禽流感疫苗对禽类免疫效果的分析与评估

目的 分析与评估禽流感疫苗对禽类的免疫效果.方法 采用疫苗接种、抗体试验和分组试验法,在非疫区对禽类用H5亚型和H5、H9二价禽流感油乳苗进行免疫接种试验,并对结果分析比较.结果 不同日龄蛋鸡免疫接种20天后HI抗体效价不同、饲养方式不同、家禽种类不同疫苗效果不同.85日龄蛋鸡产生的HI抗体效价达到7log2,鸡、鸭、鹅混养HI抗体效价低于平养和笼养,H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫鸡和鸽其HI抗体效价达到了5log2以上,而对鹌鹑和鸭为1log2和3.2log2.结论 单价禽流感疫苗和二价疫苗对鸡群免疫的效果不同,2价疫苗的免疫效果较单价疫苗差.     

鸭苗注射禽流感疫苗的时间

1)种鸭、蛋鸭免疫。雏鸭14~21日龄时使用H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗初免,间隔3~4周再用H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗加强免疫1次。以后根据免疫抗体检测结果,每隔4~6个月用H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗免疫1次(避开产蛋高峰期)。2)农村散养禽免疫。在集中免疫时对7日龄以上的鸭用H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗全面免疫,此外每月应定期对新增家禽补免。     

重组禽流感灭活苗和禽流感灭活苗对鸡免疫效果的观察

用重组禽流感灭活苗接种10日龄、14日龄和21日龄的SPF鸡,接种后HI抗体效价无显著差异。将H5N1和H5N2疫苗分别接种21日龄SPF鸡,结果表明,H5N1和H5N2均能刺激SPF鸡产生较高的HI抗体;分别接种三黄鸡,接种后21 d,H5N1能刺激三黄鸡产生较高的HI抗体;而H5N2不能刺激三黄鸡产生合格的HI抗体,与SPF鸡免疫组相比差异显著。经过二次接种,HI抗体平均为8.9 log2,与SPF鸡组接种后42 d的各组相比差异不显著,而与一免后21 d的各组HI抗体效价相比差异显著。表明应用禽流感灭活苗对三黄鸡免疫接种,必须进行二免方可达到理想免疫效果,而应用重组禽流感灭活苗对三黄鸡进行免疫接种,一次免疫即可获得较高的HI抗体效价。     

禽流感疫苗对禽类免疫效果的检测与分析

禽流感大流行时，在非疫区对禽类用H5亚型和H5、H9二价禽流感油乳苗进行免疫接种试验，并对其结果进行比较和分析。得出不同日龄的蛋鸡免疫接种20d后其HI抗体效价不同，不同的饲养方式、不同种类的家禽及不同种类疫苗的免疫效果均不同。85日龄蛋鸡产生的HI抗体效价达到7log2，鸡、鸭、鹅混养HI抗体效价低于平养和笼养，H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫鸡和鸽其HI抗体效价达到了5log2以上，而对鹌鹑和鸭为1log2和3．2log2；单价禽流感疫苗和二价苗对鸡群免疫的效果不同，二价苗的免疫效果不如单价苗。     

免疫程序与母源抗体对H5禽流感疫苗免疫鸭和鹅HI抗体水平的影响

对不同日龄与母源抗体水平的鸭和鹅，用H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫后，其HI抗体消长情况进行了比较和观察，结果，初生水禽3日龄首免即可对禽流感疫苗（H5亚型）产生良好的免疫应答；雏鹅母源抗体几乎以每4d下降1个HI抗体效价单位的速度消退；母源抗体对H5禽流感疫苗免疫后的HI抗体水平存在一定的干扰作用；加强免疫鸭和鹅所产生的H5 HI抗体水平及其维持时间与仅免疫一次的鸭和鹅所产生的抗体水平之间存在显著差异；鸭和鹅免疫H5禽流感疫苗后第25～30d H5 HI抗体水平达到高峰。     

樱桃谷肉鸭禽流感疫苗免疫程序的探讨

鸭流感是由禽流感病毒引起的鸭的一种病毒性传染性疾病,目前鸭流感疫情主要是由H5N1亚型毒株引起的。本试验采用常规的血清学方法对雏鸭的母源抗体水平下降规律及不同日龄首免禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗后的抗体动态变化的检测分析,并通过不同疫苗剂量接种肉鸭后的抗体检测结果分析,6日龄为樱桃谷肉鸭禽流感的最佳首免日龄,0．5ml／只作为首次免疫较为合适的免疫剂量。     

