藏书的境界

如果说读书是天下第一等好事,藏书就应是天下第一等雅事,藏书家自然该是天下第一等雅士。只是在这第一等雅士中,也分三六九等。谈到藏书家,管窥所及,首先是宁波天一阁创始人范钦。相信读过余秋雨先生《风雨天一阁》的朋友,印象最深的大多是范钦为家族制定的严苛的＂藏书制度＂：＂子孙无故开门入阁者,罚不与祭（比杖责鞭笞更严重）三次;私领亲友入阁及擅开书橱者,罚不与祭一年;因而典押事故者,除追惩外,永行摈逐,不得与祭。     

从甘熙故居藏书楼谈我国古代藏书楼环境意象

文章从追溯我国古代藏书楼历史入手,以南京甘熙故居藏书楼的环境为视角,依照景序空间—理景形态—视觉评价—文献参照的古典园林品评模式品赏该园园景。对其景观空间的总体格局、构景方式、造园要素、整体氛围进行了阐述,并由此折射出我国古代民间私园中以藏书楼为主体的环境意象的审美特质,旨在以此引起社会对我国藏书楼园林环境历史价值的重视。     

中国兰科植物省级分布新记录

报道我国5属：坛花兰属Acanthephippium、毛兰属Eria、沼兰属Malaxis、鸢尾兰属Oberonia、长喙兰属Tsaiorchis,5种兰科植物镶囊坛花兰Acanthephippium striatum、马齿毛兰Eria szetschuanica、小沼兰Malaxismicrotatahtha、小叶鸢尾兰Oberonia japonica、长喙兰Tsaiorchis neottianthoides在西藏、江西和湖南的新地理分布点,同时补充叉喙兰和小叶白点兰在贵州和湖南的具体分布点.凭证标本保存于中国科学院华南植物所标本馆（IBSC）和中国科学院植物所（PE）中国科学院广西植物所标本馆（IBK）.     

中药药浴法预防蛇病

应用中草药预防蛇病虽然刚刚开始,在南方诸省(区)甚至全国各地的蛇场还未得到大面积的推广应用,但只是时间早晚的问题.其实,用中草药预防蛇病是一个全新的概念和途径,是生产绿色食品(蛇肉)的重要手段,也是减少蛇肉、蛇胆等抗生素残留超标的好措施.所以,用中草药预防蛇病是今后的必然趋势.     

食用菌新品种"黑鲍鱼菇"

黑鲍鱼菇是四川农业大学农学院应用微生物系教师采用细胞工程技术选育的食用菌新品种,又名晚生北风菌、冻菌、黑菇、黑鸡菇等,是北风菌中的珍品.其菌盖黑色、菌肉乌黑色、菌褶褐黑色、菌柄乌黑、基部略呈白色,子实体柄短、盖大、肉厚、质嫩,食之鲜香滑嫩、细腻爽口、具鲍鱼鲜味,口感远远超过平菇甚至凤尾菇、香菇等大多数食用菌类,是满足人们对黑色食品强烈需求的高档菇类,深受各地消费者喜爱.黑鲍鱼菇含有18种氨基酸和多种复合型维生素,含有人体必需的8种氨基酸和丰富的多糖体,富含钙、锌、铜、硒等微量元素,对增强人体免疫力、改善肾功能有非常好的作用.目前,该产品供不应求,是能给菇农带来较大经济效益的食用菌新品种.     

Changes in foliar nitrogen resorption of Phyllostachys edulis with culm development

Leaf nitrogen resorption is very important to Phyllostachys edulis development because the withdrawn nitrogen can help newly emerging and growing culms.However, few studies have focused on the ontogenetic changes in leaf nitrogen resorption of P. edulis. Here, we examined the variability in mature leaf nitrogen concentrations(Nm), nitrogen resorption efficiency(NRE) and proficiency(NRP or Ns) and leaf-level nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of the current-, 3 rd-and 5 th-year culms in P.edulis stands under extensive management. Analyses of variance and correlation indicated that patterns of Nm,NRP, NRE and NUE were markedly affected by culm age and leaf nitrogen status. Nm, Nsand NRE were significant higher in younger(current-year) culms with 1-year lifespan leaves, while NUE was markedly higher in older(3 rd-or 5 th-year) culms with 2-year lifespan leaves. Significant linear correlations between Nmand NRP, NRE and NUE,Nmand NUE, Nsand NRE were found for each culm age,and Nmwas significantly positively correlated to NRE for all culms pooled. Higher proficiency in older culms led to higher NUE and lower NRE, these relationships can be modulated by Nm, which in turn, is restrained by leaf N availability and acquisition. Our results revealed that at the intraspecific level, P. edulis can adjust its leaf NRE, NRP,and leaf-level NUE in concert with culm development.Understanding nitrogen resorption characteristics and NUE of P. edulis can help decision-makers design appropriate deforestation strategies and achieve precise N fertilization for sustainable bamboo forest management.     

