Distribution of Enzymes in Wheat Flour Mill Streams

The distribution of alpha -amylase, protease, lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in wheat roller flour mill streams was studied. Break flours had relatively less alpha -amylase and protease activity than reduction flours both on flour weight and a protein basis. Among the different flour streams, the 5^thand 6^threduction passage had the highest alpha -amylase activity, while the 4^threduction passage had the highest protease activity. The lipoxygenase activity was concentrated mostly in the last break and the reduction streams, whereas polyphenol oxidase activity was highest in break flour streams. Peroxidase activity was distributed unevenly among the different mill streams. The lipoxygenase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were highly concentrated in different bran fractions. Except for protease, the other enzymes were concentrated in the «atta», a milling by-product comprising refined flour, bran and shorts; and are least active in semolina (farina).     

BNS型杂交小麦不同出粉点面粉的品质特性

为给BNS型杂交小麦的进一步推广应用提供参考依据,以BNS低温敏感雄性不育系衍生的两个杂交小麦及常规小麦品种百农矮抗58为材料,研究了制粉系统各出粉点面粉的品质特性.结果表明,不同出粉点的面粉品质性状间存在差异,皮磨粉的灰分含量少,白度值、干湿面筋含量、稳定时间、峰值黏度、最终黏度、回生值等均最高;心磨粉的粗蛋白含量、灰分含量、破损淀粉含量、吸水率、形成时间、弱化度等随出粉点后移呈升高趋势,而白度、干湿面筋含量、稳定时间、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、稀懈值、最终黏度、回生值等随出粉点后移而降低;同一出粉点不同材料的品质特性具有明显差异.杂交小麦不同出粉点品质的变化趋势与常规小麦基本一致.     

Arabinoxylans and Endoxylanases in Wheat Flour Bread-making

For the past 50 years the function of arabinoxylans in bread-making has been the subject of much debate and controversy. In the last decade, these molecules have been put in the spotlight again inter alia because of the increasing use of endoxylanases in European wheat and rye flour bread-making processes. This renewed interest has led to considerable advances in the understanding of both arabinoxylan and endoxylanase functionalities in bread-making. We here present a survey of the relevant work. Knowledge of both the substrate (arabinoxylan) and the enzyme (endoxylanase), as well as of recently discovered endoxylanase inhibitors, is summarised. Facts on arabinoxylans and endoxylanases in wheat flour bread-making are presented and integrated in an up-to-date view on their functionality in bread-making.     

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.     

A Comparative Analysis of Free, Bound and Total Lipid Content on Spelt and Winter Wheat Wholemeal

Free lipids (FL), bound lipids (BL) and total lipids (TL) were determined by the Soxhlet method in whole ground spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) and hexaploid winter wheat (T. aestivum) samples. Ninety-one samples of spelt and 78 samples of winter wheat were analysed in the present study. The available material is representative of the wide variability found in spelt (true spelt forms compared with spelt wheat hybrid material). The results show that spelt differs from winter wheat by a higher FL and TL content (on average, 1·3 times and 1·2 times respectively). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that FL account for most of the high TL content of spelt as compared to winter wheat. Lipid content is a parameter which allows a distinction between spelt and winter wheat. This could be useful for breeders to classify spelt varieties.     

糯小麦与酿酒谷物黏度特性的比较

为明确糯小麦与其他酿酒谷物糊化特性的差异,为糯小麦在白酒酿造中的应用提供参考依据,比较分析了CD糯麦-2、普通小麦、糯米、高粱和玉米籽粒的淀粉RVA黏度特性。结果表明,不同作物的糊化特性有很大的差异,高梁的峰值黏度最高,糯小麦次之,玉米最低,普通小麦比糯米高,但二者差异较小;到达峰值黏度的时间为5.2~11.2 min,其中糯米糊化最快,糯小麦与糯米接近,比普通小麦快近2 min,普通小麦与高粱相近,玉米最慢;到达峰值黏度的温度为67.2~92.2℃,其中糯小麦和糯米低,分别为70.3℃和67.2℃,普通小麦和高粱分别为84.6℃和83.1℃,玉米则高达92.2℃,糯小麦比普通小麦低约14.3℃。糯小麦配粉能改变谷物的黏度特性,对糊化温度和糊化时间的影响小于对峰值黏度的影响,从不同作物考虑,糯小麦配粉对糯米的黏度特性影响相对较小。结果显示,糯小麦像糯米一样直链淀粉含量极低,其淀粉易糊化,糊化温度低,耗能少;向其他谷物中添加糯小麦可改变其淀粉黏度特性;糯小麦具有代替其他谷物酿造新型风味白酒的潜在优势。     

Fatty acid composition of lipids of Australian oats

A method using methanolic sulphuric acid as transmethylating reagent was developed for determining the fatty acid composition of lipids of oats. The method was optimised for reaction conditions and applied to the determination of the fatty acid composition of lipids of a number of varieties of Australian oats grown in several locations. Thirteen fatty acids were detected with oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids comprising more than 95% of the total fatty acids. Total lipid content of the oats was positively related to the proportion of stearic (r=0·32) and oleic (r=0·81) acids and negatively correlated with the proportion of palmitic (r=−0·64), linoleic (r=−0·39) and linolenic (r=−0·65) acids. Significant positive correlations were found between total lipid content and absolute content of the major fatty acids (r=0·670·98), except for linolenic acid (r=0·12). Environment had significant effects on fatty acid composition, but variety was the controlling factor. The broad sense heritability estimated from individual plot ranged from 69 to 73% and that from the average of three replications and eight locations ranged from 94 to 98% for the major fatty acids. It is possible to improve fatty acid composition of oats by breeding procedures.     

Optimization of Bread Preparation from Wheat Flour and Malted Rice Flour

The feasibility of partially replacing wheat flour with malted rice flour in bread making was evaluated in several formulations, aiming to find a formulation for the production of malted rice-wheat bread with better nutritional quality and consumer acceptance. The whole grains of a local rice variety (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. Mottaikaruppan) were steeped in distilled water (12 h, 30°C) and germinated for 3 days to obtain high content of soluble materials and amylase activity in bread making. The quality of bread was evaluated by considering the physical and sensorial parameters. When the wheat flour was substituted with malted rice flour, 35% substitution level and the malted rice flour from 3 days of germination was the best according to the physical and sensory qualities of bread. The quality of bread was improved by the addition of 20 g of margarine, 20 g of baking powder and 20 g of yeast in 1 kg of flour. Among different ratios of yeast and baking powder, 2:1 was the best. Bread improver containing amylases and oxidizing agents at the concentration of 40 g/kg was selected as the best concentration. When comparing the final formulation made in the bakery with wheat bread, malted rice-wheat bread contains more soluble dietary fiber (0.62%), insoluble dietary fiber (3.95%), total dietary fiber (4.57%) and free amino acid content (0.64 g/kg) than those in wheat bread (0.5%, 2.73%, 3.23% and 0.36 g/kg, respectively).     

小麦主要品质性状与面粉色泽的关系

选用面粉色泽性状差别较大的16个不同品种（系）在山东省8个不同的生态类型区种植，分析了小麦主要品质性状和面粉色泽，以研究这些品质性状与面粉色泽的关系。结果表明，面粉R457白度与面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）、面粉色泽红度（α^＊值）呈极显著正相关，与面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）呈极显著负相关，面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）和面粉色泽红度（α^＊值）与面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）呈极显著负相关。面粉R457白度和面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）均与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关。与籽粒硬度、面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量、灰分含量和类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著负相关，面粉R457白度与出粉率呈显著负相关。籽粒硬度和蛋白质含量共同决定了面粉R457白度变异的81．9％。而面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量和灰分含量共同决定了面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）变异的94．5％。面粉色泽红度（α^＊值）与各面粉品质指标的相关性均未达到显著水平。面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）与籽粒硬度、面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量、灰分含量、类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关．与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。硬度、出粉率和蛋白质含量可以解释面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）变异的75％     

Lipids of Prokaryotic Origin at the Base of Marine Food Webs

In particular niches of the marine environment, such as abyssal trenches, icy waters and hot vents, the base of the food web is composed of bacteria and archaea that have developed strategies to survive and thrive under the most extreme conditions. Some of these organisms are considered “extremophiles” and modulate the fatty acid composition of their phospholipids to maintain the adequate fluidity of the cellular membrane under cold/hot temperatures, elevated pressure, high/low salinity and pH. Bacterial cells are even able to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids, contrarily to what was considered until the 1990s, helping the regulation of the membrane fluidity triggered by temperature and pressure and providing protection from oxidative stress. In marine ecosystems, bacteria may either act as a sink of carbon, contribute to nutrient recycling to photo-autotrophs or bacterial organic matter may be transferred to other trophic links in aquatic food webs. The present work aims to provide a comprehensive review on lipid production in bacteria and archaea and to discuss how their lipids, of both heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic origin, contribute to marine food webs.     

禁用面粉增白剂后保证中国传统面食品色泽品质的对策

为了满足市场和消费者对面粉及其制品色泽品质的需求,针对国家《小麦粉》新标准(GB1355-2005)禁用增白剂的规定,探讨并提出了替代过氧苯甲酰(BPO)、保证中国面粉及其食品色泽品质的措施:第一,研制和开发生物型和营养型面粉改良剂,特别是以脂肪酶、α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶等生物酶为主的一些酶制剂,靠酶的催化作用,既保证面制品表面及内部组织均匀、表皮光滑洁白,又消除了BPO类化学物质对人体健康的不利影响;第二,培育高自然白度小麦新品种,特别是种皮薄、出粉率高、胚乳色素低、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性低的小麦新品种,用其生产高自然白度的面粉或不易褐变的食品,从原料上解决问题;第三,引导消费者正确对待面粉及食品白度问题,让消费者从营养和健康上认识BPO等化学增白剂的危害,了解小麦自然粉色的本质及面粉、食品色泽变化的原因,改变面粉及制品色泽越白越好的传统观念.     

小麦面粉特性与饺子品质关系研究

为给饺子专用小麦品种的品质改良提供参考依据,选用黄淮麦区的主要品种（系）24份,研究了面粉蛋白质含量、灰分含量、粉质和快速黏度分析仪（RVA）参数对饺子皮颜色和感官评价的影响。结果表明,面粉品质性状对鲜饺子皮颜色的影响大于熟饺子皮,面粉灰分含量与24 h鲜饺子皮亮度L*值呈极显著负相关（r=-0.53）,蛋白质含量与0 h鲜饺子皮亮度L*值呈显著负相关（r=-0.46）。形成时间和稀懈值对0 h鲜饺子皮红度a*值有显著正向影响（r=0.49和0.47）,最终黏度对0 h鲜饺子皮红度a*值有显著负向影响（r=-0.43）。吸水率对24 h鲜饺子皮黄度b*值有显著正向影响（r=0.49）,耐揉指数对24 h鲜饺子皮的b*值有极显著负向影响（r=-0.75）。粉质仪和RVA参数对饺子皮感官评价有显著影响,其中耐揉指数与饺子皮表面状况和风味呈极显著负相关（r=-0.64和-0.61）,与饺子皮弹性和总分呈显著负相关（r=-0.42和-0.49）,形成时间与饺子皮硬度呈显著负相关（r=-0.41）,反弹值与饺子皮弹性呈极显著负相关（r=-0.57）,峰值黏度与饺子皮弹性和光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.42和0.41）,稀懈值与饺子皮光滑性呈显著正相关（r=0.43）。制作优质饺子要求面粉具备相对较低的蛋白含量、灰分含量、耐揉指数、形成时间和反弹值,相对较高的峰值黏度和稀懈值。     

Purification and Characterisation of Ascorbate Oxidase from Flour and Immature Wheat Kernels

White flour from wheat was shown to contain basic-ascorbate oxidase (AOX) enzymes (pI 7·6–9·6) and acidic-AOX enzymes (pI 5·1–6·6) in a ratio of 0·4:1, based on chromatography data. Immature wheat kernels (two weeks post-anthesis) contained about 12 times more AOX activity (units/g dry weight) than flour from mature grain, and the ratio of basic- to acidic-AOX was 5:1. Acidic-AOX was purified 90-fold from flour by hydrophobic interaction, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Basic-AOX was purified 20 000-fold from immature wheat by hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange, cation exchange and gel filtration chromatography in a yield of 5%. The acid-AOX had a M of 140 k, was optimally active at pH 6·3 and 40 °C, and was stable in the pH range 5–9 and at 30 °C for 0·5 h at pH 6·2. The Km values were 0·26 m for L-ascorbic acid and 0·93 m for D-iso ascorbic acid. The basic-AOX had a M of 139 k and subunit M of 72 k. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6·2 and 50 °C, and was stable in the pH range 5–9 and at 40 °C for 0·5 h at pH 6·2. The Km values were 0·30 m for L-ascorbic acid and 0·53 m for D-iso ascorbic acid. The absorption spectrum of basic-AOX had absorption maxima at 280 nm and 607 nm of similar magnitude to those measured in AOX fromCucurbita species (squash). This indicates that wheat AOX contains protein-bound copper similar to other plant AOX.     

糯小麦配粉对普通小麦品质性状和鲜切面条品质的影响

为了明确糯麦配粉对小麦品质的影响,利用中国北部和黄淮冬麦区的三个小麦主栽品种京411、豫麦49和豫麦34,研究了添加10%、15%、20%、25%和30%不同比例的糯小麦面粉后其蛋白质、淀粉特性及面条品质的变化.结果表明,随着添加比例的提高,面粉蛋白质含量和沉淀值有所增加,和面时间和衰落势无显著变化.直链淀粉含量随添加量的增加而逐渐降低,高峰粘度和反弹值则均有所下降.直链淀粉含量与面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分呈二次曲线关系,直链淀粉含量为24%～25%时,面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分最好,添加15%～20%的糯小麦面粉即可达到这一效果.添加糯小麦面粉对面条色泽和表观状况无显著影响.     

Polar Lipids Composition,Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Atlantic Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu

Grateloupia turuturu Yamada, 1941, is a red seaweed widely used for food in Japan and Korea which was recorded on the Atlantic Coast of Europe about twenty years ago. This seaweed presents eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in its lipid fraction, a feature that sparked the interest on its potential applications. In seaweeds, PUFAs are mostly esterified to polar lipids, emerging as healthy phytochemicals. However, to date, these biomolecules are still unknown for G. turuturu. The present work aimed to identify the polar lipid profile of G. turuturu, using modern lipidomics approaches based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The health benefits of polar lipids were identified by health lipid indices and the assessment of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The polar lipids profile identified from G. turuturu included 205 lipid species distributed over glycolipids, phospholipids, betaine lipids and phosphosphingolipids, which featured a high number of lipid species with EPA and PUFAs. The nutritional value of G. turuturu has been shown by its protein content, fatty acyl composition and health lipid indices, thus confirming G. turuturu as an alternative source of protein and lipids. Some of the lipid species assigned were associated to biological activity, as polar lipid extracts showed antioxidant activity evidenced by free radical scavenging potential for the 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS^●+) radical (IC₅₀ ca. 130.4 μg mL⁻¹) and for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^●) radical (IC₂₅ ca. 129.1 μg mL⁻¹) and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme (IC₅₀ ca. 33 µg mL⁻¹). Both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were detected using a low concentration of extracts. This integrative approach contributes to increase the knowledge of G. turuturu as a species capable of providing nutrients and bioactive molecules with potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.     

Lipids and Fatty Acids of Nudibranch Mollusks: Potential Sources of Bioactive Compounds

The molecular diversity of chemical compounds found in marine animals offers a good chance for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds of unique structures and diverse biological activities. Nudibranch mollusks, which are not protected by a shell and produce chemicals for various ecological uses, including defense against predators, have attracted great interest for their lipid composition. Lipid analysis of eight nudibranch species revealed dominant phospholipids, sterols and monoalkyldiacylglycerols. Among polar lipids, 1-alkenyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids (plasmalogens) and ceramide-aminoethyl phosphonates were found in the mollusks. The fatty acid compositions of the nudibranchs differed greatly from those of other marine gastropods and exhibited a wide diversity: very long chain fatty acids known as demospongic acids, a series of non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids, including unusual 21:2∆7,13, and an abundance of various odd and branched fatty acids typical of bacteria. Symbiotic bacteria revealed in some species of nudibranchs participate presumably in the production of some compounds serving as a chemical defense for the mollusks. The unique fatty acid composition of the nudibranchs is determined by food supply, inherent biosynthetic activities and intracellular symbiotic microorganisms. The potential of nudibranchs as a source of biologically active lipids and fatty acids is also discussed.     

燕麦粉对强筋面粉品质特性及其面包品质的影响

面包逐渐成为中国人营养早餐的选择,但面包中膳食纤维含量较低。燕麦是一种食疗兼备的特色杂粮作物,富含膳食纤维。为拓宽燕麦的应用范围、提高面包的营养价值,以优质强筋小麦品种藁优2018和燕麦粉为材料,研究了燕麦粉对小麦面粉面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的影响,并进行了燕麦面包实验室制作和质构分析。结果表明,随着燕麦粉添加比例的增加,面团吸水率逐渐增加,面团稳定时间和粉质质量指数先减小后增加;面团拉伸能量、拉伸长度、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力均逐渐减小。说明燕麦粉对面团拉伸特性各参数均有弱化作用。在藁优2018小麦面粉中添加10%的燕麦粉,既能保证面包的感官品质,又能满足面包营养最大化。     

灌水对冬小麦品质和产量的影响

为研究水分对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响,选择鲁麦22和烟农15两个品种,在防雨棚池栽条件下设置了“越冬水＋拔节水＋挑旗水”（处理A）、“越冬水＋拔节水＋挑旗水＋灌浆水”（处理B）和“越冬水＋拔节水＋挑旗水＋麦黄水”（处理C）三种灌水处理,研充不同处理下的冬小麦品质和产量性状的变化.结果表明：（1）不同灌水处理对两个冬小麦品种品质性状的影响趋势一致。浇灌浆水的（处理B）对两品种的籽粒容重、出粉率、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和粉质仪指标均无明显影响,但浇麦黄水（处理C）后两品种籽粒的容重、出粉率、湿面筋含量、沉淀值均显著降低,粉质仪指标也显著变劣;（2）不同灌水处理对两个冬小麦品种产量性状的影响不同：鲁麦22的粒重和籽粒产量均以处理B最高,处理A次之,处理C最低;烟农15粒重和籽粒产量表现为处理A与处理B无显著差异,处理C则显著降低。     

Plastids of Marine Phytoplankton Produce Bioactive Pigments and Lipids

Phytoplankton is acknowledged to be a very diverse source of bioactive molecules. These compounds play physiological roles that allow cells to deal with changes of the environmental constrains. For example, the diversity of light harvesting pigments allows efficient photosynthesis at different depths in the seawater column. Identically, lipid composition of cell membranes can vary according to environmental factors. This, together with the heterogenous evolutionary origin of taxa, makes the chemical diversity of phytoplankton compounds much larger than in terrestrial plants. This contribution is dedicated to pigments and lipids synthesized within or from plastids/photosynthetic membranes. It starts with a short review of cyanobacteria and microalgae phylogeny. Then the bioactivity of pigments and lipids (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-allergic activities, and cardio- neuro-, hepato- and photoprotective effects), alone or in combination, is detailed. To increase the cellular production of bioactive compounds, specific culture conditions may be applied (e.g., high light intensity, nitrogen starvation). Regardless of the progress made in blue biotechnologies, the production of bioactive compounds is still limited. However, some examples of large scale production are given, and perspectives are suggested in the final section.     

Effects of Flour Particle Size on the Textural Properties of Flour Tortillas

Three wheat flours, hard red winter (HRW), hard white winter (HWW) and soft red winter (SRW), were fractionated by sieving into four different particle size fractions, <38, 38–53, 53–75, and >75 μm. The medium fractions, 38–53 and 53–75 μm, of the HRW and HWW wheat had higher protein contents than the finest and coarsest fractions. The finest fractions had the highest levels of damaged starch. Tortillas made from the medium fractions of HRW and HWW, especially the 53–75 μm fraction, had longer rupture distance and better foldability. The finest fraction yielded tortillas with shorter rupture distance and worse foldability. Fractionation by flour particle size slightly affected protein composition of the flour. Size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) analyses showed that the compositions of SRW wheat proteins were significantly different from those of HRW and HWW wheat proteins. SRW had more low molecular weight (LMW) and less high molecular weight (HMW) protein than HRW and HWW had. The <38 μm fractions of HRW and HWW had more LMW proteins than other fractions. The amount of LMW proteins of flours correlated negatively with the rupture distance and foldability of tortillas. Particle size of the flours was the major factor affecting the tortilla texture.