黑土无机纳米微粒对玉米秸秆腐解水溶性产物的影响

通过秸秆腐解试验研究黑土无机纳米粒子对玉米秸秆腐解过程中水溶性化合物含量和C、N元素组成的影响。结果表明:在腐解初期,纳米粒子处理的水溶性有机化合物(WOM)、水溶性小分子有机化合物(WLOM)和水溶性胡敏酸(WHA)的含量分别高出对照21.9%,2.8%,18.3%,随着腐解进行,黑土无机纳米粒子显著抑制了三者含量;在腐解的前期,黑土无机纳米粒子对水溶性有机化合物(WOM)总C量无显著影响,降低了WHA的C含量,提高了WLOM的C含量。在腐解中后期,黑土无机纳米粒子降低了水溶性产物(WOM、WHA、WLOM)的C含量。在整个腐解时期,黑土纳米粒子降低了WOM和WHA中的N含量,而对WLOM含N量无显著影响。     

农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果

为了探讨农田不同肥力对玉米秸秆腐解转化和能态变化的影响,该文采用砂滤管法在陕西关中高、中等、低3种肥力塿土上进行了480 d的玉米秸秆腐解试验,研究了腐解进程中玉米秸秆的分解率以及有机碳组成和能态变化。结果显示,随着腐解进行,腐解产物中的苯–醇溶性、水溶性组分下降,半纤维素和纤维素含量先上升后下降,而木质素增加;腐解物的能态呈现上下起伏、下降和相对稳定3个阶段的变化,总体是一个放能过程。腐解产物的热值与其有机碳、苯–醇溶性组分、水溶性组分、半纤维素和纤维素呈显著正相关,但与其灰分、木质素、腐殖物质含量呈显著负相关。腐解480 d,3种肥力间比较发现,玉米秸秆在中等肥力田块上矿化率最高,低肥力田块上的最低;中等肥力土壤能够促进玉米秸秆中的水溶性有机组分和木质素的分解,而高肥力土壤能够促进苯–醇溶性组分和半纤维素、纤维素分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成,而且腐解物的能态最高。     

不同绿肥与牛粪混合堆腐过程中有机组分的动态变化

通过苜蓿、猫尾草、籽粒苋分别与牛粪混合堆腐进行改性处理,研究堆腐过程中有机组分的动态变化。结果表明,绿肥与牛粪混合堆腐可以使堆腐产物中水溶性有机组分的含量增加,提供更多的营养物质供作物直接吸收利用,并且显著提高了堆腐产物持续生成水溶性胡敏酸的能力,其中添加苜蓿堆腐处理产生的水溶性有机组分含量大于其它处理。添加苜蓿和猫尾草堆腐不但可以增加堆腐产物中碱溶性有机物和碱溶性胡敏酸的含量,提高堆腐产物的HA/FA值,而且在堆腐后期可以降低堆腐产物中碱溶性富里酸的减小,添加籽粒苋堆腐处理这种作用不明显。     

秸秆腐解过程中土壤无机纳米微粒对酶活性影响研究

通过玉米秸秆腐解的培养试验,研究了土壤无机纳米粒子(SINP)对玉米秸秆腐解中磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明:SINP加入腐解的玉米秸秆中后,对土壤中的酶活性有显著的影响,但这种影响因酶的种类不同而有显著的差异。SINP对所有磷酸酶(酸性、碱性、中性)活性都有提高作用,并以腐解的初期和后期提高的幅度最大和最显著。在初期和中后期也显著增加了腐解物中蛋白酶的酶活性。SINP对脲酶活性总体趋势具有显著促进作用。对蔗糖酶活性的促进作用在玉米秸秆腐解的前期非常明显,但在中后期起抑制作用。因此,土壤纳米粒子能够促进有机物料腐解过程中的酶活性,继而促进有机物料的矿化。     

控释氮肥对玉米秸秆腐解及潮土有机碳组分的影响

施肥影响秸秆还田效果,研究不同形态氮肥对秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响可为秸秆还田下氮肥合理施用提供科学依据。以10年小麦-玉米轮作定位施肥试验为基础,采用尼龙网袋田间填埋法,研究了控释掺混尿素和普通尿素不同用量(纯氮120,240,360 kg/hm~2)对潮土中玉米秸秆腐解及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素具有促进秸秆腐解的趋势;在秸秆腐解后期,控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著促进了秸秆氮、磷的释放,而不同氮肥处理对秸秆中钾素的释放影响并不显著。在秸秆腐解后期,相同施氮量条件下,常规施氮量和增施氮量的控释掺混尿素处理较普通尿素显著增加土壤水溶性和热水溶性有机碳含量。在增加土壤微生物量碳、氮含量方面,在秸秆腐解的某些阶段控释掺混尿素处理的促进作用显著高于普通尿素处理。综合来看,与普通尿素相比,控释掺混尿素在秸秆腐解和增加土壤有机碳组分方面具有较好的促进作用。     

