Solid state studies of the radiation history of lunar samples

Particle track densities up to > 3 x 10(9) per square centimeter have been measured in different samples. Rocks 17, 47, 57, and 58 have VH (Z >22) galactic cosmic ray ages of 11, 14, 28, and 13 x 10(6) years, respectively. Rock 57 has a calculated erosion rate of 10(-7) centimeter per year. Near-surface track versus depth data in rock 17 can be fit with solar flare particles that have a differential energy spectrum aE(-3); lunar samples can be used to study the history of solar activity. The uranium in the crystalline rocks occurs principally in small regions <10 to approximately 100 micrometers in size. The (low) thermoluminescence of the fines increases with depth in core 10004. With one possible exception, x-ray studies have not shown pronounced radiation damage effects. The total energy release upon heating is small up to 900 degrees C and occurs in three broad regions.     

Petroleum pollutants in surface and groundwater as indicated by the carbon-14 activity of dissolved organic carbon

The (14)C activity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can be used to distinguish between the fossil organic carbon due to petrochemical effluents and modern organic carbon due to domestic wastes and natural decaying organic matter. Rivers polluted by petrochemical effluents show varying amounts of depression of the DOC (14)C activity, reflecting concentrations of (14)C-deficient fossil carbon of as much as about 40 percent of the total DOC.     

Implications of step-chilling on meat color investigated using proteome analysis of the sarcoplasmic protein fraction of beef longissimus lumborum muscle

In order to improve beef color and color stability,step-chilling(SC)was applied on excised bovine longissimus lumborum muscle,with chilling starting at 0–4℃ for 5 h,then holding the temperature at 12–18℃ for 6 h,followed by 0–4℃ again until 24 h post-mortem.pH and temperature were measured during rigor on SC loins as well as those subjected to routine chilling(RC,0–4℃,till 24 h post-mortem).Color L*,a*,b*values,metmyoglobin(MetM b)content,MetM b reducing ability(MRA)and NADH content were determined on samples aged for 1,7,and 14 d.Sarcoplasmic proteome analysis was only conducted on d 1 samples.The results showed muscles subjected to SC maintained a temperature at around 15℃ for 5 to 10 h post-mortem,and exhibited a slow temperature decline,but rapid pH decline.Beef steaks treated with SC had higher L*,a*,b* and chroma values than those of RC samples at 1 and 7 d chilled storage(0–4℃),while showing no significant difference for a*,b* and chroma values at d 14.The SC samples also exhibited a lower relative content of surface MetM b,higher MRA and NADH content,compared with RC beef steaks during storage,indicating the SC-treated beef showed an improved color stability.Eleven differential protein spots/nine proteins were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry,and those proteins were mainly involved in redox,chaperone binding,metabolic and peroxidase activity.Oxidoreductases play a role in decreasing the oxidation-induced myoglobin oxidation and benefiting the production of NADH,and finally improving the colour of beef.Of these,pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta showed a positive correlation with color L*,a*,b*values and accounted for more than 60% of the variation in color values;this protein can be considered as a potential beef color biomarker.The present study provided valuable information for studies on the molecular mechanism of color improvement from step-chilling,as well as for identifying markers associated with beef color.     

盐胁迫和洗盐处理对贴梗海棠生理特性的影响

以贴梗海棠3年生盆栽苗为材料,经50、100和150mmol/LNaCl处理14d,随后进行洗盐处理,测定其间盐害指数、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、MDA含量、抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化,探讨了贴梗海棠的耐盐性。结果表明：随土壤中NaCl浓度的增加及处理时间的延长,盐害指数、相对电导率和MDA含量呈上升趋势,而叶...     

