氮磷钾镁硫混合施用对油菜产量的影响

采用混合均匀设计方法,以中油杂11号为试验材料,研究了氮、磷、钾、镁、硫5种肥料对油菜产量的影响。结果表明,5种肥料对产量影响显著,其影响顺序为：S(χ5) > N(χ1) > K2O(χ3) > P2O5(χ2) > MgO(χ4)。交互项χ2×χ5对产量的影响显著,低磷、高硫,或高磷、低硫时,产量较高;而它们都处于中间水平时产量反而较低。目标产量为3000kg/hm2时,各种肥料的适宜施用量分别为N255.78-259.01kg/hm2,P2O5129.87-131.50 kg/hm2,K2O127.51-130.08 kg/hm2,MgO7.40-7.74 kg/hm2,S 1.96-2.06 kg/hm2。通径分析结果表明,产量构成因素对产量的影响顺序：单位面积角果数（0.811）>角果粒数（0.422）>千粒重（0.311）。 ：     

High Yielding Performance of Soybean in Northern Xinjiang,China

Abstract

The experimental site (Shihezi, Xinjiang, China) is located in an arid area of central Asia with abundant solar radiation of almost 10 daily sunshine hours from April to September. The yield potential in this area appears to be high if sufficient water is supplied. The yields of five soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars including three semi-indeterminate Chinese cultivars (Shidadou 1, Xindadou 1 and Suinong 11) and two determinate Japanese cultivars (Toyomusume and Toyokomachi) were evaluated over three years. These cultivars were grown under drip irrigation, a high planting density (22.2 plants m^-2) and heavy applications of farmyard manure (15 t ha^-1). Each cultivar showed a high leaf area index (LAI). In particular, the maximum LAI was greater than 7 over the three years in Shidadou 1 and Toyokomachi. The three Chinese cultivars with a high plant height had a low LAI in the upper layers of the canopy, but the two Japanese cultivars with a short plant height had a higher LAI in the middle or upper layers. Toyokomachi and Shidadou 1 had the highest seed yield, followed by Toyomusume. In particular, the seed yield of Toyokomachi was as high as 8.67 t ha^-1 on the average of the three years. These high-yielding cultivars had more than 60 pods per plant (1350 m^-2). The high yields in this experiment could be due to the large amount of intercepted radiation owing to the high LAI and abundant solar radiation, frequent and sufficient irrigation by the drip irrigation, and large number of pods as a sink.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

Growth of High-Yielding Soybeans and its Relation to Air Temperature in Xinjiang,China

Abstract

The growth and seed yields of 2 Japanese and 3 Chinese cultivars of soybeans cultivated in 2002-2005 using a drip irrigation system in the arid area of Xinjiang, China, were analyzed with respect to growth parameters and air temperature. Seed yield was very high in 2002, 2003 and 2004, but relatively low in 2005. The variation among years in seed yield clearly depended on pod number. The mean leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) in 2005 was lower than those in the other 3 years. CGR showed significant positive correlations with mean LAI at the early growing stages, and with net assimilation rate (NAR) at the later growing stages. The increasing rate of pod number (IRP) was positively correlated with the mean LAI and CGR at the pod setting period, suggesting that an adequate supply of photosynthates would be required for pod setting. It was concluded that excellent growth in the years with high yields was supported by the large LAI before the pod setting periods and by high NAR and vigorous pod growth at the latter half of the growing season.     

种植密度和施氮量耦合对夏玉米干物质积累及氮肥利用率的影响

以郑单958和中单909为试验材料,设4.5万、6.75万、9.0万株/km~2 3个种植密度和0、100、300、500 kg/km~2 4种施氮水平,分析种植密度与施氮量对夏玉米干物质积累量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,玉米在种植密度9.0万株/hm~2,其叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量、总氮素积累量以及产量均显著高于4.5万株/hm~2密度处理。增施氮肥可显著增加玉米叶面积指数、单株干物质积累量、群体干物质积累量、总氮积累量和子粒产量。当施氮量为300~500 kg/hm~2时,叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量及产量不再提加,氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力大幅降低。结果表明,郑单958和中单909种植适宜模式为施氮量300~500 kg/hm~2、种植密度9.0万株/hm~2。     

Effect of sowing dates on yield and yield components of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Isfahan region

