日粮中添加菊粉和鱼腥草对肉鸡生长性能、器官指数及肠道生长发育的影响

为研究在基础日粮中添加菊粉和鱼腥草混合制剂对肉鸡关键器官指数及肠道生长发育的影响,将108羽体重相近的14日龄黄羽肉鸡随机分为3组(A组、B组和C组),即3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6羽鸡。A组采用基础日粮,B组使用由基础日粮和1%菊粉组成的日粮,C组采用由基础日粮+1%菊粉和0.4%鱼腥草组成的日粮。结果显示,到28日龄时,3组黄羽肉鸡的器官指数和生长性能差异不显著,但B组和C组黄羽肉鸡的胰腺、脾脏、胸腺、肝脏的器官指数相比A组黄羽肉鸡的分别提高了7.6%和2.6%,12.3%和31.0%,13.0%和12.6%,9.5%和6.6%。与A组黄羽肉鸡相比,B组和C组黄羽肉鸡的回肠的相对长度和相对重量显著增加(P 0.05),C组黄羽肉鸡的盲肠的相对重量显著增加(P 0.05)。同时,与A组相比,B组、C组黄羽肉鸡的十二指肠的VH/CD和绒毛高度显著提高(P 0.05),空肠的VH/CD显著提高(P 0.05)。     

共轭亚油酸对肉鸡肝脏脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一系列亚油酸(C18：2)的位置和几何异构体的统称。双键位置有8,10;9,11;10,12和11,13(Eulitz等,1999)。每个共轭的双烯异构体有顺(Cis)、反(Tmns)：T,C;C,C;或T,T几何异物。在反刍动物脂肪中占优势的是c9,T11CLA,它占奶产品CLA的80％,牛肉脂肪中CLA的75％。(Chin等,     

高油脂日粮中添加外源性乳化剂对肉鸡饲料养分利用率的影响

选用48只体重一致的、健康的36日龄的爱拔益加(Arbor Acre)雄性肉鸡,随机分成6个处理,每个处理4个重复,研究等能和等蛋白情况下,在高油脂含量日粮中添加不同剂量(0、400、530、660、800g/t)的外源性乳化剂对肉鸡饲料营养物质表观和真实代谢率的影响。结果表明:高油脂饲料中添加不同水平的外源性乳化剂不同程度地提高了能量、粗脂肪和干物质的表观和真实代谢率以及表观和真实代谢能,并且随着乳化剂添加水平的提高而呈上升的趋势。其中800g/t乳化剂水平下,能量、粗脂肪的真实代谢率、真实代谢能都提高值最大,添加400g/t乳化剂处理组和对照组差异不显著。     

不同脂肪对肉鸡营养素沉积,体组成和血清代谢物的影响

本试验利用公肉雏鸡研究不同脂肪来源对肉用鸡生长性能,营养素表观利用率,血清生理指标,胴体特性和组织脂肪酸组成的影响。试验结果表明：（１）添加脂肪提高了蛋白质,干物质的表观利用率,而日粮总脂肪的表观利用下降。（２）添加脂肪改善了生长性能,提高日增重,改善饲料转化效率。（３）添加牛脂后血清卵磷脂水平明显上升,高水平牛脂添加后血清甘油三酯明显下降。添加各种脂肪后脂肪酶活性明显下降,且随添加水平的提高而显     

日粮中添加能量和脂肪对猪脂肪酸含量、瘦肉率和脂肪生成的影响

试验采用40头去势大白公猪,研究日粮脂肪来源(日粮中含有5%的牛羊油或豆油)对猪脂肪酸含量、瘦肉率和脂肪生成的影响是否依赖于日粮可消化的能量浓度(8.8MJDE/kg、14.0MJDE/kg)。试验猪分为4组,体重27-105kg定量饲喂(170g×BW0.569/d)。测背膘、网膜脂、背最长肌中肌间脂肪组织脂肪酸含量和成脂酶活性。试验结果表明,猪生长性能和胴体品质受日粮能量水平影响(p<0.01)与脂肪来源无关。在低能量组胴体脂肪沉积少、成脂酶活性降低(p<0.01)。在日粮能量水平范围内,采食含豆油的     