有机肥腐解过程的红外光谱研究

对玉米秸秆、树叶、鸡粪及牛粪4种有机肥腐解过程中形成的水溶性有机物(WOM)进行了化学分析并做了红外光谱研究。结果表明,不同的有机肥的WOM总量及各组分的含量有很大的差异,树叶和玉米秸秆腐解形成的WOM中,水溶性胡敏酸(WHA)所占的比例较大;而牛粪和鸡粪腐解形成的WOM中,水溶性小分子有机物(WLOM)所占的比例较大。随着有机肥的腐解,所形成的WLOM中,脂肪族化合物、酰胺类化合物逐渐减少,有机酸的比例不断增大。WHA中的甲基、亚甲基和次甲基的含量升高,脂族性增强,酰胺结构成分逐渐减少。树叶腐解形成的碱提胡敏酸(AHA)的脂肪链结构和碳水化合物成分含量较低。牛粪腐解形成的AHA的脂肪链结构成分和碳水化合物成分含量较高。鸡粪腐解形成的AHA缺乏脂肪链结构成分,碳水化合物成分含量较高。而玉米秸秆腐解形成的AHA在不同的腐解时期有一定差异。     

秸秆还田对再生稻田土壤有机碳组分的影响

  【目的】  在再生稻系统下,探讨秸秆还田对再生稻田土壤有机质组分及其养分含量的影响。  【方法】  试验设置秸秆不还田(CK)、水稻秸秆半量还田(SH)、水稻秸秆全量还田(SW)和水稻秸秆全量还田配施腐熟剂(SWF)共4个处理,分析各处理土壤有机碳及其组分和土壤速效养分含量。  【结果】  与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田能提高土壤有机碳及其组分含量。与CK处理相比,在头季和再生季水稻收获期,秸秆还田处理(SH、SW、SWF)土壤中水溶性有机碳含量分别增加了19.62%～22.63%、20.99%～41.48%;土壤中颗粒有机碳含量分别增加了8.47%～20.62%、24.71%～30.90%;三个施秸秆的处理间土壤总有机碳、胡敏酸和富里酸含量无明显差异。秸秆还田可以改变水溶性有机质结构,使其结构趋于简单。秸秆还田下土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和铵态氮含量均呈增加趋势;在头季水稻收获期,SWF处理的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著高于CK处理。在再生季水稻收获期,与头季稻收获期相比,CK处理土壤速效养分含量呈下降趋势,而秸秆还田下各处理速效养分含量均呈增高趋势。  【结论】  秸秆还田可以提高再生稻田土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳以及腐殖酸组分的含量,促进水溶性有机质结构的变化,从而有效改善土壤养分的供给能力。     

紫色土丘陵区秸秆还田的腐解特征及对土壤肥力的影响

在分析水稻、小麦、油菜秸秆的养分含量和化学组成的基础上，通过田间两年四作的定位试验，探讨了紫色丘陵区秸秆还田的腐解变化及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，秸秆含有丰富的养分，经腐解后给土壤提供了大量的碳、氮、磷、钾。在腐解过程中，还田后的前3个月分解快，后期分解缓慢；3种秸秆在田间的分解速率（K）：麦秸〉稻草〉油菜秸，秸秆翻埋〉秸秆面施；养分释放速度钾〉磷〉氮。测定了不同处理的土壤水分特征曲线．并将实验结果拟合为经验关系式。秸秆覆盖还田促进土壤团粒结构形成，提高了土壤水稳性团聚体含量，从而改善了土壤通透性和保水保肥性。秸秆覆盖还田还降低了土壤容重，增加了土壤总孔隙度，使土壤有机质、速效氮、磷、钾得到一定提高，从而达到培肥地力的目的。     

