙氧氟草醚4种除草剂,研究了不同除草剂和浓度对苜蓿产量和杂草群落特征的影响。结果表明,喷施咪唑乙烟酸、高效氟吡甲禾灵均能提高苜蓿产量,咪唑乙烟酸2000mL·hm^-2、高效氟吡甲禾灵700mL·hm^-2增产效果最好,喷施乙氧氟草醚明显抑制苜蓿生长;咪唑乙烟酸、精喹禾灵、乙氧氟草醚能明显降低杂草种类。从物种重要值来看,马唐、马齿苋、稗草等属于较难防除杂草;喷施除草剂对杂草群落产生了影响,物种多样性指数随药剂浓度的增大均呈下降趋势。从试验结果综合判断,除草剂最佳选择为咪唑乙烟酸2000mL·hm^-2,其次为高效氟吡甲禾灵700mL·hm^-2。     

Soil and Weed Survey for Spatially Variable Herbicide Application on Railways

Weed control on railways is frequently done by herbicide application, using large amounts of chemicals and labour. Only a few hectares of surface area on a railway can be many kilometres long so high levels of spatial variability of soils and weeds are expected. Railway sprayers use similar technology to crop sprayers so it is possible to adopt concepts from precision agriculture for weed control. The objective of this study was to evaluate spatial variability of soils and weeds on railways in order to define weed control strategies and basic characteristics of a railway sprayer. This work is part of a research project aiming at the development of a system for spatially variable herbicide application on railways. Soil and weed data were collected from five different railway companies in Brazil. These data were used to simulate treatment maps based on weed control strategies and to estimate technical requirements for spatially variable herbicide application. The results showed that soil and weed survey gave important information for defining weed control strategies and spraying equipment. The sprayer must treat the three swaths (left, central and right parts of the railway surface) separately applying at least two different herbicides at the same time. On average, a variable dose rate application based on the treatment maps generated in this work could save up to 59% of herbicides.     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致;随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。     

几种马铃薯除草剂配方对一年生杂草防治效果及产量的影响

为探讨马铃薯种植过程中最佳的田间除草剂配方,以荷兰15为供试品种,筛选了6个除草剂配方,研究其对杂草施药后15d株防效、30d株防效和45d鲜重防效。结果表明:不同的除草剂配方均可以有效地控制田间杂草,增加田间产量,其中富薯(砜·喹·嗪草酮)处理与嗪酮·乙草胺+噻吩处理对田间杂草控制效果及增产效果最好。     

Development of an Image Processing System and a Fuzzy Algorithm for Site-Specific Herbicide Applications

In precision farming, image analysis techniques can aid farmers in the site-specific application of herbicides, and thus lower the risk of soil and water pollution by reducing the amount of chemicals applied. Using weed maps built with image analysis techniques, farmers can learn about the weed distribution within the crop. In this study, a digital camera was used to take a series of grid-based images covering the soil between rows of corn in a field in southwestern Quebec in May of 1999. Weed coverage was determined from each image using a greenness method in which the red, green, and blue intensities of each pixel were compared. Weed coverage and weed patchiness were estimated based on the percent of greenness area in the images. This information was used to create a weed map. Using weed coverage and weed patchiness as inputs, a fuzzy logic model was developed for use in determining site-specific herbicide application rates. A herbicide application map was then created for further evaluation of herbicide application strategy. Simulations indicated that significant amounts of herbicide could be saved using this approach.     

An on-farm approach to quantify yield variation and to derive decision rules for site-specific weed management

Grain yield often varies within agricultural fields as a result of the variation in soil characteristics, competition from weeds, management practices and their causal interactions. To implement appropriate management decisions, yield variability needs to be explained and quantified. A new experimental design was established and tested in a field experiment to detect yield variation in relation to the variation in soil quality, the heterogeneity of weed distribution and weed control within a field. Weed seedling distribution and density, apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) and grain yield were recorded and mapped in a 3.5 ha winter wheat field during 2005 and 2006. A linear mixed model with an anisotropic spatial correlation structure was used to estimate the effect of soil characteristics, weed competition and herbicide treatment on crop yield. The results showed that all properties had a strong effect on grain yield. By adding herbicide costs and current grain price into the model, thresholds of weed density were derived for site-specific weed control. This experimental approach enables the variation of yield within agricultural fields to be explained, and an understanding of the effects on yield of the factors that affect it and their causal interactions to be gained. The approach can be applied to improve decision algorithms for the patch spraying of weeds.     