Prediction of Forest Stock Volume Based on Neural Network Model

BP and RBF neural network to predict forest stock volume were studied,but the study in evaluating both networks’ application effects was not conducted.In order to find a higher forecast precision,more strong applicative method,the comprehensive analysis and evaluation on the two methods were carried out in the practical application. By the correlation analysis,crown density,shady-slope and sunny-slope,TM1,TM2,TM3,TM5, TM7,NDVI,TM,(4-3),TM4/3 were selected as input variables,and the forest volume of Miyun County as output variables,RBF and BP neural network models for forecasting the forest volume were established.And the neural network training step length,training time,prediction accuracy and the applicability model of the two methods were comprehensively analyzed.The results show that the RBF neural network model is superior to the BP neural network model.     

Changes in freezing and thawing indices over the source region of the Yellow River from 1980 to 2014

Freezing and thawing indices are not only of great significance for permafrost research but also are important indicators of the effects of climate change.However,to date,research on ground-surface freezing and thawing indices and their relationship with air indices is limited.Based on daily air and ground-surface temperatures collected from 11 meteorological stations in the source region of the Yellow River,the freezing and thawing indices were calculated,and their spatial distribution and trends were analyzed.The air-freezing index(AFI),air-thawing index(ATI),ground surface-freezing index(GFI),ground surface-thawing index(GTI),air thawing-freezing index ratio(Na)and surface ground thawing-freezing index ratio(Ng)were 1554.64,1153.93,1.55,2484.85,850.57℃-days and 3.44,respectively.Altitude affected the spatial distribution of the freezing and thawing indices.As the altitude increased,the freezing indices gradually increased,and the thawing indices and thawing-freezing index ratio decreased.From 1980 to 2014,the AFI and GFI decreased at rates of 8.61 and 11.06℃-days a^-1,the ATI and GTI increased at 9.65 and 14.53℃-days a^-1,and Na and Ng significantly increased at 0.21 and 0.79 decade^-1.Changes in the freezing and thawing indices were associated with increases in the air and ground-surface temperatures.The rates of change of the ground surface freezing and thawing indices were faster than the air ones because the rate of increase of the groundsurface temperature was faster than that of the air and the difference between the ground surface and air increased.The change point of the time series of freezing and thawing indices occurred in 2000–2001.After 2000–2001,the AFI and GFI were lower than before the change point,and the changing trend was lower.The ATI,GTI,Na and Ng during 2001–2014 were higher,with faster rates than before.In addition,the annual thawing indices composed a greater proportion of the mean annual air temperature and mean annual ground surface temperature than the annual freezing indices.This study provides the necessary basis for research on and prediction of permafrost changes,especially changes in the depth of the active permafrost layer,climate change,and possible evolution of the ecological environment over the source region of the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Regeneration of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) stands inhibited by fire suppression in Albany Pine Bush Preserve,New York

The Pine Barrens in New York State are dominated by pitch pine(Pinus ridgida) and scrub oaks(Quercus ilicifolia and Q. prinoides). With fire suppression over the last 90 years or so, P. rigida regeneration has become sparse, even in areas set aside to preserve this type of vegetation. We evaluated the effects of fire and an alternative disturbance(mechanical removal of vegetation)for increasing P. rigida regeneration in the Albany Pine Bush Preserve in eastern New York State. By comparing cover, diameter and height of P. rigida, Q. ilicifolia, Q.prinoides, and Vaccinium spp.(blueberry) growing on the sites with a known fire history, we documented structural and compositional changes in the vegetation since its establishment. We also compared sites on which Quercus sprouts were controlled through mechanical removal. In the years following a disturbance, height and cover of Q. ilicifolia increased continuously and the species became increasingly competitive. Both the density of P. rigida seedlings and Vaccinium cover decreased significantly as the diameter and height of Quercus increased. Our results confirmed that the dominance by P. rigida could be attributed to periodic fires at intervals of 20–25 years. We conclude that removing Q. ilicifolia can favor P. rigida dominance on the barren without fire by releasing pine seedlings from competition.     