In order to study the effect of sowing dates on the yield and yield components of two safflower varieties, an experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station of Isfahan Kabotar Abad in 2004. A split plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications was used in the experimentation. Eight sowing dates were in the main plots, consist March 6, March 21, April 6, April 21, May 6, May 21, June 6 and June 21 and two varieties (Isfahan 14 and I.L111) were in the sub plots. The results showed that the number of seed per capitulum and seed yield were decreased significantly as the sowings dates were delayed. The Isfahan 14 variety in comparison with I.L111 produced more fertile capitulum in square meter and also, respectively seed per capitulum. The second sowing date (March 21) produced the highest seed yield (2306.2 kg ha(-1)), whereas the 7th sowing date (June 6) produced the lowest seed yield (622 kg ha(-1)). The effect of variety for seed yield was not significant. Farmers in the Kabotar Abad of Isfahan and in other areas with similar conditions are recommended to plant the Isfahan 14 variety on March 21.     

Genotype by environment interaction of seed and oil yield in vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica)

Vernonia (Vernonia galamensis variety ethiopica) is a potentially novel renewable source of natural epoxy oil. The objective of this study was to determine the genotype by environment interaction and to identify superior and stable genotypes of vernonia with high seed and oil yield. Field experiments were conducted during 2006, 2007 and 2008 at two localities namely, Gabaza and Syferkuil. Ten selected genotypes of vernonia were evaluated for seed yield, oil content and oil yield using the randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant interactions (P ≤ 0.05) were detected among genotype by location for seed yield, oil content, oil yield and genotype by year for seed and oil yield. Genotype Vge-18 had the highest seed yield ranging between 3095 and 3337 kg/ha followed by Vge-17 yielding 3006-3137 kg/ha at Gabaza. These genotypes were also the best performers at Syferkuil where Vge-17 yielded 2915-3217 kg/ha followed by Vge-18 with 2819-3152 kg/ha. The superiority statistics allocated Vge-17 and Vge-18 as best yielding and stable genotypes. In both locations Vge-4 had increased seed oil contents at 43% (Gabaza) and 35% (Syferkuil). Other promising genotypes with high seed oil content were Vge-33 at Gabaza (40-43%) and Vge-3 at Syferkuil (34-35%). Genotypes with the highest oil yields were found to be Vge-18 (1117-1370 kg/ha) at Gabaza and Vge-4 with yields of 885-922 kg/ha at Syferkuil. Overall, Vge-17 and Vge-18 were identified as having the highest seed yield, while Vge-4 and Vge-3 yielded the highest seed oil content with average stability. These genotypes could be used for direct large scale production or strategic breeding of vernonia in these or similar environments.     

Soil water stress and the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Tuber yields of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields are more variable than yields from conventional seed tubers (CT). One reason could be their higher susceptibility to water stress. This study clarified the effect of soil water stress from 1 month after emergence on the growth and yield of plants grown from conventional seed tubers and microtubers in fields. Microtubers (0.5–3 g) and conventional seed tubers (50 g) were grown in Hokkaido, Japan, over three field seasons. One month after emergence, poly-shelters were placed over the plots to prevent rainfall, and either irrigated (wet plot) or non-irrigated (dry plot) treatments were formed. At mid-flowering (about 50 days after emergence) leaf area index (LAI) in microtuber plants was decreased relatively more due to soil water stress than LAI in conventional seed tuber plants. However, at maximum shoot growth (about 80 days after emergence) both microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had a similar relative decrease in LAI due to soil water stress. At mid-flowering and maximum shoot growth microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had reduced stomatal conductance due to soil water stress, but the reduction in stomatal conductance was greater in conventional seed tuber plants than in microtuber plants. Microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had similar root development at maximum shoot growth. Tuber production from mid-flowering until plant maturity was similarly affected by soil water stress in microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants. At harvest, plants affected by soil water stress had about 87% of the tuber dry weight of irrigated plants. We conclude, that the greater variation on tuber yield of microtuber plants cannot be attributed to soil water stress from 1 month after emergence.     

