Biochemical and physiological parameters and estimated work output in draught horses pulling loads for long periods

A study was undertaken in five draught horses of 648±33 kg body weight to find the effects of continuously pulling loads on their cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses. A cart equipped with an odometer, for measuring distance, and a hydraulic dynamometer, for measuring draught force, was used. Heart and respiration rates and rectal temperatures were recorded. Blood samples for measuring arterial and venous pH and blood gases, haemoglobin, glucose and lactic acid concentrations and the serum activity of the enzymes creatine phosphokinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were taken before exercise and immediately after each journey (morning and afternoon) of the daily work.Draught exercise, with loads which generated forces of between 0.57 and 0.59 kN, at speeds of 1.60 to 2.11 m/s, for 8 h daily for five consecutive days, with resting intervals of 10 min each hour, was well tolerated. Exercise tolerance was evaluated from the recovery from the changes observed in the biochemical and physiological parameters induced by the work. The analysis of these showed that, when the horses were subjected to prolonged periods of resting, their loss of fitness for work was shown by significant increases in the serum activity of muscle-derived enzymes and in blood lactate concentrations during the first day of work. However, over the following days the horses adapted to the work, so that the decreases in serum enzyme activities and blood lactate concentrations were reduced. Since similar observations have been described for racehorses, the determination of blood lactate concentrations and the serum activities of muscle-derived enzymes, specifically CK, seem to be good indicators of fitness in draught horses.     

母猪不同生长阶段饲养管理技术

在实际生产中根据母猪的不同生产阶段,分为后备期、间情期、妊娠期、临产期、哺乳期和空怀期等几个阶段。为便于饲养管理和提高养殖效益,应按照各个时期的生理特点和对营养成分的需求采取不同的饲喂方式和配制全价的饲料,满足母猪对营养物质的需求,能保持适宜的体况和膘情,适时发情和配种,并生产出更多更优的仔猪,提高母猪繁殖力和养殖效益。该文分别叙述不同阶段母猪的饲养管理要点。     

繁殖母羊分期饲养技术

繁殖母羊是羊场快速扩繁的基础,饲养繁殖母羊的最终目的是充分挖掘母羊的生产潜力,增加羊群数量,提高羊群质量.母羊每年都要经历1～2次配种、妊娠、哺乳这一复杂的繁殖生理过程,每一次繁殖经历,都是对繁殖母羊体质的一次重要考验.只有不断优化繁殖母羊空怀期、妊娠期和哺乳期各阶段、各环节的饲养管理,才能保证繁殖母羊的体质健康,提高...     

Growth performance,carcass criteria,and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with either synbiotic or prebiotic under hot climatic conditions

ABSTRACT

1. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of either prebiotic or synbiotic on growth performance, carcass yield, organ weights, and serum metabolic profile of broilers under hot climatic conditions.

2. In experiment 1, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary synbiotic (Biomin® IMBO, 0, 1 or 1.5 g kg^?1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.5 or 0.75 g kg^?1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. In experiment 2, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide 0, 0.5 or 1 g kg^?1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.25 or 0.5 g kg^?1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. Each treatment had 10 replicates containing 5 broiler chickens each.

3. Supplementation of synbiotic at 1 or 1.5 g kg^?1 feed to broiler diets during 1–21 d and 0.5 or 0.75 g kg^?1 feed, respectively, during 22–42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in experiment 1.

4. Similarly, supplementation of the prebiotic at 0.5 or 1 g kg^?1 in broiler diets during 1–21 d and 0.25 or 0.50 g kg^?1 feed, respectively, during 22–42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, FCR, and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels in experiment 2.     

复方中草药添加剂对哺乳母猪泌乳力的影响

选用18头经产约克母猪,随机分为药物组和对照组,每组9头,用蒲公英、王不留行、漏芦、续断组成复方中草药添加剂对哺乳母猪进行20d的饲养试验。结果表明:药物组比对照组窝重提高15.04%(P<0.01),成活率提高6.03%(P<0.05),平均日增重提高6.47%(P<0.05)。     

Routine hematology and clinical chemistry in female dogs with benign and malignant mammary tumors

Routine hematological and serum biochemical screening was done in 61 female dogs with benign mammary tumors and 51 female dogs with malignant mammary tumors. Most parameters were not significantly different from age-matched female controls; moreover, no significant difference could be observed between animals with benign and malignant tumors. It is concluded that routine hematology and biochemistry offer little diagnostic or prognostic benefit in female dogs with mammary tumors.     

