魔芋茎尖组织培养及快速繁殖技术研究

以魔芋茎尖为外植体,进行愈伤组织诱导、芽分化及植株再生的研究。研究结果表明,最佳茎尖剥取材料是无菌试管苗。刚剥离的茎尖需要预培养30d,然后将膨大的茎尖四周给予伤口后再转接到MS 6-BA 0.6 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L上进行愈伤组织诱导;芽分化最适培养基是MS 6-BA 2.0 mg/L NAA 0.5 mg/L;切割后的芽在生根培养基1/2 MS NAA 0.1 mg/L上能100%形成完整植株。     

精胺对梨花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长的影响

为进一步研究活体条件下精胺对梨花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响,以幸水、新雪、长-二十世纪为材料,采用荧光显微镜观测了不同浓度精胺处理的花粉萌发及花粉管生长情况。试验结果表明:较低浓度的精胺能促进花粉萌发,而超过一定浓度时则表现抑制作用,适宜于花粉萌发的精胺浓度是0-0.025mmol/L。精胺对花粉管生长的促进作用因品种而异,0-0.05mmol/L,精胺促进幸水、新雪花粉管生长的作用主要表现在花柱中上部;而到达基部的花粉管仍较少,与对照间差异不显著。在0-0.025mmol/L的适宜浓度下,精胺可促进长-二十世纪花粉管生长并到达花柱基部。不同浓度的精胺对幸水、新雪坐果影响不大;而适宜浓度的精胺可促进长-二十世纪坐果。     

大蒜组织培养快繁技术的研究

以贵州务川紫皮大蒜茎尖为试验材料,将其接种在附加不同NAA和6-BA的MS分化培养基中,比较组织诱导、分化和生根效果。试验结果表明,以MS＋6-BA 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L培养基诱导愈伤组织效果最好;以MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基诱导不定芽增殖的效果较好,增殖倍数达5倍;以MS＋NAA 0.4 mg/L培养基的生根效果最佳。     

甜樱桃茎尖培养及PNRSV的RT-PCR检测

 研究了茎尖大小、接种方式、培养基成分、试材基因型对甜樱桃品种茎尖培养的影响。1 年生成熟枝条上茎尖成苗率为8. 3 %～23. 7 % , 嫩梢上的茎尖成苗率为27. 3 %～37. 5 %。利用RT-PCR 技术对部分甜樱桃试管苗进行了早期病毒鉴定, 筛选出一些不带李坏死环斑病毒(PNRSV) 的甜樱桃试管苗,并证明甜樱桃试管苗微茎尖培养不能有效脱除PNRSV。     

Effects of cadmium and copper on pollen germination and fruit set in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

In this work, pea (Pisum sativum) plants exposed to increasing cadmium and copper concentrations were tested for heavy metals accumulation in flowers and for ‘in vivo’ pollen germination. Based on the Cd and Cu accumulation amounts in the flowers, an evaluation of the same metals effects on ‘in vitro’ pollen germination was achieved. Moreover, the effects of both metals on fruits number and weight and on seed set and yield at individual plant level were examined. While cadmium concentrations did not affect ‘in vivo’ pollen germination, only higher copper concentrations rendered a significant reduction. This is in contrast with the clear negative effect on pollen germination in vitro and might be explained by the different dynamic and bioavailability of both metals. A clear effect of Cd and Cu was observed on two important yield components ie, fruit weight and seed set. Although results obtained herein cannot give a clear cut relationship between the effect of Ca and Cu on reproductive development and its consequences on yields, they represent emerging results on the potential consequences of metals contamination on reproductive development in plants.     

花粉不同保存方法对西瓜授粉效果及种子质量的影响

为筛选出适宜的简易花粉保存方法,采用常温保湿和干燥保存2种方法保存花粉,并对西瓜花粉活力、坐果率、结籽率、种子千粒质量、发芽势及发芽率进行了比较分析。试验结果表明,2种保存方法保存的花粉活力、授粉之后的坐果率、结籽率及种子质量均与对照（活体授粉）差异不显著,说明实践中可采用常温保湿保存和干燥保存方法短期保存花粉,综合分析表明短期常温保湿保存花粉效果较好且省力。     

Flower emasculation accelerates ovule degeneration and reduces fruit set in sweet cherry

Flower emasculation is commonly used to make flowers unattractive to pollinating insects and to carry out controlled pollinations. In sweet cherry, we have observed recurrent low fruit set after flower emasculation and compatible pollination without apparent causes. This led us to evaluate its effect on the progress of the reproductive phase and on fruit set in this species. Flower emasculation reduced by more than a half the fruit set obtained in crosses made during two consecutive years. This effect could be traced back to the first week after anthesis where weight increase of pistils from emasculated flowers was smaller and ovule degeneration was accelerated compared to pistils from non-emasculated flowers. Pollen tubes, which behaved similarly at the stigma-style level in emasculated and non-emasculated flowers, lost their directionality in the area close to the degenerated ovule in the ovary. While flower emasculation is valid to evaluate pollen tube performance in the style and to determine incompatibility relationships, the lower fruit set registered after emasculation alerts on its use in fruit set experiments and breeding programs.     

