种植深度对栓皮栎种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响

为了了解林木种子直播过程中,播种深度对林木种子出苗率及幼苗生长发育的影响,在济源王屋山地区次生栓皮栎林内,设置4 cm和12 cm两种播种深度,种植100枚健康栓皮栎种子,定期观察记录其发芽和成长状况。结果显示:①4 cm条件下,栓皮栎的发芽率为92%,而12 cm条件下,发芽率仅为62%,二者差异显著;②在2种种植深度下,栓皮栎幼苗的地上茎长度分别为11.79±0.55 cm和11.41±0.65 cm,差异不显著,而叶片数分别为10.33±0.68和9.54±1.13,亦无显著差异。由此可见,在一定范围内,种植深度对林木种子的发芽和出苗率有直接影响,但对出苗后幼苗的生长发育并无明显影响。     

不同温度和土壤含水量对油松种子萌发的影响

为了探索油松种子萌发对温度和水分调控的响应,开展了6个温度梯度和6个土壤含水量条件下的油松种子萌发对比试验。结果表明:6个温度条件下,发芽率排序为25℃>30℃>35℃>20℃>40℃>15℃;6个土壤水分条件下,发芽率排序为25%>30%>20%>35%>15%>40%。温度和水分是影响油松种子萌发的重要因素。     

不同浸种温度和沙藏深度对山桃种子萌发的影响

采用不同温度(60℃,80℃,100℃)的高锰酸钾溶液(浓度0.5%)和不同沙藏深度(40 cm, 55 cm, 70 cm)对山桃种子进行处理,比较不同浸种温度、不同沙藏深度对山桃种子发芽的影响。结果表明,浸种温度为60℃和80℃时,沙藏深度越深,种子发芽率越高;浸种温度为100℃时,沙藏深度对种子萌发的影响不大。沙藏深度为40 cm和55 cm时,山桃种子的发芽率随温度的升高不断增高;沙藏深度为70 cm时,山桃种子的发芽率随着浸种温度的增高先升后降,在80℃时发芽率最高。     

不同催芽处理对核桃楸种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

选取黑龙江省东京城、辽宁省凤城、吉林省抚松3个种源地的核桃楸种子,分别采用混沙层积、温水+混沙层积、冷水+混沙层积3种方法进行催芽处理,结果表明,温水+混沙层积催芽处理出芽率为80.7%,苗木高、地径生长量也高于其他两种处理。     

NaCl和PEG胁迫对不同大小刺槐种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

【目的】研究盐和干旱胁迫下不同大小刺槐种子的萌发规律,提出合适种子大小与胁迫程度的选配建议,为刺槐优良苗木的培育提供参考。【方法】利用土壤筛,将种子分为大粒、中粒和小粒3个等级,明确每个等级种子大小特征、千粒质量和吸胀率。用NaCl和PEG 6000模拟盐和干旱胁迫,配制不同渗透势(0、-0.05、-0.15、-0.30、-0.49 MPa)的NaCl、PEG溶液。将不同大小的种子放置在光照培养箱内进行萌发试验,分析种子的萌发特征、幼苗生物量和根系发育,并比较不同大小种子在萌发中的可塑性。【结果】1)大粒和中粒种子的吸胀率显著大于小粒种子,中粒与小粒种子的千粒质量对比大粒种子分别降低22.01%、61.72%。2)随胁迫程度的增加,发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数显著降低,平均发芽时间显著增加;幼苗含水量、生物量、根长、根表面积、比根长、比根表面积显著降低。盐胁迫处理比干旱胁迫有着高的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗含水量,但在根干重、根冠比、根长、根表面积、比根长、比根表面积上低于干旱胁迫的。在各个指标的胁迫指数上,盐胁迫高于干旱胁迫的。3)在整个萌发过程中,大粒和中粒种子与小粒种子相比,...     

