制种辣椒常见害虫及防治技术

危害辣椒害虫较多,约20余种,其中常见的有小地老虎、蚜虫、红蜘蛛、茶黄螨、蓟马、烟青虫等,制种辣椒经济投入高,植株长势好,极有利害虫的发生及危害,幼苗期常受小地老虎的危害,造成缺苗断垄,如不进行防治,可断苗20%～30％,严重的甚至毁苗;苗期至成株期常受蚜虫、红蜘蛛、茶黄螨、蓟马、烟青虫等危害,蚜虫还可传播病毒,导致病毒病的发生及危害,影响制种辣椒生产的产量和质量,如防治不及时,可减产40%～50％,在多种害虫并发的情况下,可减产50％以上,严重的直至绝收。     

马来西亚某些蔬菜作物病毒病的发生情况

马来西亚辣椒、甜椒、番茄、茄子、菠菜和黄瓜病毒病发生情况调查表明:80%以上的辣椒感染花叶病,并导致辣椒减产。鉴定了9个辣椒病株标样,其中3个标样由辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Chilli veinal mottle virus,CVMV)单独侵染,其余为两种病毒复合侵染,CVMV 和黄瓜花叶病毒普通株系(CMV—O)、CVMV 和烟草花叶病毒番茄株系(TMV-t)、CVMV 和 CMV 的辣椒株系(CMV-C)复合侵染分别占标样数的2,2,1,1。甜椒病毒病的发生率低于辣椒(由于绝大部分甜椒在塑料大棚栽培的缘故),鉴定     

侵染西瓜的小西葫芦花叶病毒的生物学特性鉴定

西瓜病毒病是制约西瓜产量及品质的顽疾.据报道,该病害造成的经济损失达到30%～50%.1981～1999年皖、苏、鲁、豫西瓜的病毒病曾几次大发生.危害西瓜的病毒病有西瓜花叶病毒1号(WMV-1)、西瓜花叶病毒2号(WMV-2)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、烟草环斑病毒(TRSV)、南瓜花叶病毒(SqMV)等32种[1].小西葫芦花叶病毒(ZYMV)是侵染葫芦科的主要病毒之一,1973年首次在意大利北部发现此病毒,至今已成为一个全球性的植物病毒[2].笔者对ZYMV合肥分离物的生物学特性进行了研究.     

话说辣椒病毒病

辣椒病毒病已成为辣椒上普遍而严重的病害之一,广东早在1932年就有报道,但一直未鉴定出病毒的种类,直至60年代,我国才开始报道辣椒上的病毒主要是黄瓜花叶病毒(简称CMV)和烟草花叶病毒(简称TMV),病毒病与其他病害不一样,如真、细菌病害的病原物与症状基本上是稳定的,而病毒病不然,一种病毒可产生多种症状,或一种症状,可能由多种病毒混合侵染引起的。鉴定毒原有指示植物、血清反应、稳定性测定、以及电镜检查等多种方     

辣椒常见病毒病的田间诊断及综合防治技术

<正>病毒病是辣椒的主要病害之一,在栽培过程中常大量生,轻则可造成减产20%～30%,重则可减产50%以上,使菜生产造成重大损失。该病害不仅为害辣椒,还可侵害番茄茄子等茄科作物。只有抓好辣椒病毒病的综合防治技术,可有效控制其为害。     

北方大白菜病毒病综合防治技术

现在北方人对大白菜的食用量减少。但百菜不如白菜,它仍然是北方人食用的主要蔬菜品种之一。大白菜病毒病是影响其生产的主要病害,引起白菜叶片花叶、皱缩,植株矮化、畸形,不结球或结球松散。严重影响大白菜产量和质量,常造成15%的产量损失,严重时损失达50%～70%。大白菜病毒病主要由芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)单独或复合侵染引起,其传毒媒介主要是蚜虫。为控制其发生为害,我们采取农业防治与化学防治相结合,治蚜防病与施病毒钝化剂控病相统一的综合防治技术,取得了良好效果。1)选用抗(耐)病品种。一般青帮系列的品种较抗病…     