The study of seed yield and seed yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) under normal and drought stress conditions

In this study yield and seed yield components of twenty lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) genotypes were compared in a split plot RCBD based design with 3 replications at the Zanjan University Research Farmland in 2004. The main plots were lentil planted under drought stress and non stress (irrigation) condition and subplots were twenty of genotype lentil. There were significant differences between traits in lentil genotypes. The seed yield per plant was sensitive to drought stress but 100 seed weight was more tolerance and stable trait in drought condition. As correlation analysis of traits in various stress condition, the harvest index, seed yield per plant, pods per plant and biological yield were correlated with grain yield. In addition harvest index, seed yield per plant, pods/plant and biological yield were the most important traits that have a relationship with grain yield.     

Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility

As the most important cultural practices for cotton production, the single effects of plant density and [nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)] fertilization on yield and yield components are well documented but their combined effects on Bt cotton are poorly understood. Using a split–split plot design with four replications, we conducted a two-year field experiment in two fields, one with lower fertility and the other with higher fertility, in the Yellow River Valley of China. The aim was to evaluate both the individual and combined effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield, yield components and uptake of major nutrients. The main plots were assigned to plant density (4.5 and 7.5 plants/m²), while nitrogen (0 and 240 kg N/ha) and potassium fertilization (0 and 150 kg K/ha) were assigned to the sub- and sub–subplots. Lint yield was improved with high plant density (7.5 plants/m²) in the lower fertility field, particularly without N and K application, but not in the higher fertility field. Nitrogen or K application also increased lint yield, and a combination of high plant density, N and K application further improved lint yield in the lower fertility field, while only K application increased lint yield in the higher fertility field. Lint percentage was not affected by any of the variables studied. Thus, the yield increase due to plant density, fertilization or their combinations was attributed to increases in boll number or boll weight. The ratio of seed cotton to stalk (RSS) was linearly correlated with harvest index, and thus can be a simple indicator of dry matter allocation to reproductive structures. Increased yield due to plant density and fertilization was mainly attributed to the enhanced biological yield in the lower fertility field, while the yield increase due to K fertilization was mainly due to increased RSS in the higher fertility field. The plants used approximately equal N and P to produce 100 kg lint in both fields, but the uptake of K to produce 100 kg lint in the higher fertility field was about 21% more than that in the lower fertility field. Ratios of N:P:K were 1:0.159:0.604 in the lower fertility field and 1:0.159:0.734 in higher fertility field. This study suggests that K fertilization was extremely important for maintaining high yield, although luxury consumption occurred in the higher fertility field; N was applied more than required in the highly fertile field, and increased plant density would be beneficial to cotton yield in the lower fertility field.     

Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components

To study the effect of co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Rhizobium, on yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was investigated in 2 consecutive years under field condition of plant growing evidence indicates that soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of rhizobia. PGPR strains Pseudomonas fluorescens P-93 and Azospirillum lipoferum S-21 as well as two highly effective Rhizobium strains were used in this study. Common bean seeds of three cultivars were inoculated with Rhizobium singly or in a combination with PGPR to evaluate their effect on growth characters. A significant variation of plant growth in response to inoculation with Rhizobium strains was observed. Treatment with PGPR significantly increased pod per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seed, weight of seeds per plant, weight of pods per plant, total dry matter in R6 as well as seed yield and protein content. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium and PGPR demonstrated a significant increase in the yield and yield components. The results showed that all treatments of bacteria increased yield; however, strains Rb-133 with Pseudomonas fluorescens P-93 gave the highest seed yield, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seed, seed protein yield, number seed per pod, seed protein yield.     

Effect of applied fertilizer on Kennebec potato top desiccation and yield with diquat

Experiments conducted at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) during 1979–1982 on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. ‘Kennebec’) demonstrated that excessive levels of applied nitrogen made leaf and stem desiccation with diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido [1,2- :2′ ,1′-C] pyrazinediium ion) more difficult. A split application of diquat (0.42 kg ai/ha 5 days apart) improved leaf and stem desiccation by as much as 21 and 27% respectively compared to a single application at 0.84 kg ai/ha. Diquat treatments had no effect on vascular discoloration. The high levels of applied nitrogen increased the yield of tubers greater than 60 mm in diameter but reduced the yield of seed size tubers in the 40 to 60 mm size range.     