秸秆配施腐熟剂对土壤细菌群落及养分状况的影响

利用Illumina平台Miseq高通量测序技术,分析了盆钵培养条件下土壤添加秸秆和配施腐熟剂在不同时间节点土壤微生物群落组成和多样性变化规律及与土壤环境因子间的相关关系。结果表明,与无秸秆无腐熟剂(CK)组相比,添加秸秆无腐熟剂(S)组可显著提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量及降低pH水平,添加秸秆和腐熟剂(SI)组可快速提高土壤中有机质含量和速效磷含量且显著高于S组。细菌多样性Chao指数、ACE指数及门、纲水平的物种丰度在腐熟期内均呈现S CK SI。SI的细菌门水平下的变形菌门和厚壁菌门、纲水平下的α-变形菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲及γ-变形菌属丰度相对最大;其中土壤细菌物种丰度在培养第15 d和30 d时与速效钾含量显著相关,在第45～75 d与碱解氮和有机质含量关系更密切。添加秸秆和腐熟剂的土壤在前期以优势度高的微生物物种促进秸秆快速腐解,随着秸秆腐解时间的延长、微生物种类持续增加至秸秆腐熟中后期,土壤微生物种群分布趋于稳定。     

不同水稻灌溉模式和氮肥减量对还田麦秸腐解特性及土壤养分的影响

为了探讨不同水稻灌溉模式和氮肥减量对还田小麦秸秆腐解特性及土壤养分的影响，通过田间试验，设置了水稻灌溉模式（常规灌溉，W1；干湿交替灌溉，W2）和施氮水平（不施氮，N0；常量施氮，N1；减量20%施氮，N2）处理，采用尼龙网袋法研究了不同处理下小麦秸秆腐解动态、养分释放规律及土壤养分含量。结果表明，干湿交替灌溉和氮肥施用均可促进还田小麦秸秆的腐解，减量20%施氮处理小麦秸秆累积腐解率低于常量施氮处理。相同施氮水平下，干湿交替灌溉模式小麦秸秆碳与氮磷钾累积释放率高于常规灌溉模式；与常量施氮相比，减量20%施氮处理小麦秸秆碳与氮磷钾累积释放率降低。干湿交替灌溉和施氮使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量提高，而减量20%施氮对土壤养分含量的影响较小。综上可见，干湿交替灌溉和氮肥施用促进了还田小麦秸秆腐解和养分释放，有利于土壤养分提升；而减量20%施氮对小麦秸秆腐解与养分释放以及土壤养分无明显影响。     

不同施肥处理土壤及不同C/N比有机物料中有机N的矿化进程

采用室内恒温控湿好气培养试验研究长期不同施肥制度培育的土壤有机N库的供氮能力及不同C/N比有机物料掺混土壤后有机N的矿化特征与进程。结果表明:长期不同施肥制度培育的土壤有机N库的供氮能力各不相同,与不施肥处理相比,长期施用化肥或有机肥均能提高土壤的供氮能力,二者相结合可明显提高土壤供氮力;不同C/N比有机物料掺混土壤后有机N的矿化特征与物料的C/N比密切相关,有机N的矿化进程可区分为前期的快速分解和后期的缓慢分解。     

不同培肥方式黑土腐殖质形态特征研究

针对吉林省黑土区存在的土壤有机质下降、耕地质量退化等问题,利用公主岭国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地连续20年的长期定位试验,采用核磁共振波谱分析法(NMR)、红外光谱分析法(IR)等现代分析方法,研究了不同培肥途径耕层土壤腐殖质的组成、形态结构及动态变化趋势。结果表明:不同培肥途径对耕层土壤腐殖质特征影响明显。施用玉米秸秆处理(S+NPK)和施用有机肥+轮作处理(M+NPK+R)均显著增加了土壤胡敏酸中脂肪族结构成分,单施有机肥处理(M+NPK)显著增加了土壤胡敏酸中羟基含量,S+NPK处理游离羧基含量显著增多。S+NPK、M+NPK及M+NPK+R处理,土壤富啡酸的甲基、亚甲基和次甲基结构成分显著增多,游离羧基含量也显著增多。单施化肥处理,浸提的富啡酸中无机碳酸盐和硅酸盐成分明显增多,化肥长期施用导致土壤中游离富啡酸数量显著减少,土壤的耗竭式利用,导致土壤中铁、铜结合态或络合态的富啡酸增加。不同培肥方式对黑土胡敏酸和富啡酸的元素组成影响有较大的差异,但均可引发胡敏酸C含量降低,N含量增加,富啡酸C、N、H含量增加,O含量降低,可通过不同的培肥方式对土壤腐殖质的元素组成进行调节。     

Interactions between N fertilization, grass clipping addition and pH in turf ecosystems: Implications for soil enzyme activities and organic matter decomposition