深度测序发现贵阳发生的辣椒病毒病由多种病毒复合侵染所致

2016年9月贵州省贵阳市发生严重的辣椒病毒病,症状复杂,主要表现为植株矮化,叶片黄化、花叶、皱缩、畸形以及枯死斑,果实有坏死斑等,根据症状难以判断病毒种类。本文采用小RNA深度测序技术对田间自然发病的2株辣椒标样进行了毒源鉴定,发现样品1由蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号(Broad bean wilt virus2,BBWV2)、辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和辣椒内源RNA病毒(Bell pepper endornavirus,BPEV)4种病原复合侵染;样品2中除鉴定到上述4种病毒外,还检测到马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virusY,PVY)。进一步通过反转录PCR(RT-PCR)对深度测序结果进行了验证,证明其准确可靠。其中4个辣椒标样中均有的辣椒内源RNA病毒(BPEV)为贵州省首次报道。多种病毒复合侵染是辣椒产量和品质的重要限制因素之一,是辣椒生产的主要威胁。     

甘肃省18种药用植物病毒病调查及2种病毒病的鉴定

2012年6月至2013年9月对甘肃省宕昌县、漳县、岷县、渭源县、陇西县、临洮县等地区种植的具有疑似病毒病症状的半夏等18种药用植物进行调查及采样。采用黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)、苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、番茄花叶病毒(ToMV)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)等7种双抗体夹心免疫酶联检测(DAS-ELISA)试剂盒初检, 并对CMV和ToMV采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法复检, 结果表明, 半夏、掌叶大黄和红花3种药用植物受到黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)侵染; 马兜铃、土贝母及当归3种植物受到番茄花叶病毒(ToMV)侵染; 样品中未检测到上述其他病毒种类, 其余12种病毒样品的病原尚未确定。本研究为国内首次报道CMV病毒侵染掌叶大黄、红花, ToMV病毒侵染马兜铃、当归和土贝母。此研究为防治上述病毒病提供了依据。     

草莓病毒病的综合防治技术

由于病毒病有潜伏侵染的特点 ,草莓植株不能很快表现出症状 ,所以在生产上常被忽视。我国各草莓产区病毒感染率很高 ,一般达６０ %～８０% ,严重的达９０ %以上。而且感染两种以上的植株也占相当比例。草莓病毒病给草莓生产造成严重的经济损失 ,一般可使草莓减产２０ %～３０ % ,并且使浆果的质量下降 ,果实变小 ,商品性变差。随着草莓种植年限的增加 ,草莓病毒病将越来越严重 ,如不及时解决将会带来巨大损失 ,阻碍草莓的产业化发展。草莓病毒病的种类繁多。据不完全统计 ,有３０余种。其中 ,我国各草莓产区普遍发生且危害严重的主要有４种 …     

辣椒上烟草轻型绿花叶病毒的鉴定

 辣椒源自南美洲，属于茄科辣椒属（Capsicum L.），为重要经济作物。病毒病是影响辣椒生产的主要病害，侵染辣椒的病毒有40余种［1］，烟草轻型绿花叶病毒（Tobacco mild green mosaic virus, TMGMV）是近年来在辣椒上发生和危害报道较多的病毒之一。TMGMV是McKinney［2］于1935年在烟草属植物（Nicotiana gluanca）上首次发现的，为烟草花叶病毒属（Tobamovirus）成员。除辣椒外，番茄［3］、凤仙花、蓝眼菊和矮牵牛也是TMGMV的自然寄主。     

生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Lx-11悬乳剂研制及其对水稻白叶枯病的防治效果评价

目前已经登记的芽胞杆菌微生物杀菌剂剂型以悬浮剂和可湿性粉剂为主，剂型相对比较单一，为进一步提高货架期和利用效率，以解淀粉芽胞杆菌Lx-11作为研究对象，筛选出纳米材料作为载体，添加各种不同功能性助剂，在高速均质机的作用下剪切、均质，研制出解淀粉芽胞杆菌Lx-11悬乳剂。解淀粉芽胞杆菌Lx-11悬乳剂配方：发酵液70%～80%，吸附载体白炭黑10%～15%，大豆油30%～50%，乳化剂Span80和Tween80复配6%～10%，分散剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠1%～3%，防冻剂乙二醇2%～4%，增效助剂SY-6535 1.5%～2.5%。该制剂的性能指标为：活菌体含量大于8×10⁸cfu/mL，悬浮率大于85%，粘度225 mPa·s，热贮稳定性合格；各项技术指标均符合产品标准要求。田间药效试验表明：解淀粉芽胞杆菌Lx-11悬乳剂对水稻白叶枯病的防治效果显著高于其发酵液。     