热除草技术现状和展望

除草剂的广泛使用引发了环境污染、生物多样性减少、杂草群落变迁和杂草抗药性等诸多问题。热除草方法是替代化学除草的潜在方法,热除草方法有火焰除草、热水除草、蒸汽除草、红外辐射除草、激光除草等。热除草是快速加热植物体内的水分使植物细胞破裂失去活性、死亡的方法。各种热除草技术的传热机制不同。重点介绍了各种热除草技术的机理和在国内外的发展现状及所适用的环境和发展方向。随着有机农作的发展,热除草技术将发展成熟并得到广泛应用。     

40%乙·扑乳油防除玉米田杂草试验

通过田间小区及大区对比试验的结果表明,40%乙草胺(Acetochlor) 扑草净(Prometryne)EC,对玉米田多种杂草,如稗草、马唐、狗尾草、鸭跖草、藜、铁苋菜等均有特效,防除效果稳定在90%以上。在杂草基数低于200株·m-2的地块,用药量为3000mL·hm-2,超过200株·m-2的地块,用药量为3750~4500mL·hm-2,施药时期为播种后5~9d。该除草剂对玉米安全、无药害,且不影响下茬作物生长。     

天津麦田杂草化学防除现状和问题

介绍了天津麦田杂草发生与危害的现状,总结了麦田杂草化学防除的特点及除草剂的应用现状,并针对其存在的问题提出相应建议,以期对麦田化学除草技术的推广及避免麦田化学除草中出现的问题有所帮助。     

天津地区麦田杂草发生现状与防除对策

通过对天津地区麦田杂草发生现状的调查 ,阐述麦田杂草的危害及优势杂草产生变化的原因 ;结合麦田除草剂应用情况及杂草防除试验 ,探讨以药剂防除为主的防除对策。     

不同覆盖方式对陕西关中地区冬小麦田杂草群落的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式对陕西关中地区冬小麦田杂草群落的影响,通过连续3a定点覆盖试验,研究麦田杂草的种类、密度、重要值及生物多样性。PermANOVA结果表明,拔节期与成熟期、透明膜与黑膜及9种覆盖处理间的杂草群落均存在显著差异。群落调查结果表明,泽漆是整个生育期内所有处理的优势种,猪殃殃和荠菜主要出现在拔节期,灰绿藜和香附子主要出现在拔节期后。黑色全膜平作处理在整个生育期内杂草总密度最低,杂草种类较少,拔节期除草后的物种丰富度、香农指数和Pielou均匀度指数显著低于对照。因此,黑色全膜平作处理可有效控制麦田杂草种类,降低杂草的密度与生物多样性,可为陕西关中地区冬小麦田合理的耕作与覆盖提供参考。     

秸秆还田与氮肥管理对稻田杂草群落和水稻产量的影响

为了研究秸秆还田和氮肥管理对稻油轮作夏季稻田杂草群落分布特征和水稻产量的影响,试验设5个处理：常规施肥NPK+秸秆不还田,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀NS,CK）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀S）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀SA）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为7：2：1（F₁SA）;常规施肥PK,N减量15%+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₂SA）。记录杂草种类、数量、密度、生物量等指标,并于2016年9月底进行水稻实收测产。结果表明,与CK相比,F₀S、F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的杂草总密度分别降低50.3%、29.2%、20.3%和6.8%,秸秆还田可以有效降低稻田杂草密度、生物量和杂草多样性;与F₀S相比,F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的杂草发生数量和发生密度差异不显著,但禾本科和莎草科杂草不同程度地减少,柳叶菜科和玄参科杂草显著增加,配施秸秆腐解剂对农田杂草种类影响显著。在秸秆腐解剂和不同施氮措施下,与F₀SA相比,F₁SA和F₂SA处理杂草种类、生物量增加,杂草相对密度降低,但差异不显著;各处理间优势杂草种类和种群数量减少,但F₂SA处理下生物多样性指数明显高于F₀SA和F₁SA处理。与CK相比,F₀S、F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的水稻产量分别提高7.13%、16.55%、17.80%和10.67%,其中F₁SA处理作物产量增幅最高。研究表明,秸秆还田和氮肥管理能有效降低稻田杂草的发生密度、总生物量和和生物多样性,有利于提高水稻产量。