Turf has been acknowledged as an important ecosystem with potential for soil C sequestration. As a major process dictating soil C storage, organic matter decomposition has received little attention in turf systems. Given that soil enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions are the rate limiting steps of organic matter decomposition, we examined the activities of oxidative and hydrolytic soil enzymes and their relations with soluble organic compounds and soil C and N mineralization in two turf chronosequences with contrasting soil pH and in response to N fertilization and grass clipping addition. In comparison with turf ecosystems under acidic soil, phenol oxidase activity was about two-fold greater in turf ecosystems under alkaline soil and positively correlated to about two-fold differences in soluble phenolics and dissolved organic C between alkaline and acidic soils. However, the activities of hydrolytic enzymes including cellulase, chitinase, and glucosidase were lower in alkaline soil. It appears that the high concentration of soluble phenolics inhibited the activities of hydrolytic enzymes that in turn limited the decomposition of dissolved organic C and resulted in its accumulation in alkaline soil. Nitrogen mineralization was comparable between alkaline and acidic soils, but CO₂ evolution was about two-fold greater in alkaline soil, possibly due to considerable abiotic carbonate dissolution. We observed that mineral N input at 60 mg N kg⁻¹ soil had very minor negative effects on the activities of both phenol oxidase and hydrolytic enzymes. Grass clipping addition did not affect the activity of phenol oxidase, but increased the activities of soil chitinase, cellulase, glucosidase, and glucosaminidase by up to 20% and also soluble phenolics in soil by about 10%. Our results suggest that soil phenol oxidase might regulate the activities of hydrolytic soil enzymes via its control on soluble phenolics and function as an ‘enzymatic latch’ to hold soil organic C in highly managed turf ecosystems. While soil pH is important to affect phenol oxidase activity and therefore decomposition, management practices, i.e., N fertilization and grass clipping addition may indirectly affect the decomposition through enhancing turfgrass productivity and thus soil C input.     

有机物质阴阳离子对调节土壤pH的作用

The process of organic materials increasing soil pH has not yet been fully understood. This study examined the role of cations and organic anions in regulating soil pH using organic compounds. Calcareous soil, acid soil, and paddy soil were incubated with different simple organic compounds, pH was determined periodically and CO2 emission was also measured. Mixing organic acids with the soil caused an instant decrease of soil pH. The magnitude of pH decrease depended on the initial soil acidity and dissociation degree of the acids. Decomposition of organic acids could only recover the soil pH to about its original level. Mixing organic salts with soil caused an instant increase of soil pH. Decomposition of organic salts of sodium resulted in a steady increase of soil pH, with final soil pH being about 2.7-3.2 pH units over the control. Organic salts with the same anions （citrate） but different cations led to different magnitudes of pH increase, while those having the same cations but different anions led to very similar pH increases. Organic salts of sodium and sodium carbonate caused very similar pH increases of soil when they were added to the acid soil at equimolar concentrations of Na^＋. The results suggested that cations played a central role in regulating soil pH. Decarboxylation might only consume a limited number of protons. Conversion of organic salts into inorganic salts （carbonate） was possibly responsible for pH increase during their decomposition, suggesting that only those plant residues containing high excess base cations could actually increase soil pH.     

Soil Zinc Transformations as Affected by Applied Zinc and Organic Materials

Information on soil zinc (Zn) distribution is essential for understanding its chemical reactions and bioavailability. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of wheat straw, cow manure, and vermicompost applied with Zn rates on Zn distribution in a calcareous soil. A sequential extraction scheme was used to fractionate Zn into soluble and exchangeable, bound to carbonate, organically bound, bound to manganese (Mn) oxide, bound to amorphous iron (Fe) oxide, bound to crystalline Fe oxide, and residual forms. In untreated soil, Zn was mainly in the residual fraction. Increasing rates of applied Zn increased all forms of Zn. Carbonate and residual forms showed the greatest increase. Organic materials application increased all fractions, except Mn-oxide form, and this increase was more pronounced for the organically bound form. Concentration of soluble, exchangeable, and organically bound forms was greatest in cow manure–amended samples as compared to other organic materials, suggesting that cow manure contained more bioavailable Zn than other organic materials.     

