大丰县发现一株47年生福桔

江苏大丰县地处苏北黄海之滨,位于北纬33°12′,年平均气温14.1℃,最冷的一月平均气温0.9℃,绝对低温—13℃左右,12年来年平均总降水量1000—1200毫米。按此气象资料,我县属北方落叶果树分布区,过去认为南方的常绿果树在我县是不能露地栽培的,特别是柑桔性喜温暖潮湿气候,原有“北限”不过江的说法。但通过全县果树     

桂林市园林植物抗寒性研究初探

桂林市位于广西的北部,湘桂走廊南端。属中亚热带湿润季风气候区,全年无霜期309d;年平均日照1553h,年平均降水量1900mm,年平均气温18.8℃;最冷月1月,平均气温7.9～8.4℃,极端最低温-5℃;最热月7月,平均气温28℃左右,极端最高温39.4℃。全年以偏北风为主,风力较大,水资源及地上水丰富。桂林市园林植物种类丰富,特别是近几年桂林大规模的城市改造、环境改造工程的力度加大,新种植了大量的乡土树种和引进亚热带、热带观赏性强的园林绿化植物,其中一些植物的抗寒性不强,给城市绿化管护带来了一定的难度。针对这个情况,笔者对全市的园林植物进行…     

陕北的山楂资源

陕北地处黄河流域的中部,野生山楂资源很丰富,是我国山楂资源的重要种质库。为了摸清这一资源的种,变异类型和数量分布特点,为开发和利用陕北丰富的山楂资源,我们对黄龙、洛川、富县等几个重点分布区作了初步的调查。一、自然条件和生态特点黄龙、洛川、富县等地位于北纬35°30′—36°25′、东经108°30′～110°30′之间,海拔800～1200米的丘陵沟壑区和大山区,森林覆盖率高。年平均气温9.1°c,最热月平均     

国内外辣椒种质资源表型性状多样性及相关性分析

以保存的857份辣椒资源为材料,对首花节位、株高、株幅等23个表型性状进行遗传多样性和相关性分析。结果表明,辣椒资源的23个表型性状的遗传多样性指数平均值为1.75,平均变异系数为75.95%,表明857份辣椒种质具有丰富的遗传多样性。在相关性上熟性与首花节位呈极显著相关,单果质量与果形指数呈极显著负相关;果肉厚度与单果质量呈极显著正相关,果形指数与果肉厚及单果质量呈极显著负相关;商品果横径与果肉厚及单果质量呈极显著正相关,商品果纵径与商品果横径、果形指数及果肉厚呈极显著相关。     

小陇山李子林区菌物资源调查

李子林区是小陇山中最大的林区,位于秦岭山脉西段南坡,嘉陵江上游.北纬34°07′～34°24′,东经104°23′～106°43′.海拔1400～2000m,属高原山区地形.海拔1600m以上为褐色森林土;1600m以下为棕色森林土.森林覆盖率51.1%.年平均气温约10℃ ,年降水量600～800mm,雨量主要集中在7、8、9三个月.大型真菌资源较丰富,经调查已鉴定主要大型真菌名录如下:     

白城地区秋大葱高产栽培技术

吉林省白城市位于东经121°38'~124°22',北纬44°13'~46°18',海拔300.0~662.6 m,光照充足,降水变率大,旱多涝少。年平均降水量为399.9 mm,其中作物生长季5~9月降水量为355.6 mm,占全年降水量的88%,部分满足作物的水分需求;热量资源丰富,年平均气温5.2℃,≥10℃活动积温平均为2996.2℃,无霜期平均为144 d,初霜日平均为9月27日;光照资源充足,年平均日照时数2915 h。白城市位于吉林省西北部,嫩江平原西部,科尔沁草原东部;土质疏松且以砂壤土居多,为大葱的生长创造有利自然条件。     

金太阳杏和凯特杏的幼树整形修剪技术

凉山州位于四川省西南部,属亚热带季风气候,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑,四季如春。年平均气温10.1～19.3℃,≧10℃积温2380.8～6352℃,年日照1227～2431小时,降水量776～1170mm,无霜期201～321天。立体气候十分明显,海拔1200m以下的金沙江河谷地区年平均气温高达23℃,最冷月平均气     

大棚春黄瓜、夏豇豆、秋辣椒高效栽培模式

扬州地处江淮平原南端,属亚热带湿润气候区,自然条件优越,四季分明,气候温和,雨量充沛,光照充足,无霜期较长,季风显著。年平均气温为14．8℃,与同纬度地区相比,冬冷夏热较为突出。最冷月为1月,月平均气温1．8℃,最热月为7月,月平均气温为27．5℃,全年无霜期220天,日照2140h,年均降水量1020mm。近年来,扬州市利用区位优势,     