Carbon-14 in methane sources and in atmospheric methane: the contribution from fossil carbon

Measurements of carbon-14 in small samples of methane from major biogenic sources, from biomass burning, and in "clean air" samples from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveal that methane from ruminants contains contemporary carbon, whereas that from wetlands, pat bogs, rice fields, and tundra is somewhat, depleted in carbon-14. Atmospheric (14)GH(4) seems to have increased from 1986 to 1987, and levels at the end of 1987 were 123.3 +/- 0.8 percent modern carbon (pMC) in the Northern Hemisphere and 120.0 +/- 0.7 pMC in the Southern Hemisphere. Model calculations of source partitioning based on the carbon-14 data, CH(4) concentrations, and delta(13)C in CH(4) indicate that 21 +/- 3% of atmospheric CH(4) was derived from fossil carbon at the end of 1987. The data also indicate that pressurized water reactors are an increasingly important source of (14)CH(4).     

Variation in atmospheric carbon-14 activity relative to a sunspot-auroral solar index

Radiocarbon activity was negatively correlated (P相似文献   

14种植物的甲醇粗提物对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的生物活性

用甲醇对广西乐业天坑14种植物不同部位(18个样品)进行冷浸提取,室内测定各甲醇粗提物对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的生物活性.结果表明:处理后48 h,伊桐叶、种子和树皮及牛耳枫果和紫苏对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的触杀活性较高,白背飞虱和褐飞虱的死亡率达80％以上,伊桐果皮和扫把枝对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的触杀活性为50％～80％;蛇床子果对白背飞虱为高触杀活性,而对褐飞虱为中等触杀活性;商陆对白背飞虱为中等触杀活性,对褐飞虱为低触杀活性;其余8种植物甲醇粗提物对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的触杀活性均在50％以下;72 h后,伊桐树皮和种子、蛇床子果、牛耳枫果甲醇粗提物对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的产卵忌避活性都达到80％以上,其余植物甲醇粗提物对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的产卵忌避活性都在60％以下;有高触杀活性和高产卵忌避活性的植物甲醇粗提物对白背飞虱和褐飞虱4龄若虫的拒食活性大小顺序为伊桐叶、伊桐种子、伊桐果皮、蛇床子果、牛耳枫果、伊桐树皮.     

35种菊科植物除草活性初步测定

以油菜、黄瓜、小麦、高粱等4种作物种子为供试对象,用种子萌发法初步测定了菊科24属35种植物样品的除草作用。结果表明,有33种植物样品对至少一种供试作物种子发芽后的生长有70%以上的抑制作用,其中灰孢蒿(A.roxburghianaBess)、大花金挖耳(C.macrocephalumFranch.et.Sav)和大刺儿菜(C.setosumKitam)3种植物样品对供试的4种作物种子幼根生长的抑制率大于70%;灰孢蒿、烟管头草(C.cernuumL.)、大刺儿菜、大花金挖耳、百花蒿(S.centifloraKrasch)5种植物样品对供试的4种作物种子幼芽的生长具有接近或大于70%的抑制作用;灰孢蒿、大刺儿菜和大花金挖耳3种植物样品对供试作物种子幼根和幼芽的生长均具有明显的抑制作用。上述植物值得深入研究。     

Simazine: Degradation by Soil Microorganisms

A soil fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., is effective in the degradation of the herbicide 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). The degradation of both ring-and chain-labeled (C(14)) simazine was observed in an unamended and an amended (sucrose) basal medium. A loss of C(14) occurred in all culture solutions containing either ring-or chain-labeled simazine, but the decrease in activity observed was greater with chain-labeled than with ring-labeled simazine. Chromatographic evidence indicates that A. fumigatus may possess a degradation mechanism unlike that which occurs in corn plants.     

温州蜜柑晚秋光合产物分配与运转的研究

晚秋给两年生未结果温州蜜柑盆栽苗饲喂~(14)CO_2,随后测定不同物候期柑桔苗各器宫的~(14)C同化物的放射性总后度、比活度、~(14)C可溶性成分及氨基酸相对含量.结果表明,在次年新器官生长前,~(14)C同化物主要由叶片向根部运转,~(14)C总活度在根系中的分配达50％以上.从标记后半个月到休眠期,所有器官包括秋叶的放射性比活度增加,唯有春叶比活度明显降低,秋叶却能从春叶中获得养价补充.次年5～11月,新梢生长动用约1/5的14C同化物,同时地上部其他器官的~(14)C分配减少约8.57％,根部减少5.45％,表明新梢生长所需养分主要来自地上部.可溶性~(14)C随年周期进程不断减少.可溶性成分中氨基酸相对含量以新器官和生长期间的器官为高.韧皮部的放射性比活度明显高于木质部,氨基酸含量也以前者为高.     