蛋鸡日粮中添加植物油对肝脏和鸡肉中脂肪酸含量的影响

将60只52周龄蛋鸡分为3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,两试验组分别饲喂含3％的胡麻油和3％的菜籽油日粮,研究日粮中添加植物油对肝脏和胸肌中脂肪酸的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加3％植物油可明显提高生产性能和增加肝脏和胸肌中的硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和胸肌中亚麻酸的含量(P<0.05)。日粮中添加3％菜籽油组的胸肌中油酸的含量和肝脏中油酸、亚油酸的含量明显高于添加3％的胡麻油组(P<0.05)。     

饲喂不同油脂对黄羽肉鸡肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

选用 8 3日龄的雌性广西黄羽肉鸡 90只 ,随机分成 5组 (每组设 2个重复 ,每个重复 9只 ,共 18只 ) ,研究饲粮中不同油脂对肉鸡肌肉组织脂肪酸组成的影响。 5组饲粮分别含 3%的富含饱和脂肪酸的棕榈油 (PO3组 ,对照组 )、 3% (LO3组 )和 5%的富含α 亚麻酸 (C18:3n 3,ALA)的亚麻油 (LO5组 )、 5%的富含长链n 3脂肪酸 (如C2 0 :5n 3,EPA ;C2 2 :6n 3,DHA)的鱼油 (FO5组 )、 5%的富含亚油酸(C18:2n 6 ,LA)和ALA的火麻仁油 (HO5组 )。饲喂 2 8d,取样测定胸肌和腿肌中的脂肪酸组成。结果表明 :PO3(对照组 )肌肉中的n 6 /n 3脂肪酸比值比例高于其他组 (P <0 0 5) ;与对照组相比 ,LO3组和LO5组以ALA和LA为主的多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)增加 (P <0 0 5) ,ALA和LA在体内可转化为相应的长链脂肪酸 ;FO5组以长链n 3PUFA ,(如EPA、DPA、DHA)为主的PUFA含量增加 (P <0 0 5) ;HO5组以LA为主的n 6脂肪酸高于其他组 (P <0 0 5) ;长链PUFA (如DHA)易沉积于胸肌中 ,而LA ,ALA易沉积于腿肌中。由此可见 ,肉鸡肌肉组织脂肪酸的组成充分反映了饲粮油脂的脂肪酸组成 ,通过饲粮中添加不同脂肪酸组成的油脂可生产富含特定PUFA的鸡肉     

共轭亚油酸对肉鸡肝脏脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响

本文研究了日粮中添加CLA对肉鸡生产性能和肝脏组成的影响，96只1日龄的肉公鸡随机分成两组(n=48)，进行21天的实验，对照组日粮中含玉米油，试验组日粮中含CLA，结果显示，试验组与对照组相比肉鸡体重轻一些，生长慢一些，对照组肉鸡饲料摄入量和饲料转化率高一些。CLA使肝脏脂肪和三酰甘油浓度显著降低，使饱和脂肪酸(SFA)比例增加，单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)比例降低．但总的饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比例没有变化；亚油酸在总甲基脂肪酸中的比例降低，但亚油酸量增加，CLA异构体在肝脏中的量显著增加。C9，T11CLA在肝脏中的相对比例大大高于T10，C12和C9，T11CLA，本试验表明在肉鸡日粮中添加CLA使肝脏脂肪沉积大大减少，肝脂中CLA的量显著增加。     