不同阶段母猪饲养管理措施

随着养猪规模化、集约化发展,猪群对饲养管理水平的要求越来越高,不仅关系到猪场的健康发展,还决定整个养殖效益。尤其是提高母猪的饲养管理水平至关重要,该文主要论述不同阶段母猪饲养管理要点。     

Inter‐ and intra‐individual differences in serum copper and zinc concentrations after feeding different amounts of copper and zinc over two lactations

The influence of different copper and zinc contents in rations on blood serum concentrations was tested in a feeding trial at the Institute of Animal Nutrition of the Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI). A total of 60 German Holstein breed cows (38 first lactating and 22 second lactating cows) were tested. All animals received a diet based on maize‐ and grass silage ad libitum. The animals were divided into two groups with 30 cows each. Group A received concentrates supplemented with copper and zinc as recommended, whereas Group B was offered a concentrate with roughly double the amount of copper and zinc. Blood samples were taken several times during the lactation. The concentrations of copper and zinc in the serum were measured and correlations between trace element intake and their serum concentrations were calculated. The mean dry matter intake was significantly higher for cows in the second lactation (19.1 kg/day) than for cows in the first lactation (16.4 kg/day), whereas the DM‐intake was constant in the different feeding groups (17.3 and 17.4 kg/day). The correlation between feed intake in the first and the second lactation was r = 0.76. The copper concentration in the serum was not influenced by the different feedings (11.9 and 12.5 μmol/l), but high variations were found between the cows. The influence of the lactation number was not significant (12.1 and 12.4 μmol/l). In contrast to copper, the zinc concentration in the serum was significantly higher for Group B (14.0 μmol/l) than for Group A (12.2 μmol/l), respectively, for second lactating cows (13.8 μmol/l) in relation to 12.7 μmol/l for first lactating cows. The individual variation was also high as for copper. Neither the correlation between copper intake and copper serum concentration nor the correlation between zinc intake and zinc serum concentration was significant.     

Pharmacokinetics of sulphadoxine and trimethoprim in sows: Influence of lactation

A potentiated sulpha drug was administered intravenously to 12 sows on the 17th day of lactation and to 4 sows in early pregnancy to study the influence of lactation on its disposition kinetics. The dose-rate of sulphadoxine (SDX) used was 12 mg/kg b.w. while that of trimethoprim (TMP) was 2.4 mg/kg b.w. The pharmacokinetic parameters of SDX showed no significant difference between lactating and pregnant sows (V _ss, 0.24±0.04 L/kg; Cl _s , 0.25±0.05 ml/min per kg: MRT, 17.08±4.48 h). SDX did not accumulate in milk, the concentrations in milk being less than the concentrations in serum at the same time. Of the pharmacokinetic parameters for TMP, only the mean residence time was significantly different between the two groups (V _ss, 1.60±0.31 L/kg; Cl _s , 4.62±1.07 ml/min per kg: MRT_lactating, 5.43±1.26 h; MRT_pregnant, 7.74±1.72 h). TMP was excreted in milk to a considerable extent, the ratio of its concentration in milk to that in serum at the same time being over 2.2. These two substances show a completely different pharmacokinetic behaviour. Even though TMP is excreted more quickly in lactating sows, adjusting the dose of this potentiated sulpha drug does not seem to be appropriate.Abbreviations AUC area under the curve - AUMC area under the first-movement curve - terminal elimination rate constant - b.w. body weight - Cl _s clearance at steady state - D dose - MRT mean residence time - SD standard deviation - SDX sulphadoxine - TMP trimethoprim - V _ss apparent volume of distribution at steady state     

1例自发性糖尿病猕猴血液学及血液生化指标分析

通过测定和分析自发性糖尿病猕猴的血液学、生化指标,为建立猕猴自发性糖尿病模型提供参考数据。对发生类似人类糖尿病“三多一少”症状的1只猕猴,应用全自动血细胞分析仪和血液生化分析仪,测定其血液学、生化值,并进行糖耐量试验。结果血糖(空腹)、尿糖和尿素显著升高;甘油三酯、肌酐、总胆固醇、氯、磷、镁和二氧化碳处于正常值高限或增多,血液学中性粒细胞百分比、血红蛋白、平均红细胞血红蛋白和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度升高。表明猕猴为典型的自发性糖尿病动物。     

丁酸梭菌替代抗生素对肉鸡生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

为研究不同水平丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响,选择2 000只体重相近、健康的1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复100只鸡.空白对照组肉鸡饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素对照组在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg金霉素,试验1、2、3组分别在基础饲粮中添加100、400、600 g/t丁酸梭...