紫薇对SO_2胁迫的生理反应

采用简易静态熏气装置对2 a生盆栽紫徽(Lagerstroemia indica)进行熏气处理,研究了不同质量浓度SO_2对紫薇叶片细胞膜适性、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质及叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明,0～19.00 mg·m~(-3)熏气15 d后,随SO_2质量浓度增加,紫薇叶片膜透性增大,丙二醛、脯氨酸含量增加,可溶性蛋白质含量先上升后下降,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量比对照显著降低.随SO_2质量浓度增加,紫薇叶片SOD,POD,CAT活性均呈上升趋势.SOD和CAT活性增长具有相似性,在0～14.25 mg·m~(-3)处理期间,酶活性增长缓慢,在19 mg·m~(-3)处理下酶活性迅速增大,SOD和CAT活性分别比对照增加了44.9%和74.37%.POD活性增长趋势与SOD和CAT有所不同,在0～14.25 mg·m-3处理期间增长较快,比对照增加了46.04%,在19mg·m~(-3)处理下,几乎不再增长.3种抗氧化酶活性的增长对清除体内O_2~(-·)及H_2O_2起到重要作用,减轻了膜脂过氧化程度,提高了紫薇对SO_2的抗性.     

Preliminary examination of lunar samples from apollo 14

The major findings of the preliminary examination of the lunar samples are as follows: 1) The samples from Fra Mauro base may be contrasted with those from Tranquillity base and the Ocean of Storms in that about half the Apollo 11 samples consist of basaltic rocks, and all but three Apollo 12 rocks are basaltic, whereas in the Apollo 14 samples only two rocks of the 33 rocks over 50 grams have basaltic textures. The samples from Fra Mauro base consist largely of fragmental rocks containing clasts of diverse lithologies and histories. Generally the rocks differ modally from earlier lunar samples in that they contain more plagioclase and contain orthopyroxene. 2) The Apollo 14 samples differ chemically from earlier lunar rocks and from their closest meteorite and terrestrial analogs. The lunar material closest in composition is the KREEP component (potassium, rare earth elements, phosphorus), "norite," "mottled gray fragments" (9) from the soil samples (in particular, sample 12033) from the Apollo 12 site, and the dark portion of rock 12013 (10). The Apollo 14 material is richer in titanium, iron, magnesium, and silicon than the Surveyor 7 material, the only lunar highlands material directly analyzed (11). The rocks also differ from the mare basalts, having much lower contents of iron, titanium, manganese, chromium, and scandium and higher contents of silicon, aluminum, zirconium, potassium, uranium, thorium, barium, rubidium, sodium, niobium, lithium, and lanthanum. The ratios of potassium to uranium are lower than those of terrestrial rocks and similar to those of earlier lunar samples. 3) The chemical composition of the soil closely resembles that of the fragmental rocks and the large basaltic rock (sample 14310) except that some elements (potassium, lanthanum, ytterbium, and barium) may be somewhat depleted in the soil with respect to the average rock composition. 4) Rocks display characteristic surface features of lunar material (impact microcraters, rounding) and shock effects similar to those observed in rocks and soil from the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. The rocks show no evidence of exposure to water, and their content of metallic iron suggests that they, like the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 material, were formed and have remained in an environment with low oxygen activity. 5) The concentration of solar windimplanted material in the soil is large, as was the case for Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 soil. However, unlike previous fragmental rocks, Apollo 14 fragmental rocks possess solar wind contents ranging from approximately that of the soil to essentially zero, with most rocks investigated falling toward one extreme of this range. A positive correlation appears to exist between the solar wind components, carbon, and (20)Ne, of fragmental rocks and their friability (Fig. 12). 6) Carbon contents lie within the range of carbon contents for Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 samples. 7) Four fragmental rocks show surface exposure times (10 x 10(6) to 20 x 10(6) years) about an order of magnitude less than typical exposure times of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 rocks. 8) A much broader range of soil mechanics properties was encountered at the Apollo 14 site than has been observed at the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Surveyor landing sites. At different points along the traverses of the Apollo 14 mission, lesser cohesion, coarser grain size, and greater resistance to penetration was found than at the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 sites. These variations are indicative of a very complex, heterogeneous deposit. The soils are more poorly sorted, but the range of grain size is similar to those of the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 soils. 9) No evidence of biological material has been found in the samples to date.     