甘蔗新品种及主栽品种对褐条病的抗性评价

褐条病是为害甘蔗叶部的重要真菌病害,严重发病田块,一眼望去似“火烧状”,一般减产18％ ～35％,蔗糖分降低15％ ～30％[1].该病于1924年在古巴首次发现[2],至今已有20多个国家报道发生此病,常造成不同程度经济损失[3].在中国,尤其近年,感病品种加上多雨高湿导致褐条病在云南及广西等主产蔗区大面积暴发流行,...     

麦田布顿大麦草的化学防除药剂筛选

布顿大麦草为麦田入侵杂草, 为尽早建立对该杂草的化学防除技术, 本研究采用室内盆栽法测定了布顿大麦草对21种除草剂的敏感性?结果表明:土壤处理剂41%氟噻草胺悬浮剂对布顿大麦草具有良好的防除效果, 42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂?60%丁草胺乳油?40%砜吡草唑悬浮剂?960 g/L精异丙甲草胺乳油对布顿大麦草的防除效果一般, 50%扑草净可湿性粉剂?50%异丙隆可湿性粉剂?45%二甲戊灵微囊悬浮剂?50%吡氟酰草胺可湿性粉剂防除效果不理想; 茎叶处理剂7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂?12.5%烯禾啶乳油?41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对布顿大麦草防除效果好, 5%咪唑乙烟酸水剂?8%炔草酯水乳剂?30 g/L甲基二磺隆可分散油悬浮剂?8%烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂?7%双唑草腈颗粒剂?70%氟唑磺隆水分散粒剂对布顿大麦草的防除效果一般, 5%唑啉草酯乳油?7.5%双环磺草酮颗粒剂?69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵水乳剂防除效果不理想?氟噻草胺?在推荐剂量492 g/hm2下, 处理21 d后对布顿大麦草的鲜重抑制率为75.40%; 啶磺草胺?草甘膦异丙胺盐?烯禾啶在推荐剂量14?1 500?187.5 g/hm2下, 处理21 d后对布顿大麦草的鲜重抑制率分别为73.96%?60.60%?65.07%?综合本研究结果及除草剂使用特性, 麦田布顿大麦草可采用氟噻草胺土壤封闭或者啶磺草胺茎叶喷雾处理进行有效防除; 油菜田布顿大麦草可采用烯禾啶进行防除; 非耕地布顿大麦草可采用草甘膦异丙胺盐进行防除?     

Conversion of communal grazing land into arable land and its impacts on soil properties and vegetation cover

With rapid population growth and absence of agricultural intensification, smallholders need more land to grow crops. This resulted in communal grazing land conversion to cultivated land. This study, therefore, aimed at exploring the magnitude of communal grazing land conversion and its influence on soil properties and vegetation cover change. Ecological time line approach was used to measure the magnitude of change. Plants and soil samples were taken from open grazing land, seasonal grazing land, 6 years old cultivated land, 16 years old cultivated land and 20 years old cultivated land. Moreover, 95 respondents were selected to assess their perception on the subject. Data were analyzed using statistical analysis system software. Results showed that grazing land declined by 41.88%, while cultivated land increased by 56.80% in the years between 1992 and 2012. Plant attributes showed significant (P?P?相似文献   

Biocontrol of powdery scab of potato by seed tuber application of an antagonistic fungus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus versicolor</Emphasis>, isolated from potato roots

An environmentally friendly measure to control potato powdery scab caused by a protozoan pathogen Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea (Sss) was developed by focusing on antagonistic microorganisms that were considered compatible with potato root. Five hundred and eight soil fungi, isolated from potato root cultivated in soil suspensions from four potato fields in Hokkaido, were screened for suppressiveness of root infection by Sss in a hydroponic culture system and for powdery scab severity in greenhouse and field experiments. Antagonistic isolate Im6-50, identified as Aspergillus versicolor, was selected as a potent biological control agent. In a 3-year field test, A. versicolor Im6-50 suppressed powdery scab with a protection value of 54–70 (100?=?complete protection) when applied directly on seed tubers compared with a protection value of 77–93 by the synthetic fungicide fluazinam. A. versicolor Im6-50 was detected from the surface of daughter tubers and from the soil in which the inoculated seed tubers were cultivated by PCR using species-specific primers. The establishment of A. versicolor Im6-50 on the stolon of inoculated potato plants and in the rhizosphere is considered to contribute to the mechanism for disease suppression.     

