山楂渣、苹果渣与玉米秸青贮料饲喂奶牛的试验

用山楂渣、苹果渣与玉米秸混合青贮饲料进行饲喂奶牛的试验，结果表明，试验组奶牛平均每头牛每天比单喂玉米秸青贮的对照组增加产奶量1.3kg，比喂干玉米秸饲料的对照组增加产奶量2．2kg，且奶的品质无明显变化。     

饲喂苜蓿干草对引入澳大利亚奶牛生产性能的影响

为探讨日粮中添加不同比例苜蓿干草,对引入纯种澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛的影响,选择48头产奶量、膘情、年龄,泌乳阶段一致的引入纯种奶牛进行完全随机单位组设计,分为试验Ⅰ组(对照组)、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组。分别饲喂苜蓿干草2.5kg/d、5kg/d、7.5kg/d,3kg精料基础料加每产4kg奶补1kg产奶料,玉米青贮自由采食。测定产奶量、干物质采食量、乳成分和试验前后奶牛体重。结果对照组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、4%标准乳日产量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和干物质含量差异不显著(P>0.05);乳脂和乳蛋白的平均日产量均随苜蓿喂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组体细胞数量比对照组显著减少(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组比对照组和试验Ⅱ组极显著减少(P<0.01)。增加苜蓿干草喂量,对提高引入澳大利亚高产荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量和奶品质有一定提高作用。     

苹果渣与玉米秸混合青贮饲喂奶牛的试验

有苹果渣与玉米秸混合青贮饲料进行饲喂奶牛的试验，结果表明，试验组奶牛平均每头牛每天比单喂玉米秸青贮饲料的对照组增加产奶量1.3kg，比喂干玉米秸饲料的对照组增加产奶量2.2kg，且奶的品质无明显变化。     

青贮苹果渣对西门塔尔牛产奶量及乳品质的影响

选取年龄、体重相近和首次产犊且处于泌乳后期(200d)的西门塔尔牛60头,采用完全随机区组设计分为6组,对照组饲喂由青贮玉米、苜蓿草粉、小麦秸和精料组成的基础日粮,试验组日粮中分别以5kg、10kg、15kg、20kg、25kg的青贮苹果渣替代等量青贮玉米。结果表明,以青贮苹果渣替代青贮玉米对西门塔尔牛的产奶量和乳品质均有一定程度的提高,替代50%时可显著提高牛的产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白含量(P0.05),但对乳糖和非脂固形物含量没有明显影响(P0.05)。试验表明,青贮苹果渣替代一定比例的青贮玉米对西门塔尔牛的产奶量、牛奶品质有改善作用。     

青黄贮对三河牛产乳量及乳成分的影响

选用健康无病,胎次、体重基本相近的泌乳中期红白花三河牛45头,分为3组,每组15头.试验Ⅰ组喂以1(油菜秸秆粉):15(青贮玉米)的比例贮存发酵的发酵饲料(以下简称青黄贮)25kg.试验Ⅱ组喂青贮和油菜秸秆粉(5～8cm长,油莱秸秆粉:青贮玉米=1∶15)25 kg,对照组喂玉米青贮25 kg.进行了60d饲喂试验.结果表明,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、对照组产奶量均有所提高,分别提高2.3,1.6,2.5 kg/(d·头).相对于对照组奶产量降低分别为0.2,0.9kg/(d·头).试验Ⅱ组与对照组差异显著,试验Ⅰ组与对照组无显著差异.试验Ⅰ组较试验Ⅱ组产奶量提高0.7 kg/(d·头),试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅱ组差异显著(P＜0.05).该试验表明青黄贮可提高奶牛产奶量,并在1∶15(油菜秸秆:青贮玉米)比例下不影响青贮玉米的营养价值,能大幅提高油菜秸秆的营养价值及消化利用率,有推广应用价值.     

添加饲料枣、大豆皮或鲜啤酒渣对奶牛产奶性能的影响

将40头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4个试验组,每组10头奶牛。试验1组的日粮为13.9%粗蛋白质(CP)、产奶净能(NEL)7.23 MJ/kg和0.58%赖氨酸(Lys),添加饲料枣、大豆皮或新鲜啤酒渣,试验2组～4组为CP13.9%、NEL 7.02 MJ/kg和依次0.54%、0.52%0、.52%Lys。所有试验奶牛先饲喂10 d试验日粮作为预试期,然后开始70 d正试期。试验4组产奶量平均为(27.75±1.31)kg/d,略高于试验1组[(27.20±0.69)kg/d]和试验3组[(27.25±0.87)kg/d](P0.05);试验2组产奶量略有下降[(26.65±0.64)kg/d],但差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,日粮CP水平保持在13.9%条件下,适当降低日粮赖氨酸含量,饲料枣和新鲜啤酒渣的快速降解非纤维碳水合化物和瘤胃降解蛋白质弥补了日粮中Lys含量的不足,产生氨基酸节省效应(amino acid-spare effect),有助于提高产奶量,增加产奶纯收入。分别添加饲料枣、新鲜啤酒渣和混合添加饲料枣、大豆皮、新鲜啤酒渣的低成本日粮有利于提高奶牛产奶量、乳成分和经济效益。     