不同物候期苹果体内碳同化物的分配规律

以２ａ生海棠砧新红星苹果盆栽苗为试材，研究了物候对苹果体内碳同化物分配的影响。结果表明，新梢速长期叶片＾１４Ｃ同化物的库强和库活性最高，其次是当年生新档，主干和根系的库强和库活性相对较弱；从新梢速长期到营养贮备期，叶片＾１４Ｃ同化物的库强和库活性逐渐降低、其它器官或组织间的库强和库活性逐渐增加。     

汞对土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】研究Hg对不同土壤酶活性的影响,探讨其中对Hg敏感的酶类,为土壤重金属污染的监测评价及修复等提供依据。【方法】通过室内模拟试验,以催化C、N、P、S等循环的土壤酶为对象,较为系统地探讨了3种土壤类型（红壤、褐土、风沙土）6个土样在不同含量Hg下的土壤酶效应。【结果】不同土壤酶类受Hg影响的规律有明显差异,1、2、4号土样转化酶活性在Hg含量较低时（0.5 mg/kg）有所升高;随着Hg含量的增加,土壤转化酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和磷酸酶均受到不同程度的抑制。上述5种酶活性及总体酶活性与Hg含量间呈显著或极显著负相关,说明它们在一定程度上可表征土壤的Hg污染程度。供试土壤Hg轻度污染的生态剂量（ED₁₀）为0.03 mg/kg。Hg对绝大多数酶活性表现出完全抑制作用（包括竞争性抑制和非竞争性抑制）。【结论】脱氢酶受Hg的抑制程度较大,表明其对Hg较为敏感,因此其可作为Hg污染的监测指标。     

笋壳与稻壳混合青贮品质动态变化研究

为探讨不同比例笋壳与稻壳混合青贮对青贮饲料发酵品质、营养价值的影响,确定适宜的笋壳与稻壳混合青贮比例,试验设60%笋壳组(A)、70%笋壳组(B)、80%笋壳组(C)、85%笋壳组(D)及100%笋壳组(NC)共5个处理。青贮后第1、7、14、30、45天取样,测定青贮饲料发酵品质及营养成分。结果表明,青贮过程中青贮料的干物质含量有下降趋势,但变化不显著(P>0.05);各组青贮饲料可溶性碳水化合物含量随青贮天数的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低。在青贮过程中,各混合青贮组氨态氮/总氮均显著增高(P<0.05)。青贮第7天时,各组青贮饲料pH均显著下降(P<0.05),此后pH值缓慢变化。各混合青贮组乳酸含量在青贮第7天时显著升高(P<0.05),第14天时持续显著上升(P<0.05),此后乳酸含量基本趋于稳定,并略有降低。各混合青贮组的乙酸含量随青贮发酵时间增加逐渐升高,第7天时显著增加(P<0.05),此后持续缓慢增加。在整个青贮过程中,各组均有少量丙酸产生,处理A、B、C组无丁酸产生。青贮结束时,B组和C组氨态氮/总氮比值低,乳酸含量增加明显,pH低于4.2,青贮过程未产生丁酸,青贮品质优。笋壳单独青贮干物质含量低,乳酸含量低,pH值变化不明显,同时有少量丙酸、丁酸产生,青贮品质差。从发酵品质和笋壳利用最大化的角度出发,建议以80%笋壳+20%稻壳混合青贮较为适宜。     

Induction of choline phosphotransferase and lecithin synthesis in the fetal lung by corticosteroids

Rabbit fetuses 23 to 24 days of gestation were injected with either 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate or saline. Three days later the lungs of steroid-treated animals showed a significant increase in lecithin concentration and cholinephosphotransferase activity. In addition, lung slices from these animals incorporated more [(14)C]choline into lecithin. The rise in enzyme activity and [(14)C]choline incorporation was blocked by prior treatment of fetuses with cycloheximide but not by treatment with actinomycin D. It is proposed that the corticosteroids induce de novo synthesis of the lung enzyme, which in turn leads to increased synthesis of lecithin through the choline incorporation pathway. Furthermore, it appears that the site of regulation involves translation of messenger RNA.     