大果沙棘种子萌发和幼苗生长实验

经测定,俄罗斯大果沙棘丘依斯克(Hippophae rhamnoides)种子的千粒重为17.75 g,与其它沙棘属的种子相比,其千粒重较大,为其2倍左右。在水、气适宜的条件下,主要研究了温度分别为15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和光照强度分别为25%、50%、75%、100%状态下的不同处理对丘依斯克种子萌发的影响,并根据胚根生长量和全株生物量对沙棘种子发芽效果进行了评价,提出了沙棘种子发芽的最适温度和光强。结果表明,在25℃条件下,种子萌发最早,发芽势高达33.0±4.76%,发芽率高达95.5±1.5%,且主根生长量和生物量最大,分别为4.5±0.09 cm和0.137±0.002 g;75%光强最适合沙棘种子萌发,种子萌发最早,发芽势高达61.5±1.7%,发芽率高达86.0±1.1%,且主根生长量和生物量最大,分别为3.7±0.2 cm和0.108±0.004 g。因此,在直播营造大果沙棘防护林时,建议首选25℃的温度条件,同时,建议进行适度遮荫处理,在获得优质苗木的同时,降低蒸发量。     

不同处理对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

试验采用室内培养法,研究了不同浓度的硝酸钾(KNO3)、高锰酸钾(KMnO4)、赤霉素(GA3)、聚乙二醇(PEG)对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以探讨促进其种子萌发及幼苗生长的有效途径,为菘蓝的规模化栽培及生产提供理论依据。结果表明:与对照相比,2g/L KNO3处理的幼苗根长提高61.35%,10g/L KMnO4处理的幼苗保水力提高81.58%,3种浓度GA3处理幼苗根系活力分别提高17.88%、21.85%、13.82%,0.2g/L GA3处理使种子发芽势和发芽率分别提高38.90%、79.18%,幼苗鲜重和苗长分别提高84.38%、24.24%;3种浓度PEG处理的幼苗根系活力分别提高14.08%、19.32%、13.57%,鲜重分别提高75.00%、106.25%、87.50%,200g/L PEG、300g/L PEG处理的种子发芽率分别提高68.15%、46.93%。综上所述,以GA3溶液处理效果最好,其中,以0.2g/L GA3处理效果最佳,能显著提高种子发芽率及发芽势,促进幼苗生长。     

山杏种子后熟生理及萌发条件的研究

测定了去除内果皮的山杏种子不同温度浸水处理的吸水性，温度对去险胚尖处种皮和不去种皮种子萌发的影响；萌发过程中种子内可溶性糖含量的动态变化；激素对种子萌发的影响及萌发期间种子内季淀粉酶活性和过氧化氢酶不知性的变化。     

~(60)Co-γ辐射对不同紫薇品种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探讨不同辐射剂量对紫薇Lagerstroemia indica种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,探索不同剂量对4个紫薇品种幼苗萌发及生长的影响,确定紫薇种子适宜的诱变剂量。以不同剂量~(60)Co-γ射线辐射处理‘堇薇’L.indica‘Jin Wei’,‘嵊州红’L.indica‘Sheng Zhou Hong’,‘比利时’L.indica‘Bi Li Shi’,‘红霞’L.indica‘Hong Xia’4个紫薇品种。结果表明:同一辐射剂量对4个紫薇品种种子发芽和生长的影响具有差异性;随着辐射剂量的增加,种子发芽率及生长呈先升后降的趋势,除‘红霞’外,其余3个紫薇品种异常发育幼苗比例随着辐射剂量的增加而上升。‘堇薇’的最佳辐射剂量为150 Gy,‘嵊州红’、‘比利时’、‘红霞’最佳辐射剂量为200 Gy。本研究为紫薇辐射育种研究提供理论支持。     

山杏种子后熟生理及萌发条件的研究

测定了去除内果皮的山杏种子不同温度浸水处理的吸水性、温度对去除胚尖处种皮和不去种皮种子萌发的影响；萌发过程中种子内可溶性糖含量的动态变化；激素对种子萌发的影响及萌发期间种子内ａ-淀粉酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的变化。结果表明，５０℃低温浸种２４ｈ可达山杏萌发所需水分条件及活力指数；层积处理以２～５℃效果最好；ＧＡ３在适宜浓度下能打破休眠，促进种子发芽、茎根伸长和幼苗生长；种子萌发期间可溶性糖含量呈不断增加趋势，ａ-淀粉酶活性不断增强；层积后种子内ａ-淀粉酶活性显著增强。     

Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalypt</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> plantations on soil water in Sumatra

Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry needs a large area of sustainably grown plantations to support its continued development. Acacia mangium has been the key species underpinning the pulp and paper industries in Sumatra, however increased disease pressure on A. mangium is expected to require large-scale conversion of Acacia plantations to Eucalyptus in the near future. The effect of such a large scale change in plantation species on soil moisture, for both tree production, and catchment hydrology is unknown. In this study we sought to characterize the impacts of plantation species (Acacia or Eucalyptus) and nitrogen management, on soil moisture, soil water depletion and depth to groundwater under stands of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita over the first 2–3 years after establishment. The study was conducted in experiments at four sites in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil moisture and soil water depletion were not influenced by plantation species or fertilizer treatment. Soil moisture content and soil water depletion were strongly influenced by shallow groundwater at two of the four sites, however depth to groundwater did not influence stem growth. Results from the field trials cautiously suggest that large scale conversion of Acacia mangium to Eucalypt species in these regions is unlikely to result in increased moisture stress, nor is conversion of plantation species likely to lead to substantial differences in catchment hydrology. This study demonstrated the importance of conducting multi-site studies when investigating biophysical relationships in forest/plantation systems.     

Successful <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis> with apple <Emphasis Type="Italic">SPDS</Emphasis> gene

The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase （SPDS） genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu＇med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.     

Effects of different treatments on seed germination and breaking seed dormancy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prosopis koelziana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prosopis Juliflora</Emphasis>

For improving seed germination of Prosopis koelziana and Prosopis juliflora, different treatments of seeds were conducted, including scarification with sulfuric acid 98% for 10 and 15 min, sandy paper, hot water for 5 and 10 min, potasium nitrate 0.1%, gibberellic acid at 250 mg·L⁻¹ and 500 mg·L⁻¹ and combinational treatment of scarification with gibberellic acid of 250 mg·L⁻¹ and 500 mg·L⁻¹. The results show that scarifications with sandy paper and sulfuric acids 98% were the most effective treatments on breaking seed dormancy and seed germination induction. Scarification with sulfuric acid 98% for 15 min was the best treatment. According to the positive effect of scarification and lack of reaction of seeds against KNO₃ and gibberellic acid, the kind of seed dormancy was determined as exogenous.     

Germination and seedling growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dimorphandra jorgei</Emphasis> MF Silva and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Swartzia macrostachya</Emphasis> Benth. var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">riedelii</Emphasis> Cowan

Dimorphandra jorgei MF Silva (Caesalpinaceae) and Swartzia macrostachya Benth. var. riedelii Cowan (Fabaceae) are tree species from the southern Bahian Atlantic Forest, identified for the restoration of degraded areas. The objective of this research is to study their seed germination and seedling growth to develop simple methods for seedling production in small scale nurseries. Because the species have distinct dormancy and germination characteristics, the seeds were submitted to different treatments. D. jorgei seeds were immersed in hot water, scarified and stored for 12 weeks in the laboratory environment (25°C). S. macrostachya seeds were submitted to different combinations of drying and storage in the laboratory environment or refrigerator (4°C). Seedlings were submitted to two light treatments for 3 months: partial shade (52% of full sun) and full shade (12% of full sun). In D. jorgei, the highest germination occurred for scarified seeds (87%) and for seeds stored for 12 weeks and then scarified (69%). In S. macrostachya the undried control seeds had the highest germination, followed by that of the refrigeration storage treatment, without predrying (99% and 97%, respectively). The average values for the growth parameters were greater in full shade for D. jorgei, while S. macrostachya seedlings showed greater growth rates in partial shade. Two months growth is recommended before D. jorgei seedlings are of the sufficient size and leaf number for field planting. On the other hand, a period of 4 months is recommended for S. macrostachya, due to its relatively slow growth.     

Morphological characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">variabilis</Emphasis> charcoal prepared at different temperatures

The morphology of charcoals was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Charcoal of Quercus variabilis was prepared in an electric furnace under nitrogen gas atmosphere at 400, 600, 800 and 1,000°C. Charring temperature greatly affects the structure of charcoal. In charcoal prepared at 400°C, most of the morphological characteristics remained relatively unchanged with the exception of the cell-wall layering. The cell walls appeared homogenous and glass-like. Above 400°C, there was an increase in cell-wall thinning and volumetric shrinkage with an increase in the charring temperature. These two factors were responsible for most of the observed changes in structure. Fracture surfaces became increasingly rough and disrupted. Vessel elements were increasingly distorted and tyloses disintegrated with increases in temperature. Parenchyma cells exhibited greater shrinkage except at the pits. This resulted in the appearance of distinctive small protuberances over the surface of the parenchyma cells. Rhomboidal calcium crystals were found to be abundant at all the temperatures studied, but at 800 and 1,000°C the crystals had a sponge-like appearance.     