东北黑土区不同种类有机物料腐解特征及驱动因素分析

有机物料高效还田是培肥黑土的重要途径,有机物料自身性质和腐解过程中的温度是影响有机物料腐解的关键要素。寒地黑土区不同种类有机物料的动态腐解过程及腐解影响因素的研究还较少。该研究通过在东北黑土区不同积温地点布设不同种类有机物料腐解田间联网试验,研究有机物料的动态腐解特征及主要影响因素。结果表明：1）有机物料自身性质存在明显差异,其中秸秆的碳氮比最高,有机肥最低,腐解指数变化趋势与碳氮比相反。2）经过720 d的腐解,6种有机物料的累积腐解率和累积释碳率具有明显的季节性和地带性变化规律。在积温较高的夏、秋季节累积腐解率和累积释碳率高于积温较低的春、冬季节;试验地点积温越高,累积腐解率和累积释碳率越大,从积温最低的黑河到积温最高的昌图,累积腐解率和累积释碳率分别增加了15.8%～41.0%和47.8%～114.0%。不同有机物料的累积腐解率表现为作物秸秆＞菌糠＞畜禽粪便,累积释碳率与之相反。3）有机物料腐解的同时发生碳释放和氮富集过程,除海伦和黑河地区玉米和水稻秸秆经过720 d的腐解后碳氮比未降至25以下外,其余处理碳氮比均低于25,腐解效果较好。腐解残留率衰减方程可较好的拟合了有机物料的腐解过程,作物秸秆的腐解速率常数k（0.23～0.25）显著高于木耳菌糠（0.15）和畜禽粪便（0.08～0.13）（P<0.05）。结构方程模型表明,有机物料自身性质对腐解特征的贡献率高于试验地点的积温、腐解时间和土壤性质,是影响有机物料腐解最主要的驱动因素。     

海南岛砖红壤中铅、镉的化学形态与转化

采用土培实验和连续提取.原子吸收分光光度法,研究了重金属Pb、Cd在海南岛花岗岩砖红壤中的形态组成、外源Pb、Cd污染及化学修复剂磷、钙、硫对土壤重金属形态的影响.结果表明:在供试原土壤中,重金属Pb的化学形态以结合态和残余态为主,土壤有效态Pb含量较低,其中残余态Pb>有机质结合态Pb>铁锰氧化物结合态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,说明土壤Pb的环境风险较低;重金属Cd的化学形态以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态为主,土壤中交换态Cd含量较高,其中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>交换态Cd>有机结合态Cd>残余态Cd>水溶态Cd,说明土壤Cd的环境风险较高.当外源Pb、Cd污染土壤时,有铁锰结合态Pb>残余态Pb>有机态Pb>碳酸盐结合态Pb>交换态Pb>水溶态Pb,交换态Cd>铁锰氧化物结合态Cd>碳酸盐结合态Cd>残余态Cd>有机态Cd>水溶态Cd的趋势.向污染土壤施加化学改良剂过磷酸钙、硫化钠和石灰,能显著降低水溶态Pb、Cd和交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并使有机结合态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb含量下降,但残余态Pb、碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机态Cd有增加的趋势,残余态Cd的含量基本稳定.     

Studies in a Fixed-Bed Photocatalytic Reactor System Using Natural Materials for Degradation of a Dye Contaminant in Water

A fixed-bed photocatalytic reactor equipped with a cylindrical parabolic light concentrator was studied to remove organic dyes from water using natural volcanic ashes particles and nanostructured titania supported on volcanic ashes as photocatalytic materials. The influences of flow rate, photocatalyst and photocatalytic material adsorption capacity were studied. A fixed-bed photocatalytic reactor was designed and built in the laboratory; a methylene blue aqueous solution, used as model compound for dye contaminated water, was fed into the reactor. Methylene blue destruction efficiencies were monitored spectrophotometrically. Combined effects of dye adsorption and photodecomposition on photocatalyst were studied and compared by infrared spectroscopy.     

石灰性土壤团聚体中钙形态特征及其与有机碳含量的关系

本文选取5种碳酸钙含量(4.29、17.45、98.66、131.85、143.82 g/kg)差异显著的北方碱性旱地农田土壤(黑土、淡黑钙土、潮土、灰钙土和黄绵土)为研究对象,分析土壤及其各粒级团聚体中有机碳、碳酸钙和不同形态钙含量的分布特征及相关性,探讨碳酸钙对碱性旱地土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:全土有机碳含量与碳酸钙含量之间无显著相关关系,但在0.002～0.053、<0.002 mm团聚体中二者含量显著负相关(R²分别为0.67、0.83),碳酸钙含量过高影响微团聚体有机碳积累。土壤钙形态中酸溶态和可氧化态是影响微团聚体有机碳积累的主要钙形态,全土中占全钙含量都在64.09%以上,团聚体中其含量随粒径减小而增加。钙离子是有机无机复合体的重要胶结物,但钙离子过多则可能会抢占土壤颗粒上有机碳结合点位,与黏粒和粉粒结合形成微团粒结构,影响有机碳积累。