盐粳228群体特征及对氮的响应

2010年对盐粳228进行氮肥试验,研究该品种高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明:该品种抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的71%~81%,茎叶的表观转运率少,容易获得高产。该品种抽穗期适宜的叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈"三黑三黄"节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)介于0.8~1.1之间。氮肥的适量施用(330kgN.hm-2)不仅可以保证叶色"三黑三黄"节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持高产株型特征,提高抽穗后期的LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现高产。     

阴雨寡照条件下密度对夏玉米叶面积和产量的影响

选用玉米品种郑单958和金海5号,设不同种植密度,研究阴雨寡照条件下种植密度对夏玉米叶面积、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,在整个生育期,郑单958和金海5号群体叶面积指数(LAI)均随密度的增加而增大,但LAI增长率和单株叶面积逐渐减小,表明随着密度提高,LAI增加是单株叶面积减少和群体数量增加共同作用的结果。随着密度增加,两个品种单株干物质积累量均呈下降趋势。郑单958和金海5号在52 500株/hm2的密度下产量最高,分别为7 358.3 kg/hm2和7 016.7 kg/hm2。     

耐密性玉米冠层结构对密度的响应

以华美1号和郑单958为材料,以1.5万株为梯度,共设置12个密度处理,种植密度自1.5万株/hm~2增至18万株/hm~2,研究探讨高产高效春玉米的冠层结构特征和光合特性。结果表明,华美1号在12.0万株/hm~2时产量达到最高,为15 912.8 kg/hm~2;郑单958在6.0万株/hm~2时产量最高,为13 685.9 kg/hm~2。在适当高的种植密度内(华美1号为9.0万~13.5万株/hm~2,郑单958为6.0万~9.0万株/hm~2),华美1号吐丝期最大LAI达4.19~5.30,群体穗位层透光率达17.57%~23.79%;郑单958吐丝期最大LAI达4.71~6.54,群体穗位层透光率达17.77%~23.66%。冠层内透光率、叶夹角、茎粗、叶片厚度、净光合速率和叶绿素相对含量均随密度增加而不同程度下降。华美1号穗位层及穗位层以上LAI占全株叶面积比例高,叶片小而厚,穗位层透光率好,各项冠层指标不同程度优于郑单958。     

The influence of physiological age,stem numbers and fertility on yield and grade of Russet Burbank potatoes

The present study was initiated to determine if increased stem numbers produced by physiologically older seed can be compensated for by increased fertilizer rate. Seed tubers held for 2 months at 16 C (physiological older seed) which averaged 3.7 main stems were compared in yield parameters to physiologically younger seed kept at 4 C (average 2.4 stems). The comparison was made at three levels of fertilizer 0, 140, and 280 kg/ha of nitrogen applied in a 16:16:16 (N-P²O⁵-K²O) formulation. Seed size and spacing were equal. Total and U.S. No. 1 yield were significantly higher for the younger seed. The greatest difference was that the younger seed at 140 kg/ha fertilizer yielded significantly more large size (over 280 g size) tubers than the older seed at equal to or double (280 kg/ha) the fertilizer rate indicating that additional fertilizer was not sufficient to overcome the effects of higher stem numbers from older seed. On the other hand, the older seed produced significantly higher yield of the undesirable small sizes.     

Intensifying groundnut production in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria: including groundnut in the irrigated cropping systems

Inadequate and erratic rainfall pattern and extreme temperature variations induced by climate change being experienced in Sudan savanna areas have compromised the cropping systems of these areas. A change in the cropping patterns is required to maintain and improve upon crop output levels. The pod yield ha(-1) and other growth and yield components of three varieties of groundnut grown under irrigated conditions were measured in a field experiment conducted at the Irrigation Research Station of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Zaria, from 2003 to 2006 dry seasons. Treatments consisted of three plant populations (50,000, 100,000 and 200,000 plants ha(-1)), three varieties (Samnut 23, Samnut 21 and Samnut 11) and three basin sizes (3 x 3, 3 x 4 and 3 x 5 m) arranged in a split plot design with population and variety as main plot and basin size as sub plot. Treatments were randomly assigned and replicated three times. Plant populations significantly affected plant height and canopy spread but had no effect on number of branches plant. Plants grew significantly taller at 200,000 plants ha(-1) while plant canopy spread was significantly widest at 50,000 plants ha(-1). Samnut 23 grew significantly taller than Samnut 21 and 11 although they exhibited wider canopies. Pod yield ha(-1) and 100 seed weight were significantly highest at 200,000 plants ha(-1). Samnut 23 produced the significantly highest pod yield ha(-1) and number of pods plant(-1). Samnut 11 produced significantly highest 100 seed weight. Samnut 23 planted at 200,000 plants ha(-1) in 3 x 4 m basins is most promising for irrigated groundnut cultivation in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria.     