Insecticidal properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymus persicus</Emphasis> essential oil against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus oryzae</Emphasis>

Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4 and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT₅₀) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT₅₀ values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC₅₀ values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects.     

Osmoregulators in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenaea courbaril</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymenaea stigonocarpa</Emphasis> under water stress and rehydration

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different water deficiency and rehydration levels on the concentrations of osmoregulators in two plant species (Hymenaea courbaril and H. Stigonocarpa) in the Amazon. We adopted a 2 × 5 × 5 factorial system, referring to 2 species (H. courbaril and H. stigonocarpa) and 5 stages of hydration and rehydration. The five hydration and rehydration stages were established in: (1) Control treatment E0; (2) Plants with 13 days of stress after incubation—E13; (3) Plants with 26 days of stress E26; (4) The plants that were established after 26 days after incubation and rehydrated for two days (RD2); (5) rehydrated for two days (RD4). The plants that were established after 26 days after incubation and rehydrated for four days. The experiment totaled fifty young plants with five replicates. Biochemical measurements were performed at the beginning of the experiment (E0) at 13 (E13) and 26 (E26) days after the water stress, in which the plants were rehydrated, repeating the analyses after two (RD2) and four (RD4) days. Both species increased the sucrose concentration by 18%, with a decrease of 52% in starch content. The RD4 time presented the highest mean starch concentration (0.19 mmol g^?1 of the residue for H. courbaril and 0.27 mmol g^?1 of residue for H. stigonocarpa). Increased proline concentrations were recorded for controls until RD2 for both species. For glycine betaine, the highest increases in treatments E26 and RD2 were observed for the H. courbaril species. Our rehydration period was not sufficient for total recovery of pre-stress concentrations of all studied solutes.     

Changes in soil properties under <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> relative to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> and natural broadleaved forests in South China

The ecological effects of eucalypt plantations (EPs) have garnered increasing attention. To understand their effect on soil quality at a landscape scale, and to determine whether soil quality parameters differ due to different stand types, we evaluated soil characteristics in twenty-one groups of EPs, Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantations (PMPs) and natural broadleaved forests (NBFs) across Guangdong Province, China. Both the physical characteristics of soil hydrology and the properties of soil nutrients in A and B horizons were determined. Results showed that, compared to NBFs, EPs and PMPs produced a shallower litter layer, reduced canopy density, higher soil bulk density, significantly lower total porosity, non-capillary porosity, total water volume, and hygroscopic water in the A horizon (P < 0.05). Moreover, total N, available K, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in EPs and PMPs were significantly lower than in NBFs. EPs and PMPs did not differ significantly in N, P or K content, but PMPs had significantly lower SOC and boron in the A horizon than EPs. Low pH and poor capacity to buffer acidification generally occurred in all cover types. Both EPs and PMPs showed a decline in soil properties relative to NBFs, but EPs and PMPs exhibited no significant difference. These results indicate that actions are needed to ameliorate the potential negative effects on soil quality in forestry plantations.     

冷湿层积法对印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana）种子萌发的影响

研究赤霉素(GA3),冷湿和温度 对五个种源的印度冷杉(Abies pindrow)和长叶云杉(Picea smithiana)种子萌发的影响.种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,然后在3(5(C温度的条件下冷藏15天.设计4个温度(10(C, 15(C, 20(C 和 25(C)条件来促进种子的萌发.结果表明,浸泡和冷湿处理明显增加种子的萌发率.在10 (C时种子的萌发率最高.总体结果表明,种子被浸泡在GA3 (10 mg(L-1)中24小时,冷湿藏15天,可以有效地促进印度冷杉和长叶云杉的种子萌发.统计数据表明,浸泡处理、温度和种源以及与温度的相互作用都对种子的萌发有明显的影响.     

Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood by brown-rot fungi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitopsis palustris</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coniophora puteana</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Laetiporus sulphureus</Emphasis>

This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at