浅谈如何提高刺槐造林成活率

<正>彬县地处陕西省渭北高原的西部,位于东经107°49′¹08°22′,北纬34°51′108°22′,北纬34°51′³5°17′之间,地形地貌处于鄂尔多斯地台南缘,属黄土高原沟壑纵横区,海拔71535°17′之间,地形地貌处于鄂尔多斯地台南缘,属黄土高原沟壑纵横区,海拔715¹501m,全县南北两塬一道川。气候属暖温带半干旱大陆季风气候,四季分明。年平均气温9.7℃,年极端最低气温-22.5℃,极端最高气温40℃;年平均降水量5701501m,全县南北两塬一道川。气候属暖温带半干旱大陆季风气候,四季分明。年平均气温9.7℃,年极端最低气温-22.5℃,极端最高气温40℃;年平均降水量570⁶60mm,分布不均匀,多集中在7、8、9月。总的气候特点是春夏季短而温和,秋季多雨湿润,冬季长而干寒。土壤有黄绵土、黑垆土、红土、淤土、潮土5种类型。彬县的地理、环境、气候等因素     

黄骅古贝壳堤酸枣种质果实性状变异

以黄骅古贝壳堤18株野生酸枣为试材,连续2年测定其果实的形态和营养指标,分析评价其果实性状变异,以期促进黄骅古贝壳堤野生酸枣资源开发利用。结果表明:黄骅古贝壳堤酸枣果实性状存在较大变异,不同种质之间果实性状差异显著。在果实形态指标中,单果质量变异最大,其变异系数可达30.12%;果实纵径变异系数最小,仅为5.65%。在果实营养指标中,糖酸比变异最大,变异系数达到了59.47%;可溶性糖最小,其变异系数仅为38.81%。此外,单果质量和果实横径之间呈极显著正相关,与单核质量以及单果质量和糖酸比之间呈显著正相关,与可滴定酸以及可滴定酸和糖酸比之间呈极显著负相关。     

Plant growth,yield, and fruit quality of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Sunburst’ mandarins on four rootstocks

Vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Sunburst’ mandarins on ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Orlando’ tangelo, and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin were evaluated under subtropical climate of Northern São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2000 through 2006 harvest seasons. ‘Fallglo’ mandarin trees had the highest cumulative yield on ‘Rangpur’ lime, and the smallest on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and ‘Orlando’ tangelo. Plants of this cultivar had the highest yield efficiency on ‘Rangpur’ lime, and the lowest on ‘Orlando’ tangelo. ‘Sunburst’ mandarin trees began to bear fruits later than ‘Fallglo’ mandarin trees, with no differences in yield induced by the rootstocks. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin induced the most vigorous growth in ‘Fallglo’ mandarin as compared to plants on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. On the other hand, the largest trees of ‘Sunburst’ mandarin were registered on ‘Orlando’ tangelo, and the smallest on ‘Rangpur’ lime. ‘Sunburst’ mandarin had higher alternate bearing than ‘Fallglo’ regardless the rootstock. Fruit weight and juice content were not affected by the rootstock. These two mandarin scion cultivars may be considered adequate alternatives to produce good fruit quality for the fresh fruit market. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Rangpur lime are suitable rootstocks for ‘Fallglo’ mandarin, whereas all rootstocks evaluated are adequate for ‘Sunburst’ mandarin.     

Tree performance and fruit yield and quality of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 rootstocks

The citriculture in Brazil, as well as in other important regions in the world, is based on very few mandarin cultivars. This fact leads to a short harvest period and higher prices for off-season fruit. The ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is among the earliest ripening mandarin cultivars, and it is considered to be tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.) and to citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). Despite having regular fruit quality under hot climate conditions, the early fruit maturation and absence of seeds of ‘Okitsu’ fruits are well suited for the local market in the summer (December through March), when the availability of citrus fruits for fresh consumption is limited. Yet, only a few studies have been conducted in Brazil on rootstocks for ‘Okitsu’. Consequently, a field trial was carried out in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’ and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the mandarins ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ (C. reticulata Blanco) and ‘Sunki’ (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the Rangpur limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 6 m × 3 m spacing, in a randomized block design. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three different rootstock pairs with similar effects on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Okitsu’ mandarin. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate had a unique effect over the ‘Okitsu’ trees performance, inducing lower canopy volume and higher yield efficiency and fruit quality, and might be suitable for high-density plantings. The ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’ Rangpur limes induced early-ripening of fruits, with low fruit quality. ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins and the ‘Orlando’ tangelo conferred lower yield efficiency and less content of soluble solids for the latter rootstock.     