Effect of plant population on seed yield,mass and size of guayule

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a source of high quality low-allergenic natural rubber. It is a relatively new crop in Australia and optimum plant density for seed production has not been established. The objective of the current experiment was to examine whether seed yield, mass and size are affected by plant population. The effect of plant population on seed yield, mass and size was investigated by planting guayule (AZ-2) at 4444, 8300, 12,500 and 25,000 plants/ha. Data were collected at 16 and 28 months after planting. Seed was harvested manually multiple times over 4 weeks each year following the main flowering period in spring. Harvested seed was threshed and clean seed yield was compared among different plant populations. Seed quality attributes were also compared in terms of 1000-seed mass and seed size. Lowest plant population of 4444 plants/ha provided the highest yield at 28 months but was the lowest yielding at 16 months because the plants had not yet reached full size to compensate for the wider spacing. However, at both ages this treatment produced heavier and larger seeds. The difference in yield or seed mass and size between plant populations ranging from 8300 to 25,000 plants/ha was not significant. Overall results of the study demonstrated that seed yield and seed size, which is important in direct seeding could be affected by plant population.     

播期对花生农艺性状、产量和品质的影响

以普通花生品种（冀花9号、冀花10号、冀花12号）、高油酸花生品种（冀花11号、冀花13号、冀花16号）为材料,通过田间小区试验,设置7个播种时期（4/25、5/6、5/16、5/26、6/6、6/15、6/26）,研究不同播期对花生生长发育、产量指标和品质的影响,以期确定花生最佳播种时期,为集成优质高效栽培技术奠定基础。结果表明,冀花10号、冀花12号、冀花13号、冀花16号的农艺性状表现为主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数多;而冀花9号和冀花11号则表现为主茎矮、侧枝短、分枝少。6个花生品种荚果平均产量为4716.22 kg/hm2,籽仁平均产量为3469.52 kg/hm2。以籽仁产量最高的冀花12号（3541.99 kg/hm2）为对照,普通花生品种冀花9号、冀花10号减产0.35%~1.91%;高油酸花生品种冀花11号、冀花13号、冀花16号减产2.11%~5.54%。随播期的延后,各个播期的花生农艺性状及产量指标基本遵循5/6-5/16 > 4/25 > 5/26-6/26的变化趋势。5/6-5/16播期的平均荚果产量和籽仁产量分别5547.16 kg/hm2、4204.24 kg/hm2,油酸/亚油酸比值平均12.90。4/25播种,荚果和籽仁减产约5.16%,油亚比为14.61;5/26日播种,荚果和籽仁减产约9.05%,油亚比降低35.56%。晚于5/26播种,主茎高变矮7.40%～22.89%、侧枝长变短7.07%～24.89%、单株分枝数减少3.74%～9.70%、单株结果数降低4.59%～21.78%、百果重减少6.59%～27.94%、百仁重减少10.35%～32.33%、荚果减产17.97%～45.78%、籽仁减产21.80%～52.50%、油亚比降低50.57%～73.30%。综合考虑农艺性状、产量指标及品质优劣,河北省中南部地区露地平播花生的最适播期为5/6至5/16之间,最晚不应晚于5/26。     

灌水与施氮对夏玉米冠层结构及产量的影响

以郑单958为材料,在大田条件下研究不同水、氮处理对夏玉米冠层结构及产量的影响。结果表明,试验条件下,灌水使植株叶绿素含量（SPAD）增加、透光率减小,对产量无显著影响。施氮对冠层结构和产量的影响因灌水处理而不同,在不灌水条件下,增施氮肥增加叶片SPAD,提高穗位层叶面积指数（LAI）和产量,以施氮量375 kg/hm²时产量最高,较不施氮处理提高39.5%;在灌水条件下,增施氮肥增加各层LAI和SPAD,而使透光率减小,产量以施氮量225 kg/hm²时最高。氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加呈明显下降趋势。从产量及氮肥高效利用看,高产玉米适宜的施氮量在225～300 kg/hm²之间,灌水与否取决于不同降水年型。