种植模式对棉田土壤处理除草剂除草效果的影响

露地直播棉田苗期除草,可以选用50%乙草胺EC5、0%扑草净WP和33%二甲戊乐灵EC。地膜覆盖棉田9,6%精异丙甲草胺EC4、8%氟乐灵EC5、0%萘丙酰草胺WP5、0%扑草净WP和48%仲丁灵EC对棉田杂草的防效较理想,药后45 d的株防效仍能达到83%以上。金都尔等7种除草剂在露地直播棉田中使用对棉苗生长无影响,而在地膜覆盖棉田使用乙草胺和二甲戊乐灵应慎重,浓度过高易对棉花幼苗产生药害。     

农药悬乳体系流变学特性研究

研究了两种悬浮稳定剂对40%乙草胺+莠去津+氰草津悬乳剂的流变学特性的影响,发现在该悬乳体系中结合使用无机膨润土和有机黄原胶能增加体系的触变性能和稳定性能,能显著增加体系的粘度、屈服值和稳定度。     

Soil amendments with Brassica cover crops for management of Phytophthora blight on squash

BACKGROUND: Phytophthora blight induced by Phytophthora capsici is responsible for serious yield loss in vegetable production in the United States and other countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Brassica cover crops used as soil amendments for managing Phytophthora blight of squash. RESULTS: In greenhouse studies, disease incidence on squash plants was significantly reduced by soil amendment with mustard shoots or roots used at 1 and 2.5% (plant tissue/soil, w/w). The shoots of canola used at 1 or 2.5% also suppressed disease, while the roots of canola or other crops did not reduce disease significantly. In field studies, soil amendments with mustard and canola provided the greatest disease reduction and increased squash yield significantly compared with the non‐treated control. Mustard and canola did not appear to be susceptible to P. capsici. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that some Brassica crops, particularly mustard and canola, had the potential to significantly reduce Phytophthora blight on squash when used as soil amendments. As P. capsici has a remarkable ability to develop resistance to chemical fungicides, use of effective Brassica cover crops could be a biorational alternative to fungicides and a valuable component in developing integrated disease management programs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

襄汾县大豆孢囊线虫病的发生规律及防治技术研究

大豆孢囊线虫在襄汾县一般1a发生4代.该线虫主要分布在15cm以内的耕作层,降雨对它的垂直分布影响较大,雨后线虫下移.受害程度不受播期影响.不同的大豆品种对线虫有抗性差异.田间药剂试验表明,5%涕灭威颗粒剂土施防效最好,表现出明显的增产作用.     

Effect of moisture, inoculum production, and planting substrate on disease reaction of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) to the fungal pathogen, Phomopsis convolvulus

Phomopsis convolvulus Ormeno is being evaluated as a possible bioherbicide for field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) control. A granular barley formulation was applied pre-emergence onto the soil surface of pots containing pregerminated field bindweed seeds. Covering the pots with transparent plastic bags immediately after application increased disease incidence and resulted in up to 81% reduction in above-ground dry biomass, whereas a treatment of interrupted dew periods (8 h day^-1) for six days, resulted in only 56% biomass reduction. The size of container used for producing and for incubating the fungus granules had no significant effect on disease incidence and subsequent weed control of field bindweed. Likewise, no significant differences in efficacy were observed using inoculum that was milled once and then sieved or repeatedly milled and non-sieved. For early application dates, the use of two different planting substrates led to major differences in disease development. Pre-emergence application of inoculum on the surface of field collected soil on the same day that field bindweed seeds were planted resulted in an 81% mortality of seedlings emerging. In contrast, only 50% of emerging seedlings were killed when inoculum was applied on the surface of peat moss. Findings in this study indicate that moisture conditions and planting substrate may affect disease incidence and subsequent control of field bindweed by pre-emergence application of the selective fungal pathogen, P. convolvulus.