肉鹅H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果的研究

选用H 5亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗(H 5N 1,R e1株)对马岗鹅作首免日龄、免疫次数与免疫剂量的免疫试验。结果表明,雏鹅在7、14或21日龄作1次免疫均产生免疫应答,其中14与21日龄免疫组免疫后第5周抗体水平均达4 log2以上,抗体动态变化均值与峰值均高于7日龄免疫组2~3个滴度。用0.5、1和2 m l/只3个剂量对14日龄雏鹅的免疫试验中,0.5m l组抗体水平上升过程缓慢,免疫后4周抗体水平才达4 log2以上,1与2 m l组在免疫1周后上升速度较快,免疫后2周即达4 log2以上,抗体水平相近,但2 m l免疫组免疫后5~7周抗体水平均低于1 m l免疫组。说明接种剂量为1或2 m lH 5N 1油苗比接种0.5 m l的免疫效果好,尤以1 m l免疫剂量效果最好。雏鹅在7、14日龄或14、21日龄作2次免疫和7、14、21日龄作3次免疫,首免后抗体上升速度快,各检测点抗体水平均值相近,均在首免后3周达到4 log2以上,4~5周达6 log2以上,4~7周的抗体水平均高于14日龄1次免疫组,且提前2周达到4 log2以上,说明2次、3次免疫组的抗体水平高于1次免疫组,而2次与3次免疫组的抗体水平无明显差异。以上结果说明,在肉鹅生产的禽流感免疫中,选择以14日龄首免0.5 m l/只,21日龄2免接种1 m l/只可取得较为理想的免疫效果。     

H7N9亚型禽流感油乳灭活苗诱导鸭产生HI抗体的研究

为了解H7N9亚型禽流感油乳灭活苗对不同品种鸭诱导免疫应答的基本能力和不同接种方法诱导各种鸭产生HI抗体的情况,试验采用H7N9亚型禽流感油乳灭活苗对4个品种(番鸭、白鸭、水鸭、麻鸭)的雏鸭进行3种不同程序的免疫试验(2周龄肌肉注射0.3 mL/只为程序1,2周龄肌肉注射0.5 mL/只为程序2,2周龄肌肉注射0.3 mL/只、3周龄肌肉注射0.6 mL/只为程序3)。结果表明,程序1免疫的雏鸭可在免疫后2周产生4.09~5.73 log_2HI抗体,免疫后1~8周均值为4.54~7.03 log_2;程序2免疫的雏鸭可在免疫后2周产生4.20~6.27 log_2的HI抗体,免疫后1~8周均值5.53~6.57 log_2;程序3免疫的雏鸭可在免后2周达到4.91~7.36 log_2,免疫后1~8周均值6.31~7.87 log_2。结果提示,该疫苗对4种鸭都具有良好的免疫原性,免疫后可较快地产生较高水平的抗体,且维持较长时间(8周以上),同时初步建立了鸭H7N9亚型禽流感油乳灭活疫苗的基本免疫程序。     

雏鸭重组禽流感(H5+H7)三价灭活苗母源抗体消长规律

为探究雏鸭重组禽流感(H5+H7)三价灭活苗母源抗体消长规律,确定最佳首免日龄,将试验分为A组(种鸭免疫H5N1 Re-11+Re-12株、H7N9 H7-Re-2株、H5N2疫苗)和B组(种鸭免疫H5N2 rSD57株+rFJ56株、H7N9 rGD76株疫苗);选其孵化后的雏鸭各300羽,分别于1、7、14、21、...     

樱桃谷鸭免疫重组禽流感病毒H5亚型三价灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-6株+Re-7株+Re-8株)的临床效果

为分析免疫质量,及时掌握流行病学动态和免疫效果,对商品樱桃谷鸭接种重组禽流感病毒H5亚型三价灭活疫苗(H5N1,Re-6株+Re-7株+Re-8株),并对该重组疫苗抗体的血清学进行连续性监测,结果表明,7日龄雏鸭禽流感母源抗体值在4 log2以上,7日龄免疫后,28日龄抗体效价达到5log2左右,35日龄Re-6株、Re-7株、Re-8株的抗体值达到高峰,高峰值一直保持到42日龄。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in