Identification of S-alleles in pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Rocha’ and other European cultivars

In this work we report the cloning and identification of S-RNase alleles responsible for gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) of ‘Rocha’ pear and of 13 other European pear cultivars that might be used as its pollinators. Partial sequences of S-RNase alleles were amplified by PCR with specific primers hybridising in conserved regions of previously identified S-RNase alleles of Pyrus communis, cloned and sequenced and the S-genotype of eight pear cultivars was fully determined. Three cultivars (‘General Léclerc’ (SqSl), ‘Tosca’ (SbSl) and ‘Alexandrine Douillard’ (SbSk)) shared no S-alleles with ‘Rocha’ (SaSe) and shall be totally compatible with this cultivar. None of the cultivars analysed showed an identical amplification pattern to the one observed in ‘Rocha’, so the other cultivars shall be at least semi-compatible. One new allele was identified in P. communis cv. ‘Beurré d’Avril’ (designated as St). The determination of both S-RNase alleles of cvs ‘Rocha’, ‘Beurré Precoce Morettini’ (SeSk) and ‘Tosca’ and the identification of one S-RNase allele in cvs ‘Carapinheira’ (Sb), ‘Amêndoa’ (Se), ‘Pérola’ (Sk) and ‘Beurré d’Avril’ (St) are important contributions for the effort recently developed worldwide to establish groups of sexual compatibility among European pears.     

Horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange onto twelve rootstocks

Despite its outstanding position, the Brazilian citriculture is established on a very limited pool of varieties that limits its expansion and restricts the fruit availability throughout the year. This situation determines the urgent necessity of developing alternative scion and rootstock cultivars, with good performance under local conditions. ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is a late-harvest cultivar, suitable both for the juice processing industry and the fresh fruit market, being described as tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.), and less affected by citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). A study was conducted in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’, and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco); the ‘Sunki’ mandarin (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the ‘Rangpur’ limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 7 m × 4 m spacing, in a randomized block design, with five replications and two plants per plot. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, tree tolerance to drought and to citrus variegated chlorosis, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. Trees grafted onto the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate were smaller in size, but had largest yield efficiency when compared to those grafted onto other rootstocks. Lower alternate bearing index was observed on trees budded onto ‘Cravo FCAV’ ‘Rangpur’ lime. Both ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstocks and the ‘Sunki’ mandarin induced higher tree tolerance to drought. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate induced better fruit quality and higher tolerance to citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) to ‘Folha Murcha’ trees. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three groups of rootstocks with similar effects on ‘Folha Murcha’ tree performance. Among the 12 evaluated rootstocks, the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate has a unique effect on plant growth, tolerance to drought and CVC, fruit yield and fruit quality of ‘Folha Murcha’ trees, and may be better suited for high-density plantings.     

Changes in fox squirrel anti-predator behaviors across the urban–rural gradient

Predator stimuli created by humans in the urban environment may alter animals’ anti-predator behaviors. I hypothesized that habituation would cause anti-predator behaviors to decrease in urban settings in response to humans. Additionally, I hypothesized that populations habituated to humans would show reduced responses to other predator stimuli. I observed three populations of squirrels (urban, suburban and rural) responses to human approaches, red-tailed hawk vocalizations (Buteo jamaicensis) and coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations. Mahalanobis distances of anti-predator behaviors in response to human approaches were consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Flight initiation distances (X ² = 26.33, df = 2, P < 0.001) and amount of time dedicated to anti-predator behavior (X ² = 10.94, df = 2, P = 0.004) in response to human approaches were also consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Supporting the habituation hypothesis, naive juvenile squirrels increased flight initiation distances (X ² = 35.89, df = 1, P < 0.001) and time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors (X ² = 9.46, df = 1, P = 0.002) relative to adult squirrels in the same urban environment. Time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors differed among all three sites in response to both coyote (X ² = 9.83, df = 2, P = 0.007) and hawk (X ² = 6.50, df = 2, P = 0.035) vocalizations. Responses to both vocalizations on rural sites (coyote = 45%, hawk = 55%) greater than twice that found on the urban sites (coyote = 11%, hawk = 20%). This is possibly the first case of a transfer of habituation demonstrated under field conditions.     

Production of inter-section hybrids between Primula filchnerae and P. sinensis through ovule culture

Inter-section hybrids were obtained in the reciprocal crosses between Primula filchnerae (2n = 2x = 24) of Sect. Pinnatae and P. sinensis ‘Fanfare’ (2n = 2x = 24) of Sect. Auganthus by rescuing ovules on half-strength (1/2) Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 50 g l⁻¹ sucrose, 2.5 g l⁻¹ gellan gum, 0.1 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.1 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 50 mg l⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). In ovule culture, germination occurred with radicle elongation but no plumule was observed. The radicle kept on the initial medium showed root proliferation with callus formation. When the calluses were transferred to (1/2)MS media containing 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose and 3 g l⁻¹ gellan gum, without plant growth regulators (PGRs) or with 1 mg l⁻¹ zeatin and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA, plantlets were regenerated. The plants thus obtained were confirmed to be hybrids through flow cytometry (FCM) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. The hybrid obtained when P. filchnerae was used as the maternal parent was diploid, whereas hexaploid hybrid was obtained when using P. sinensis as the maternal parent. The hexaploid hybrid might be produced through chromosome doubling of a triploid originated from the fertilization of P. sinensis with unreduced pollen of P. filchnerae.     