油茶内生真菌多样性与抑菌性研究

为弄清油茶内生真菌的种类、分布特点及应用潜能,采集湖北省5个地区不同季节的油茶样品,分离其内生真菌并进行多样性分析和抑菌性分析。结果表明,共分离得到内生真菌1 612株,经形态学鉴定可归于24属,未产孢的菌株暂归为无孢菌群(66株)。青霉属(Pencillium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum)为优势类群,分别占总菌株数的21.09%、19.11%、14.70%。多样性分析结果显示,对于不同地区而言,黄冈地区油茶内生真菌的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')最高,为2.44;就不同组织部位来看,茎中内生真菌的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')最高,为2.52;就不同季节而言,秋季油茶内生真菌的Shannon-Wiener指数(H')最高,为2.58。总体而言,油茶中内生真菌的菌群较为稳定,地区间及组织部位间样品内生真菌组成有一定的相似性。抑菌性结果显示,在挑选的24株内生真菌中,有17株内生真菌的发酵提取物具有抑菌活性,其中3株表现出较好的抑菌效果,分别属于青霉属、链格孢属、叶点霉属(Phyllosticta),这说明油茶内生真菌的抑菌性较强,值得进一步研究。     

66种植物维生素C含量的分析

用２，６──二氯酚靛酚滴定法测定了６６种植物（野生植物５０种，水果２种，蔬菜１４种）中维生素Ｃ的含量，实验结果表明：１、野生植物中Ｖｃ含量（６．２７～１１９．０６ｍｇ）明显高于水果蔬菜（１．５６～７４．３８ｍｇ），如反枝苋（Ｖｃ含量８９．０４～ｍｇ）、荠菜（Ｖｃ含量５２．９２ｍｇ）等许多可食性野菜可作为Ｖｃ的另一重要来源。２、不同科别的植物，同一科别的不同品种，同一品种的不同植株，Ｖｃ含量不同。植物的生长时期不同，Ｖｃ含量也不同。３、同一植株的不同部位Ｖｃ含量不同。如芹菜茎Ｖｃ含量为２．８０ｍｇ，芹菜叶为４６．４５ｍｇ。另外，样品新鲜程度不同，Ｖｃ含量也不同。     

热空气处理诱导冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性及其与膜脂代谢的关系

【目的】研究热空气处理对冷藏橄榄果实抗冷性的影响及其与脂氧合酶（LOX）活性和膜脂脂肪酸组分变化的关系。【方法】采后‘檀香’橄榄[Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch cv. Tanxiang]果实38℃热空气处理30 min,采用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装,在（2?1）℃下贮藏。贮藏期间定期测定橄榄果实冷害指数和细胞膜透性,果皮LOX活性和膜脂脂肪酸组分。【结果】与对照果实比,38℃热空气处理30 min降低冷藏橄榄果实冷害指数、细胞膜透性和果皮LOX活性,提高果皮棕榈油酸（C16:1）、亚油酸（C18:2）和亚麻酸（C18:3）等不饱和脂肪酸相对含量,降低肉豆蔻酸（C14:0）、棕榈酸（C16:0）和硬脂酸（C18:0）等饱和脂肪酸相对含量,抑制果皮脂肪酸不饱和指数和脂肪酸不饱和度下降。【结论】热空气处理通过降低冷藏橄榄果实果皮LOX活性而减少膜脂不饱和脂肪酸的降解,维持较高的膜脂脂肪酸不饱和程度,从而增强橄榄果实抗冷性、减轻冷藏橄榄果实冷害的发生。