“添亿木业”的蝶变之旅——访添亿木业总经理杜东明

敦化,独特的自然资源优势,经过20多年的精心培育,使地板产业实现了规模化、专业化和集群化发展,成为推动全市经济发展的重要支柱产业。2007年,敦化从事地板及相关产品生产的仓业达812户,地板生产总量占全省40％,产品出口到32个国家和地区,实观产值约24亿元。     

谈"亭"

亭是供人停步小憩的一种小型建筑,凝缩了我国古代园林建筑中形式美的精华,集实用性与观赏性于一体。中国园林中的亭体现出我们民族的精神风貌。     

珠江三角洲可成为我国冬季切花生产基地

170 0年以前 ,珠江三角洲就有花卉生产 ,并逐渐形成了著名的花乡 ,芳村的素馨 ,小榄的菊花 ,陈村的盆桔、兰花 ,石马的桃花远近驰名。但是 ,花卉业的大规模发展还是在改革开放以后。切花是珠江三角洲花卉业中的一个大项。在 70年代中期出现了广州的芳村、顺德的伦教等菊花鲜切花生产基地 ,并通过引进品种和技术 ,解决了周年生产、商品周年上市问题。唐菖蒲引进成功 ,使珠江三角洲切花生产增加了一个大项目。这两个切花产品曾在香港、澳门花卉市场上占有很大份额。 80年代玫瑰切花栽培成功 ,并以非凡的速度发展。在这三种切花带动下 ,形成了…     

浅析山地森林公园中亭的营建手法

亭是山地森林公园建设过程中常用的造景符号。本文以亭的功能为出发点,从景观环境需求、游客心理需求提出亭的规划方法,从地势坡度、整体布局提出亭的选址方法,从选材、造型、建筑等方面提出亭的设计方法。通过辅以3S技术叠加分析功能,科学指导亭的选址及规划设计营建,进一步优化山地森林公园中园林小品的造景方法。     

杭州西湖湖心亭植物景观研究

湖心亭悠久的历史底蕴、得天独厚的环境条件与良好的绿色植物基础形成了成功的植物景观,其成熟的植物配置模式值得深入探究。文章通过对湖心亭植物景观调查实测,总结得出湖心亭植物景观的经典配置手法、不同类型植物配置实例与优秀景观节点等,以期在植物选择、空间营造、文化传承、借景手法等方面为该类型地域植物景观营造提供借鉴和参考。     

《金刚经》与惠州西湖六如亭

《金刚经》是一部揭示无上智慧和生命关怀意义的经典,惠州西湖六如亭与这部伟大的经典有着不解之缘。从园林科学美和园林哲学美的角度出发,六如亭通过《金刚经》折射出生命本原关怀的园林美学时空意境。通过对六如亭在“孤山苏迹”以及整个西湖景观构成中的重要作用和空间意义的重新认识。得出结论：在以六如亭为中心的引导空间。追加新的景点——般若谷。并在般若谷内,以园林小品的精心命名、空性美学为基础的园林植物配置、引景空间的策划等具体方法,对般若谷的园林环境进行完善和改造,形成围绕六如亭展开的具有金刚般若特色的禅意园林景观带。     

清代静寄山庄——泠然阁复原研究

天津盘山静寄山庄是清代皇家行宫之一,是继避暑山庄之后的第二大行宫,现仅存遗址。泠然阁是行宫内新添六景之一,典型的山地园林。根据历史文献和图像资料,对比参照同时期的皇家行宫特征,考证泠然阁的建筑及园内景观,对泠然阁的主要建筑物进行复原设计。绘制出泠然阁复原的平面图及主要建筑物的平面、立面图,旨在重现泠然阁盛期景象,供今后重建参考借鉴。     

紫金山流徽榭景区秋色叶树种组成及景观效果研究

以南京紫金山流徽榭景区绿地为研究对象,选取了5块不同样地进行定期调查。研究分析了样地中的秋色叶植物的种类组成与观赏期特点,并对植物群落的配置方式进行了评价。研究对提高城市绿地彩叶植物配置水平有一定的参考价值。     

Deposits in heartshakes in wood

Summary  The heartshakes of some species can contain deposits of inorganic, metal organic, resinous or organic compounds in a pure or concentrated condition. The type of deposit in different genera is discussed. Morphological and chemical examinations have been made of the deposits in the heartshakes ofIntsia bijuga, Dacrydium spp.,Anisoptera curtisii, Pinus elliotii andOrites excelsa. The deposits were of a benzenoid or terpenoid nature or aluminium succinate.I thank Mr. R. Wearne for organic analyses     

Deposits in heartshakes in wood

Summary Crystalline or almost pure organic compounds can be formed either alone or with two or three related compounds in juxtaposition in shakes in central heartwood. The compounds may not always be present in the more complex extractives formed at the heartwood periphery. The largest amounts of deposits are in the innermost or widest portion of the shake. No evidence could be found of a source of substrate, energy or specific enzymes necessary for the selective biosynthesis of these deposits. They are considered to be formedin situ by an undetermined mechanism during enlargement of the shake.