The inhibition of flowering by means of gibberellic acid application reduces the cost of hand thinning in Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

The application of gibberellic acid during flower bud induction significantly reduced flowering of ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’ Japanese plums. The response depended on the concentration applied and on the type of shoot. Mixed shoots had a similar response in both varieties, flowering being reduced by 40% for GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ and by 75–90% for GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration. With regard to spurs, GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ reduced flowering intensity by 40% and 25% in ‘Black Gold’ and ‘Black Diamond’, respectively, and GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration reduced flowering by 70% and 50%, respectively. This partial inhibition of flowering significantly reduced the cost of manual thinning. The best GA₃ concentration was found to be 50 mg l⁻¹, since it reduced the cost of thinning by 45–47% and increased final fruit weight by 7–33% for ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’, respectively. Not significant differences in yield and in mature fruit characteristics of treated trees were found compared to untreated trees.     

上海地区栽培的欧洲甜樱桃花器发育的观察

 为了探讨上海地区甜樱桃结实不良的原因，以5年生欧洲甜樱桃(Prunus avium L．)为试验 材料，就其花器发育状况进行了探讨。结果表明，上海地区生长的甜樱桃花芽形成良好，雌蕊、雄蕊外观形态无异常。花粉粒形态正常，发芽率达50％左右，但有98．2％的子房发育不正常，其中无胚珠分化的子房占26．3％ ，有胚珠而无胚囊分化的子房占71．9％ 。胚珠、胚囊发育不良是上海甜樱桃不能正常结实的主要原因。     

梨不同花龄自花与异花授粉的花柱内花粉管生长及坐果率的比较

对自交不亲和强度不同的梨品种丰水和菊水的不同花龄花进行自花授粉和丰水×菊水异花授粉后,用荧光显微镜观察花粉萌发及生长特性。结果表明,开花当天及以后的自花和异花授粉花粉在柱头上均有较高的萌发率;自花和异花花粉管在花柱内的生长速度及停止生长的位置不同,丰水自花授粉后花粉管生长的短且慢,菊水自花花粉管生长的长且快,而异花授粉的花粉管生长最快。自花授粉后,不同花龄对花粉管生长影响表现为:开花4d前的蕾期授粉以及开花4d后的延迟授粉,花粉管生长长度显著的长。开花6d前的各种授粉组合,花粉管生长均较差。这与田间授粉坐果率的高低基本一致,即整体表现为各个花龄的授粉都以异花授粉坐果率最高,其次为菊水自花授粉,丰水自花授粉坐果率最低。另外,自花授粉中,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉(开花2d后除外)坐果率都有提高,而异花授粉中蕾期授粉和延迟授粉的坐果率却有所下降。     

Effect of high temperatures in the pre-blooming and blooming periods on ovule formation,pollen grains and yield of ‘Granada’ peach

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of high temperatures in the pre-blooming and blooming periods on the growth of sexual gametes and yield of ‘Granada’ peach. The experiment was carried out in the commercial orchard of Charqueadas, under the subtropical conditions of the Central Depression at Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (28°57′S; 51°37′W; 30 m alt.). Two treatments were tested: (1) trees in the greenhouse with partial ventilation and (2) trees in the orchard. The phenology, morphologic constitutions of the pollen grains, ovule growth, yield and germination (%) of pollen grains and fruit set were evaluated. High temperatures in the pre-blooming and blooming periods anticipated the break of dormancy and blooming. These conditions also delayed the female gametophytes (embryo sac) and promoted anomalies in the formation of male gametophytes. Those factors promoted low pollen viability and a lack of synchrony in fertilization, thereby generating low fruit set percentages and yield.     

五种矿质元素对金银花花粉活力的影响

分析了5种矿质元素对金银花花粉活力的影响.结果表明:不同矿质元素Ca、Mn、B、K、Na等对金银花成熟花粉活力的作用效果不同,同一矿质元素的不同浓度对其活力的影响也有所不同.在Ca、Mn、B、K、Na等5种矿质元素中,萌发率以30 mmol/L MnCl2的作用效果最好,达到15.64%,远远高于对照组(1.53%);而生长速率方面则以10 mmol/L H3BO3的作用效果最佳,达到333.754 μm/h,远远超过了对照组(48.921 μm/h).Ca最好的浓度是20 mmol/L,KH2PO4最好的浓度是12 mmol/L,而EDTA二钠最好的浓度是6.0 mmol/L.     