雪莲果饲喂泌乳奶牛的试验

选取年龄、体重、胎次、产犊日期、泌乳月、产奶量、营养状况和生理状况相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5头,试验期为40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。对照组不喂雪莲果,试验Ⅰ组用4 kg雪莲果代替8 kg白菜,试验Ⅱ组用8 kg雪莲果代替16 kg白菜。结果:试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组奶牛的日平均产奶量比对照组分别提高15.7%和20.2%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组奶牛的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳糖率比对照组分别提高1.3%、1.0%和2.07%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组奶牛的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳糖率比对照组分别提高1.6%、1.2%和2.43%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组每头奶牛每天经济效益比对照组分别增加4.44元和7.05元,提高20.0%和31.7%,差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组每头奶牛每天经济效益比试验Ⅱ组增加2.6元,提高9.8%,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明:泌乳奶牛饲喂雪莲果能够提高产奶量、牛奶品质和经济效益,且增加养殖户的经济收入。     

饲料中添加碳酸氢钠对奶牛产奶性能的影响

挑选胎次、乳脂率、产奶量和体重相近的健康无病、处于正常泌乳期生产性能稳定的中国荷斯坦奶牛30头,随机分成3组,每组10头,在试验1组奶牛的精饲料中添加碳酸氢钠120g/头日,在试验2组的精饲料中添加碳酸氢钠170g/头日,对照组中奶牛的精饲料中不添加。试验结果表明:奶产量:试验1组、2组分别比对照组提高了1.76kg/头日,1.89kg/头日,差异显著(P0.05)。乳脂率:试验1组、2组分别比对照组提高了0.21%、0.32%,差异显著(P0.05)。试验证明,碳酸氢钠可有效预防奶牛酸中毒,促进饲料高效转化,增加产奶量,提高乳脂率,增产增效明显。     

胡萝卜对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验通过在产奶牛日粮中添加胡萝卜,研究胡萝卜不同饲喂量对舍饲奶牛的奶产量和乳成分的影响。试验牛选用中国荷斯坦奶牛,体重500~600 kg,胎次为头胎、泌乳100 d左右的健康荷斯坦奶牛30头,采用完全随机区组设计,分为3个处理组,试验1组为对照组(基础日粮),试验2组(基础日粮+5 kg胡萝卜)、试验3组(基础日粮+7.5 kg胡萝卜)为试验组,基础日粮由全株青贮玉米、羊草和精料组成。研究结果显示,奶牛在添加胡萝卜后能够显著提高产奶量,90 d后试验2组的产奶量比对照组提高了11.94%(P<0.05),试验3组的产奶量比对照组提高了16.17%(P<0.05),牛奶的风味也得到很大的改善。     

饲喂小麦秸秆和小麦青贮对泌乳奶牛采食量、产奶性能和消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究小麦秸秆和小麦青贮替代部分全株玉米青贮对泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛采食量、产奶性能和消化率的影响。选取体重、胎次、泌乳期和产奶量相近的36头健康荷斯坦泌乳中后期奶牛,将其随机分为3组(对照组、小麦秸秆组和小麦青贮组),每组12个重复,每个重复1头牛,隔栏单独饲养。对照组饲喂全株玉米青贮的TMR饲粮,小麦秸秆组饲喂含有12%小麦秸秆的TMR饲粮,小麦青贮组饲喂含有20%小麦青贮的TMR饲粮,试验期共70 d,其中预饲期14 d,正式期56 d。结果表明,小麦秸秆组奶牛的干物质采食量(Dry matter intake,DMI)显著高于对照组和小麦青贮组(P0.05),对照组和小麦青贮组奶牛的DMI无显著差异(P0.05)。3组奶牛的可消化干物质采食量之间无显著差异(P0.05)。小麦秸秆组奶牛的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)的消化率显著低于对照组和小麦青贮组奶牛(P0.05),对照组和小麦青贮组奶牛之间的营养物质消化率差异不显著(P0.05)。随着泌乳时间的延长,3组奶牛的日均产奶量逐渐降低。对照组奶牛的日均产奶量最高,为(16.84±4.92)kg/d;小麦青贮组奶牛的日均产奶量为(16.60±4.68)kg/d;小麦秸秆组奶牛的日均产奶量最低,为(16.37±3.66)kg/d,但3组奶牛的日均产奶量差异不显著(P0.05)。随着泌乳天数的增加,对照组奶牛乳蛋白率、乳糖率高于小麦秸秆组奶牛和小麦青贮组奶牛,但差异不显著(P0.05)。小麦秸秆组奶牛的乳脂率显著高于对照组和小麦青贮组(P0.05),小麦青贮组奶牛的乳脂率与对照组奶牛无显著差异(P0.05)。因此,在本试验条件下,使用小麦秸秆和小麦青贮替代部分全株玉米青贮对泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛无显著影响,生产中可以利用小麦秸秆和小麦青贮替代部分全株玉米青贮作为奶牛饲料来源。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …