“乌叶”与“兰竹”荔枝果实的耐贮性比较

比较研究福建省主栽荔枝品种"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下的耐贮性差异.结果表明:"乌叶"荔枝果实比"兰竹"耐贮藏,"乌叶"好果率显著高于"兰竹",而果实失重率、果皮褐变指数和果皮褐变度均显著低于"兰竹"果实;"乌叶"荔枝果肉的可溶性固形物(TSS)、维生素C和总糖含量比"兰竹"果实高:贮藏期间,荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量不断下降,但"乌叶"果实的降低速度比"兰竹"果实慢;在同一贮藏时间.荔枝果肉的TSS、维生素C和总糖含量高于"兰竹"果实.     

柚子不同品种及果实不同部位品质差异研究

以瑞丽地区种植的水晶蜜柚、琯溪蜜柚、西柚、红玉香柚 4 个品种的柚子为试材，研究了 4 个品种柚子果实 品质在品种间及果蒂部、赤道部、果脐部、全果的差异。结果表明，各品种间的果实品质差异较大，西柚单果重最小， 为椭圆形，与其他 3 个品种单果重存在显著性差异（p≤0.05），而其他 3 个品种单果重之间差异不显著（p>0.05）， 为长圆形。琯溪蜜柚皮重占单果百分率最低，可食率最高；水晶蜜柚皮重占果重百分率最高；而红玉香柚可食率最低， 且果实的种子数最多，每个果实种子数平均有 108 粒。每一个品种果实不同部位间的皮重占单果百分率均差异显著 （p≤0.05），全果的皮重占果重百分率及可食率均与果脐部接近。琯溪蜜柚果实可溶性固形物（TSS）最高，西柚最 低；水晶蜜柚可滴定酸（TA）最低，西柚最高；水晶蜜柚的固酸比（TSS/TA）最高，西柚最低；水晶蜜柚的维生素 C 含量最低，其他 3 个品种差异不显著（p>0.05）。水晶蜜柚和琯溪蜜柚全果 TSS、TA、TSS/TA 和维生素 C 含量均与果 脐部接近，而西柚和红玉香柚各个部位 TSS、TA、TSS/TA 和维生素 C 含量差异不显著（p>0.05）。感官品质方面，综 合 9 个指标检测结果，水晶蜜柚的风味分数和综合满意度最高。综上所述，水晶蜜柚果实酸甜度适中、果实肉嫩、风 味较好，是瑞丽当地最受欢迎的品种，但单果不同部位间品质差异较大，需要不断改良提高单果品质的均一度；西柚 较酸，但单果间品质差异较小，且汁多、化渣性最好，具有较大的发展潜力。     

柚子不同品种及果实不同部位品质差异研究

以瑞丽地区种植的水晶蜜柚、琯溪蜜柚、西柚、红玉香柚 4 个品种的柚子为试材,研究了 4 个品种柚子果实品质在品种间及果蒂部、赤道部、果脐部、全果的差异。结果表明,各品种间的果实品质差异较大,西柚单果重最小,为椭圆形,与其他 3 个品种单果重存在显著性差异（p≤0.05）,而其他 3 个品种单果重之间差异不显著（p>0.05）,为长圆形。琯溪蜜柚皮重占单果百分率最低,可食率最高;水晶蜜柚皮重占果重百分率最高;而红玉香柚可食率最低,且果实的种子数最多,每个果实种子数平均有 108 粒。每一个品种果实不同部位间的皮重占单果百分率均差异显著（p≤0.05）,全果的皮重占果重百分率及可食率均与果脐部接近。琯溪蜜柚果实可溶性固形物（TSS）最高,西柚最低;水晶蜜柚可滴定酸（TA）最低,西柚最高;水晶蜜柚的固酸比（TSS/TA）最高,西柚最低;水晶蜜柚的维生素 C含量最低,其他 3 个品种差异不显著（p>0.05）。水晶蜜柚和琯溪蜜柚全果 TSS、TA、TSS/TA 和维生素 C 含量均与果脐部接近,而西柚和红玉香柚各个部位 TSS、TA、TSS/TA 和维生素 C 含量差异不显著（p>0.05）。感官品质方面,综合 9 个指标检测结果,水晶蜜柚的风味分数和综合满意度最高。综上所述,水晶蜜柚果实酸甜度适中、果实肉嫩、风味较好,是瑞丽当地最受欢迎的品种,但单果不同部位间品质差异较大,需要不断改良提高单果品质的均一度;西柚较酸,但单果间品质差异较小,且汁多、化渣性最好,具有较大的发展潜力。     

Chemical composition and some plant characteristics in relation to quality of some promising cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Twenty three cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots consisting of fifteen local and eight exotic cultivars were analysed for various chemical constituents including dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), -carotene, total and reducing sugars, phenolics, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper, iron, sodium potassium and ash. In addition other characteristics such as days to maturity, root weight and length, flesh thickness, core diameter, number of forked and cracked roots per plot have been studied. Yellow carrots were found to have maximum root length, water soluble carbohydrates and minimum -carotene content. The exotic cultivars were found to have higher TSS content than the local cultivars, while the latter cultivars had higher mineral contents than the former. However, on the average, dry matter content, total water soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars were found to be greater in exotic cultivars than in local ones, but -carotene, phenols and phosphorus contents were greater in local cultivars. A significant positive correlation between -carotene content, ash percentage and days to maturity was observed. A wide variation in chemical constituents and plant characteristics was observed indicating a high genetic variability in the material under study.     

Nutrient composition and electrophoretic pattern of protein in two distinct types of phalsa (Grewia subinequalis DC)

Two distinct types, i.e. tall and dwarf types of phalsa, were studied for the differences in their physical parameters, chemical compositions and electrophoretic patterns of seed proteins by SDS-PAGE. The two types did not show any remarkable variation in their fruit weight, edible portion, seed weight and juice yield. Tall type had higher content of reducing sugars whereas total and non-reducing sugars were higher in dwarf one. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of sucrose and fructose in both the types whereas glucose was present only in tall one. Observed marked variations in the protein content of the fruit could be due to the differences in protein content of the seed rather than that of the pulp. Electrophoretic pattern of seed proteins revealed the complete absence of two protein bands of molecular weight 37, and 59 kD from the dwarf type.     

壳聚糖处理对采后建阳桔柚果实品质和贮藏特性的影响

探讨不同浓度壳聚糖处理对采后建阳桔柚果实在(10±1)℃下贮藏的生理特性、营养品质和贮藏特性的影响。结果表明：与对照果实相比,壳聚糖处理能降低建阳桔柚果实的呼吸强度,延缓果皮细胞膜透性的升高,抑制果实表面色调角h°值下降,果肉能保持较高的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度、总糖、维生素C和类胡萝卜素含量,减少建阳桔柚果实失重和腐烂,保持较高商品率。其中以稀释500倍壳聚糖处理的保鲜效果最佳,果实商品率一直保持在95%以上,感病指数控制在0.1以下,而且果肉基本无汁胞枯水现象,贮藏后期果实的失重率可控制在5%以内。因此认为,稀释500倍壳聚糖处理是保持采后建阳桔柚品质、延长其保鲜期的有效方式。     

套袋时期对‘立冬本’龙眼果实生长发育和品质的影响

以福建省晚熟龙眼品种'立冬本'果实为材料,研究果实采前套袋时期(盛花后80、95、110d)对龙眼果实生长发育、外观品质及果肉内在品质的影响.结果表明:果实采前套袋时期越早,则落果率越高;果实采前3个不同套袋时期都可以增加果实纵径、横径和单果重,提高果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷和类黄酮含量,以及果肉的可溶性固形物、总糖、维生素C和可溶性蛋白质等营养物质含量,降低可滴定酸含量.综合研究结果认为.'立冬本'龙眼果实的最佳套袋时期为盛花后110d.即果实采收前1个月左右.     

不同龙眼品种果实成熟时糖含量及其特征研究

通过测定37个龙眼品种果实成熟时假种皮中可溶性糖含量,比较不同龙眼品种的糖组分特点与差异。使用高效液相色谱法对糖组分含量进行测定,采用相关性分析和聚类分析法对数据进行分析,将37个龙眼品种进行分类。结果显示,37个龙眼品种果实假种皮在成熟时期TSS含量在16.84%~27.34%之间,假种皮中可溶性糖主要为蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖,其中蔗糖含量明显高于含量相当的葡萄糖和果糖。相关性分析表明,龙眼果实可溶性固形物(TSS)含量与甜度和总糖含量呈极显著正相关,甜度和总糖含量亦呈极显著正相关。根据不同品种龙眼果实假种皮中蔗糖/己糖的比例可将37个龙眼品种分为蔗糖积累型、中间类型和己糖积累型。     

树盘处理对‘南丰蜜橘’完熟栽培果实浮皮的影响

本研究以大棚延后栽培的‘南丰蜜橘’作为研究材料,结合覆盖材料与保水剂做树盘试验处理,分析不同树盘处理对浮皮程度、果实品质和树盘土壤温湿度的影响。结果表明:在果实成熟的11月,树盘覆盖处理可提升果实可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸（TA）和维生素C含量,反光膜+保水剂处理提升果实TSS和TA效果显著,分别较对照（CK）高2.30%、0.27%。果实浮皮程度与TSS、TA和维生素C含量负相关;在12月,CK和稻草处理果实TSS、TA含量低,浮皮趋于严重,浮皮程度分别高达1.67级、1.07级,而其他处理果实出现轻度浮皮,均为0.73级。浮皮程度与单果重、果实TA和维生素C含量有很大关联性;在翌年1月,浮皮程度与土壤湿度呈极显著正相关（相关系数为0.879）,而TA与土壤湿度呈极显著负相关（相关系数为-0.911）。反光膜+保水剂处理土壤湿度一直处于最高,此时期TA迅速降低,浮皮程度呈加速趋势。因此,土壤湿度越高,浮皮程度越严重,果实的TSS、TA和维生素C含量越低。通过覆盖处理能降低土壤湿度,提升果实TSS、TA和维生素C含量等品质,推迟‘南丰蜜橘’果实浮皮的发生,减轻果实浮皮程度。其中,地布覆盖处理防治果实浮皮效果最佳,反光膜、地毯、地布+保水剂处理的效果次之。     

多肽对荔枝成花、果实发育、产量和果实品质的影响

以海南主栽品种妃子笑和白糖罂为试材,探讨了多肽对荔枝成花、果实发育、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:多肽能显著提高荔枝的单株花穗数、单穗雌花数量、单果鲜重和单株产量;能通过提高优质果率、降低裂果率,提高了荔枝的商品果率;可使荔枝盛花期提前2～4d,采收期提前2～3d,能显著提高荔枝果肉的可溶性总糖含量、降低可滴定酸含量、增加了糖酸比;能提高荔枝果肉可溶性固形物、水解氨基酸和维生素C的含量,改善果实的营养品质;能提高果皮花色素苷含量,降低果皮叶绿素含量,果皮更加红艳,改善了外观品质;喷施多肽的800倍和1000倍水稀释液的总体效果好于500倍液。     

不同保鲜薄膜袋包装对‘松风本’龙眼果实低温贮藏效果的影响

以福建省晚熟龙眼品种‘松风本’龙眼果实为材料,研究微孔复合保鲜薄膜袋、高密度聚乙烯薄膜袋、普通聚乙烯薄膜袋等3种保鲜薄膜袋包装对龙眼果实在（5±1）℃下低温贮藏效果的影响。结果表明：微孔复合保鲜薄膜袋内较高的O2含量可明显改善龙眼果实外观品质,保持较高的龙眼果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等营养物质含量;高密度聚乙烯薄膜袋内较高的CO2含量能延缓龙眼果肉自溶和果实病害发生,但果肉乙醇含量积累会影响龙眼果实品质,加速龙眼果实果皮褐变;普通聚乙烯薄膜袋内的O2含量最低而CO2含量最高,会导致果肉乙醇含量积累过多、果实发病率最高和好果率最低。综合结果可知,3种保鲜薄膜袋包装对‘松风本’龙眼果实在（5±1）℃低温下贮藏保鲜效果为微孔复合保鲜薄膜袋＞高密度聚乙烯薄膜袋＞普通聚乙烯薄膜袋。     

Phenolics,Sugars, Antimicrobial and Free-Radical-Scavenging Activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melicoccus bijugatus</Emphasis> Jacq. Fruits from the Dominican Republic and Florida

Edible fruits of the native South American tree Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. are consumed fresh or in traditional food, drink and medicinal preparations. Some therapeutic effects of these fruits may be due to phenolics and sugars. Aqueous acetone, methanol or ethanol tissue extracts of different cultivars or collections of M. bijugatus fruits from the Dominican Republic and Florida were analyzed for total phenolics and free radical scavenging activity by UV-vis spectroscopy, sugars by gas chromatography, and antimicrobial activity by the disc diffusion assay. Total phenolics and free radical scavenging activities ranked: seed coat > embryo > pulp extracts. Montgomery cultivar fruits had the highest total phenolics. For sugars: pulp > embryo and highest in Punta Cana fruit pulp. In all extracts: sucrose > glucose and fructose. Glucose:fructose ratios were 1:1 (pulp) and 0.2:1 (embryo). Pulp extracts had dose-response antibacterial activity and pulp and embryo extracts had antifungal activity against one yeast species. Phenolics and sugars were confirmed with thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Sugar-free pulp fractions containing phenolics had slightly more antimicrobial activity than H₂O-soluble pulp fractions with sugars. Results indicate M. bijugatus fruits contain phenolics, sugars and other H₂O-soluble compounds consistent with therapeutic uses. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

套袋对Irwin芒果实的影响

研究了不同果袋对Irwin芒果实外观、自然常温贮藏性能、果皮色素及果实品质的影响。结果表明,采用盛大果袋套果后,果实外观品质最佳,在自然常温贮藏后,果实的转黄指数较高,烂果率最低,失重率也较低,提高了果实的耐贮性。盛大果袋果的叶绿素a和b含量均最低,花青苷和类黄酮含量较高,使果皮在青熟时呈现暗红色,完熟时呈现鲜红色。当果实达到完熟时品质最佳,盛大果袋果的维生素C和可滴定酸含量显著低于对照,可溶性总糖和可溶性固形物与其它处理差异不显著,可食率显著高于不套袋果。     

Influence of Source and Time of Potassium Application on Potato Growth,Yield, Economics and Crisp Quality

Field studies were conducted at the Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram (India), during two seasons (2003–2004 and 2004–2005), with two processing cultivars (cvs Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2) and nine combinations of potassium source (K-chloride, K-sulphate and K-nitrate) and time of K application (basal dressing, split application and split application + foliar spray) to investigate their effect on tuber yield and processing attributes for crisp production under subtropical conditions. Yearly variations were observed for most of the variables studied. Between cultivars, the tuber and biomass yield was higher in cv. Kufri Chipsona-1, whereas specific gravity, tuber dry-matter percentage and crisp recovery were higher in cv. Kufri Chipsona-2. Stem number, plant height and compound leaf number were not influenced by sources of K fertilizer or application time. Processing-grade tuber yield, total tuber yield and biomass yield were statistically similar for K-chloride and K-sulphate and lower for K-nitrate. K sources affected both specific gravity and tuber dry-matter percentage significantly; K-sulphate and K-nitrate gave significantly higher values than K-chloride. The application time had no significant effect on processing grade and total tuber yield or on tuber specific gravity and dry-matter percentage. Values for crisp colour and reducing sugars were within the acceptable range for all treatments. Crisp yields were calculated to be highest and oil percentage of the crisps to be lowest when K-sulphate was applied as K fertilizer. Net income and benefit:cost ratio were highest for K-chloride followed by K-sulphate and lowest for K-nitrate. The study suggests that for crisping potatoes, K-sulphate is more suited than K-chloride, as it not only increased tuber dry-matter percentage and crisp yield, but also decreased crisp oil percentage.     

不同浓度壳聚糖处理对采后西番莲果实耐贮性和贮藏品质的影响

为研究不同浓度壳聚糖处理对采后西番莲果实耐贮性和贮藏品质的影响,选取采后‘福建百香果1号’西番莲果实,用稀释50倍、100倍、150倍、200倍、250倍的卡多赞（壳聚糖）溶液浸泡5 min,以用蒸馏水浸泡5 min为对照,果实浸泡后取出晾干,之后用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装（每袋装果10个）,置于28℃和相对湿度80%条件下贮藏,贮藏期间每隔3 d取样,用于测定西番莲果实的耐贮性和贮藏品质指标。结果表明：与对照西番莲果实相比,壳聚糖处理能有效降低采后西番莲果实的呼吸强度,延缓果皮细胞膜透性的上升,降低果实失重率,保持较高的果实商品率;此外,壳聚糖处理能保持较高的外果皮L ^*、a ^*、b ^*值及果皮花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚含量,维持较高的果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、维生素C和类胡萝卜素含量。因此,壳聚糖处理能增强采后西番莲果实的耐贮性和维持较高的贮藏品质;其中,以稀释200倍的卡多赞溶液处理的保鲜效果最佳,可作为提高西番莲果实采后耐贮性、延长其保鲜期的适宜处理条件。     

Effects of cultivar and cutting frequency on dynamics of stolon growth and leaf appearance in white clover grown in mixed swards

The hypothesis that dynamics of growth, branching of stolons and appearance of leaves are important for the persistence of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) in mixed swards was tested. The effect of cutting frequency and white clover cultivar on stolon and leaf dynamics was studied throughout the growing season in a field experiment. Mixtures of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) and white clover cultivars with different leaf sizes, cvs. Alice, Gwenda and Retor, were evaluated for white clover persistence at two cutting frequencies. Stolon dynamics, stolon survival, leaf and node appearance rate, branching, flowering and stolon elongation rate were analysed and related to white clover content and yield.
There were clear seasonal fluctuations in stolon and leaf characteristics. Stolon elongation rate and appearance rates of nodes, leaves and branches declined in autumn. Temperature and irradiation explained a major part of the variation of stolon elongation rate and leaf appearance rate and 25% of the variation in stolon branching rate.
Significant and consistent differences in yield and botanical composition were found between mixtures. Mixtures with cv. Alice had the highest total and white clover yield and the highest white clover content, whereas mixtures with cv. Retor had the lowest yield and the lowest white clover content. Stolon elongation rate and stolon internode length were significantly higher in cv. Alice than in the other white clover cultivars, whereas cv. Retor had a significantly higher percentage of leaves with damage caused by insects and slugs than the other cultivars. Little support was found for the hypothesis that branching characteristics are a key component of competitive success in mixed pasture, as most measured branching characteristics were not associated with differences in white clover yield between cultivars and cutting regimes.     