肉鸡日粮中添加天然的或随机化的棕榈油对脂肪酸的消化和沉积的影响

假设随着身体组织中脂肪酸的改变,试验用的随机化的棕桐油能够提高它的消化率,特别是棕榈酸（C16：0）组分的消化率。肉鸡饲喂包括天然的或是随机化的棕榈油日粮,且也饲喂天然的或按1：1比例混合的天然的和加氢的向日葵油日粮。随机化的棕榈油都能够使C16：0在甘油分子中的sn-2含量有所提高（14％-32％）。氢化的向日葵油降低了脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸酸的消化率,并且没有改变总不饱和脂肪酸酸的消化率。随机化的棕桐油组的C16：0的表观消化率在试验前期和试验后期分别提高了2．6％和5．8％。在试验后期主要研究消化率,结果显示：C16：0在sn-2和sn-1,3位置的消化率分别为90％和51％。饲喂随机化的棕榈油组比天然的棕榈油组显著提高了胸肌、腹脂的棕榈酸的成分和降低了不饱和与饱和脂肪酸酸的比率。结论：与天然的棕榈油相比,随机化的棕榈油可以作为植物油添加在肉鸡日粮中对饱和脂肪酸酸的消化率起到积极作用,且与富含不饱和脂肪酸酸的植物油相比,对肉的硬度有好的效果。     

添加菊粉和单宁对湖羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和微生物区系的影响

研究旨在日粮中添加菊粉和单宁对湖羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用体重相近、健康无病的断奶湖羊公羔24只,随机分为4组,每组6只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.1%菊粉、0.1%菊粉+2%单宁、0.1%菊粉+2%单宁+4%聚乙二醇（polyethylene glycol,PEG）。饲养75 d后屠宰,采集瘤胃内容物用于测定瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和微生物多样性。结果表明：试验Ⅱ组中乙酸/丙酸值显著提高（P<0.05）;试验Ⅲ组中异丁酸比例显著降低（P<0.05）。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组中OTU数量、Chao1指数显著降低（P<0.05）。在门水平上,拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门的相对丰度占总菌门的95%以上。与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组显著提高了拟杆菌门、变形菌门的相对丰度（P<0.05）,显著降低了厚壁菌门、螺旋体门和纤维杆菌门的相对丰度（P<0.05）。在属水平上,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组中理研菌科RC9菌属的相对丰度显著增加（P<0.05）,而瘤胃球菌科NK4A214菌属的相对丰度显著降...     

Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance,abdominal fat deposition,serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens

1. The effects of a mixture of 12 Lactobacillus strains (LC) on the growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens were studied from 1 to 42 d of age. 2. One hundred and thirty-six 1-d-old male broiler chicks were assigned at random to two dietary treatments: a basal diet (control), and a basal diet with 0.1% LC. 3. The supplementation of LC in broiler diets improved the body weight gain and feed conversion rate from 1 to 42 d of age and was effective in reducing abdominal fat deposition but only after 28 d of age. 4. The LC diets reduced serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides in broilers from 21 to 42 d of age. However, there was no significant difference in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol between control and LC-fed broilers. There was also no significant difference in the weights of organs of control and LC-fed broilers. 5. The results indicated that the mixture of 12 Lactobacillus strains have a hypolipidaemic effect on broilers.     

Effect of synbiotic supplementation and dietary fat sources on broiler performance,serum lipids,muscle fatty acid profile and meat quality

1. A 42-d trial was conducted to investigate the effect of adding a synbiotic supplement to diets containing two different types of fat on performance, blood lipids and fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative stability of breast and thigh meat in broilers.

2. A total of 800 one-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned into 1 of 8 treatments with 4 replicates of 25 birds per treatment. The experiment consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including 4 concentrations of synbiotic (0, 0.5, 1 or 1.5 g/kg diet) and 2 types of fat [sunflower oil (SO) or canola oil (CO)] at an inclusion rate of 50 g/kg diet.

3. Dietary fat type did not affect body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the overall experimental period (0–42 d). However, fat type modified serum lipid profile and FA composition and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) content in breast and thigh meat.

4. The addition of synbiotic to the diet linearly improved overall BWG and FCR and also decreased serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. The TBARS value in thigh meat after 30 d of storage at 4°C was linearly decreased as the synbiotic inclusion concentrations in the diets increased. Dietary synbiotic also decreased the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and increased n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration in thigh meat, whereas the FA profile of breast meat was not affected by synbiotic supplementation. Moreover, the PUFA/SFA ratio in the breast meat was linearly increased when synbiotic was included in the CO-containing diets.