分蘖洋葱茎尖愈伤组织诱导及植株再生

 阿城紫皮分蘖洋葱鳞茎茎尖愈伤组织诱导培养基以MS + 2 ,4-D 2. 0 mg·L^-1 + KT0. 5 mg·L^-1最佳, 出愈率为100 %; 分化培养基以MS + NAA 0. 1 mg·L^-1 + BA 0. 4 mg·L^-1最佳,分化率为88. 3 % , 平均成苗数为10. 2 ; 生根壮苗最佳培养基为1/ 2 MS + PP3330. 1 mg·L^-1+NAA 0. 01 mg·L^-1 + IBA 1. 5 mg·L^-1, 生根率100 % , 移栽成活率达100 %。     

几种化学药剂对早熟筑波桃坐果及品质的影响

以４年生山桃砧筑波早熟桃为试材,采用叶面喷施方法,研究了植物生长调节剂和微量元素对早熟桃坐果以及果实品质的效应。结果表明,在所选用的三个药剂当中,从提高坐果方面看,ＢＲＳ制剂比施康露和施尔得好,全株比对照高８．０％,短果枝以及花丛枝比对照坐果高２８．６％,差异显著;从提高果实品质方面看,ＢＲＳ和施康露效果明显,施康露并能有效地增进果实着色程度和表面光洁度。     

韭菜花粉生活力测定方法的筛选研究

利用碘-碘化钾法、氯化三苯基四氯唑（TTC）法、无机酸法和离体萌发法测定了韭菜的花粉活力。研究结果表明,碘-碘化钾法、氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）法和无机酸法并不适合韭菜花粉生活力的检测;离体萌发法能有效且快速地测定花粉的生活力,是检测韭菜花粉生活力的最佳方法。     

韭菜花粉生活力测定方法的筛选研究

利用碘-碘化钾法、氯化三苯基四氮唑﹙TTC﹚法、无机酸法和离体萌发法测定了韭菜的花粉活力。研究结果表明,碘-碘化钾法、氯化三苯基四氮唑﹙TTC﹚法和无机酸法并不适合韭菜花粉生活力的检测;离体萌发法能有效且快速地测定花粉的生活力,是检测韭菜花粉生活力的最佳方法。     

杏树皮可溶性总蛋白的提取与浓缩方法探讨

为从杏树皮组织中获取高质量的可溶性总蛋白,选择经过冬季自然低温驯化的1 a生杏树新梢为试材,比较分析提取缓冲液中分别添加2%SDS,不同浓度的Tween 20,以及高浓度PVPP对可溶性总蛋白提取浓度和质量的影响.结果表明:提取杏树皮可溶性总蛋白的最佳缓冲液体系为:5 mL 50 mmol/L的Tris-HCl缓冲液(其中含2 mM EDTA-Na2,10 mmol/L抗坏血酸,0.5 mmol/L DTT,0.1 mmol/L PMSF,1%(w/v)PVPP,pH 8.0)和0.5% Tween20.丙酮浓缩方法中加入蛋白粗提液2倍体积的冷丙酮是最理想的.经过提取和浓缩的蛋白浓度可达0.773 μg/μL,电泳分析中的条带多而清晰,可用于后续的目的蛋白纯化试验及功能分析.     

番茄花粉萌发液体培养基的筛选和组分优化

以番茄自交系的新鲜混合花粉为材料,采用L16(45)正交试验设计,对番茄花粉的萌发液体培养基进行了筛选和优化.结果表明:浓度配比120 g/L蔗糖,120 mg/L硼酸,4 mg/L赤霉素和0.5 mg/L硫胺素的液体培养基为最佳培养基;硼酸、赤霉素和硫胺素对花粉萌发有显著影响,而蔗糖对花粉萌发没有明显作用.     

Transgenic approach to improve quality traits of melon fruit

Melon is one of the economically important and widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world. There is a wide genetic diversity in the cultivated and wild species of melon. Melon as one of the most consumed fruits, the development and ripening of fruit is known to be a complex developmental process that involves many biochemical and physiological changes including the breakdown of chlorophyll, degradation of the cell wall, increase in sugars content, alteration in pigment biosynthesis, and the accumulation of flavour and aromatic compounds. However, the information on genetic engineering and molecular biology of melon is very limited. With the development of genetics and molecular biology, a large number of quality/ripening-regulated genes involved in pigmentation, vitamin, soluble carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall metabolism and ethylene biosynthesis have been identified in melons. Some genetic manipulations of melons have been proved to be useful technology to improve quality, sensory attributes, shelf life and other agronomic traits of melon fruit. This paper reviewed some progresses in the trangenic approach to improve quality traits of melon fruit.     

Spray pollination as a labor-saving pollination system in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai): Development of the suspension medium

Effects of suspension media used for spray pollination on pollen grain viability were investigated in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai ‘Kosui’). The suspension media tested in this study consisted of pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) combined with either 0.1% agar or 0.04% xanthangum (XG). We also evaluated the influences of spray pollination on fruit set and fruit quality. Pollen grain viability, as measured by germination and pollen tube growth rates, was maintained in media supplemented with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ PME or 0.1 mg L⁻¹ PG. The level of fruit set after spray pollination using media containing PME or PG in combination with either 0.1% agar or 0.04% XG was almost the same as the level after artificial pollination by hand (hand pollination). The media containing XG combined with either PME or PG seemed to show better results for pollen grain viability and fruit set, although the results were variable from year to year. With regard to fruit size, shape and other parameters for fruit quality, spray pollination and hand pollination gave comparable results, irrespective of the medium composition. The time required for spray pollination was less than half of that required for hand pollination, and the amount of pollen grain required for spray pollination was one-third or less than the amount required for hand pollination. Thus, spray pollination may be a time- and labor-saving pollination system for the cultivation of Japanese pear.