Effects of the commercial product based on Trichoderma harzianum on plant,bulb and yield characteristics of onion

Effects of the commercial product TrichoFlow WP™ (Agrimm Technologies Ltd., New Zealand), based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, on quality characteristics and yield of bulb onion was investigated. Bulb sets of the local cultivar Kantartopu was planted in soil with in and between row distances of 0.15 m and 0.40 m, respectively. The product, at considerably high dosages of 5 g m⁻², 10 g m⁻² and 15 g m⁻², was mixed with water and sprinkled once to the plots at planting. Analyses of data at harvest did not show statistical significance for Trichoderma effect on total bulb yield, bulb diameter, leaf length, number of shoot apex, %titratable acidity, number of internal (fleshy) leaves, number of external (papery) leaves, %soluble solids and %bulbs with diameters of 20–39 mm, 40–69 mm and ≥70 mm. The yields obtained from the plots treated with the dosages of 5 g m⁻², 10 g m⁻² and 15 g m⁻² and the control plots were 1063.7 kg da⁻¹, 1051.0 kg da⁻¹, 1066.5 kg da⁻¹ and 985.0 kg da⁻¹, respectively. Our results showed that high dosages of the Trichoderma product were not effective in enhancing onion bulb and yield characteristics under the given conditions.     

Cybrid/hybrid plants regenerated from somatic fusions between male sterile Satsuma mandarin and seedy tangelos

Somatic hybridization provides an alternative for transferring mitochondria-encoded cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Herein, symmetric protoplast electrofusion was conducted between embryogenic callus protoplasts of Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Guoqing No. 1 (G1), a CMS cultivar, and mesophyll-derived protoplasts of seedy ‘Page’ tangelo [C. reticulata Blanco × (C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)] or ‘Nova’ tangelo [C. reticulata Blanco × (C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)], to transfer CMS trait. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 14 plants recovered from G1 + ‘Page’ tangelo that displayed typical morphological character of ‘Page’ were diploid, and 6 plants regenerated from G1 + ‘Nova’ tangelo were tetraploid. Genetic compositions of regenerated plants from the two fusions were determined by SSR, CAPS and chloroplast-SSR analysis. Cybrid nature of diploids from G1 + ‘Page’ tangelo with nuclear DNA from ‘Page’, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the G1 and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) derived from either parent was confirmed. Tetraploid plants from G1 + ‘Nova’ tangelo were identified as somatic hybrids with random cpDNA inheritance. The regenerated cybrid and hybrid plants hold great potential for Citrus seedless breeding at diploid or triploid levels.     

Production protocol development for greenhouse cut Linaria, Lupinus, and Papaver flowers

Linaria maroccana Hook. f. Ann., ‘Lace Violet’, Lupinus hartwegii ssp. cruikshankii Lindl. ‘Sunrise’ and Papaver nudicaule L. ‘Meadow Pastels’ seeds were directly sown into 105 cell plug trays and received either ambient light or supplemental high intensity discharge (HID) lighting. For each species, a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial was used with two light intensities during propagation, three transplant stages, and three night temperatures. Seedlings were transplanted at the appearance of 2–3, 5–6, or 8–9 true leaves. Transplanted Linaria and Papaver seedlings were placed at 5/11, 10/16, or 15/21 ± 1 °C night/day temperatures and Lupinus seedlings were placed at 15/24, 18/25, or 20/26 ± 2 °C night/day temperatures. For this study, the optimum production temperature for Linaria was 10/16 °C as the cut stems produced at 15/21 °C were unmarketable and production time was excessively long at 5/11 °C. At 10/16 °C, Linaria seedlings should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage to maximize stem number, stem length and profitability. For Lupinus the optimum temperature was 15/24 °C due to long stems and high profitability per plant. Lupinus seedlings should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage when grown at 15/24 °C to obtain the longest and thickest stems; however, $/m² week was higher for plants transplanted at the 8–9 leaf stage due to less time in finishing production space. For Papaver, the 15/21 °C temperature was optimal as that temperature produced the longest stems in the shortest duration, resulting in the highest $/m² week. At 15/21 °C Papaver plants should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage. Supplemental HID lighting had no effect on any of the species.