Physicochemical characteristics of five date fruit cultivars grown in the United Arab Emirates

The physical measurements and chemical analyses of date fruits of five cultivars grown in the United Arab Emirates were measured in this study. Due to differences in seed weight, the flesh accounted for 83–92% of the total fruit. At the tamr stage, the absence of sucrose and the presence of higher concentrations of reducing sugars, especially fructose and glucose, characterized these cultivars as the soft type. On maturation from the kimri to the tamr stage, the sugar content had increased, but other constituents like moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, crude fiber, tannins, and pectin had decreased.     

基于PCA分析‘南丰’和‘新余’蜜橘的耐贮性差异

品种的差异是影响采后柑橘果实耐贮性的重要因素之一。采用主成分分析法对江西省2个主栽宽皮柑橘品种‘南丰’和‘新余’蜜橘果实在低温(5 ± 0.5) ℃下贮藏过程中,果实腐烂率、失重率、果皮色差指数、褐变指数、可滴定酸、维生素C、可溶性固形物、总糖、呼吸强度、相对电导率、抗氧化酶活性等14个生理指标的变化进行统计分析,筛选出代表果实耐贮性能指标88.781%信息量的3个主成分,第1主成分反映失重率、果皮色差指数、褐变指数、可滴定酸、呼吸强度、相对电导率、过氧化氢酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性8个生理指标的信息;第2主成分反映腐烂率、可溶性固形物、总糖、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的信息;第3主成分反映维生素C的信息。主成分分析法能科学评价‘南丰’和‘新余’蜜橘果实的耐贮性差异,综合单一指标和主成分分析结果表明,‘南丰’蜜橘果实的耐贮性优于‘新余’蜜橘。     

低温贮藏对‘松风本’龙眼果实品质和耐贮性的影响

本文以‘松风本’龙眼果实为试验材料,研究贮藏温度对龙眼果实贮藏品质和耐贮性的影响。采后龙眼果实经过挑选、清洗等预处理后晾干,用聚乙烯保鲜袋（0.015 mm厚）包装,分别置于室温(25±0.5)℃和低温(3±0.5)℃下贮藏。贮藏期间定期取样测定龙眼果实的营养品质和耐贮性指标。结果表明：与(25±0.5)℃室温贮藏相比,(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏可以有效延缓龙眼果实采后呼吸强度,保持较高的果皮色素（叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷、类黄酮）含量和果肉营养物质（可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖、维生素C）含量。此外,(3±0.5)℃低温贮藏还能延缓采后龙眼果肉自溶和果皮褐变,以及抑制龙眼果实失重率的升高,维持较高的龙眼果实商品率。据此认为,(3±0.5)℃可以作为‘松风本’龙眼果实低温贮运的推荐温度条件,以保持‘松风本’龙眼果实的贮藏品质和延长其保鲜期。     

基于牛粪垫料的有机无机复混肥对橘柚产量和品质的影响

为验证橘柚生长期追肥配施有机肥的可行性,根据橘柚膨果期需肥特性调配2种有机无机复混肥,采用大田实验,并设置多个施肥量,探讨有机无机复混肥用作追肥时不同施肥量对橘柚产量和品质的影响。结果表明,配方1和配方2均对橘柚产量无显著影响,显著降低了单果重、果皮重和果皮厚度,但增加了果肉比例,其中配方1施肥量为6.0 kg/株时果肉比例最高,达68.18%。配方1的5个施肥量均显著降低了橘柚果实总可溶性酸含量,显著增加了总可溶性糖、还原糖及抗坏血酸含量,提高糖酸比。而配方2的5个施肥量显著提高了橘柚的糖酸比,部分施肥量增加了总糖和还原糖含量。其中配方1施肥量与总糖和还原糖含量的关系可用三次回归方程和幂函数方程拟合。综上所述,橘柚生长期施用有机无机复混肥是可行的,其中配方1的肥效优于配方2,配方1推荐施肥量为4.8~6.0 kg/株为佳,而配方2推荐施肥量为3.6~4.5 kg/株为佳。