5. In conclusion, the addition of synbiotic to broiler diets had a positive effect on growth performance, blood lipid profile and meat quality. The results also support the use of synbiotic to increase the capacity of canola oil for enhancing PUFA/SFA ratio of breast meat in broilers.

     

Effect of coated and non-coated fatty acid supplementation on broiler chickens experimentally infected with Campylobacter jejuni

The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent the supplementation of feed with a coated or non-coated mixture of fatty acids (caprylic and capric acid) affects broiler chickens experimentally infected with Campylobacter jejuni. The study was carried out using 48 chickens divided into four experimental groups. Throughout the whole rearing period (1-42 days), the chickens were fed a diet supplemented with 0.25% caprylic and capric acid (1:1), coated or non-coated. At the age of 14 and 28 days, chickens were orally challenged with C. jejuni. At regular time intervals post-inoculation, the shedding of C. jejuni was assayed using quantitative real-time PCR. Both supplements significantly decreased faecal C. jejuni counts by 1.2-4.1 log(10) CFU/g 4 days post-inoculation; after this time period, the effect of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) was less pronounced or absent. Campylobacter jejuni counts in excreta samples were significantly lower in chickens fed coated MCFA than in those fed non-coated MCFA. No effect of MCFA on feed intake or growth of chickens was observed. In conclusion, (i) MCFA are active against C. jejuni and (ii) the encapsulation enhanced the efficacy of the acids. These results allow the recommendation of using MCFA as feed additives in chickens, preferably 2-3 days before slaughter.     

Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens

This study described the relation between the type and amount of dietary fat on the deposition of abdominal fat by broiler chickens. It was hypothesized that at higher fat intakes, the well-known lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the deposition of abdominal fat would be diminished. Experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of added fat (3%, 6% and 9%). Each level had different proportions of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) by installing the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 with the use of tallow and soybean oil. Arbor Acres chicks, aged 7 days, were fed one of the 15 experimental diets until they were aged 42 days. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. There was no systematic effect of the dietary fat type and the amount on the weight gain and the feed intake. The lowest SFA:UFA ratio of 1:5 produced the lowest feed conversion rates, irrespective of the amount of the fat in the diet. The abdominal fat deposition was similar in the birds fed on diets containing either 3% or 6% added fat, but deposition was lower than in those fed 9% fat. A decrease in the SFA:UFA ratio of the diet was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in abdominal fat, irrespective of the amount of fat in the diet. This observation leads to the rejection of the hypothesis stated above. A decrease in the dietary SFA:UFA from 1:1 to 1:4 caused a decrease in the number of the fat cells per surface unit of breast meat. It is concluded that an increased intake of soybean oil at the expense of tallow reduced the abdominal fat deposition and the number of fat cells in the breast meat of broiler chickens.     

Poultry fat decreased fatty acid transporter protein mRNA expression and affected fatty acid composition in chickens

Background: A study was undertaken to examine the effects of poultry fat (PF) compared with those of soybean oil (SBO) on intestinal development, fatty acid transporter protein (FATP) mRNA expression, and fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. A total of 144 day-old male commercial broilers were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (6 replicates of 12 chicks for each treatment) and fed isocaloric diets containing 3.0% PF or 2.7% SBO at 0 to 3 wk and 3.8% PF or 3.5% SBO at 4 to 6 wk, respectively. Results: PF had no influence on intestinal morphology, weight, or DNA, RNA, or protein concentrations at 2, 4, and 6 wk of age. However, compared with SBO, PF significantly decreased FATP mRNA abundance at 4 wk (P=0.009) and 6 wk of age (P<0.001); decreased liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA abundance at 6 wk of age (P=0.039); and decreased C18:2 (P=0.015), C18:3 (P<0.001), C20:2 (P=0.018), Σ-polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σ-PUFA) (P = 0.020), and the proportion of PUFA (P<0.001) in the intestinal mucosa and decreased C18:2 (P=0.010), C18:3 (P<0.001), C20:2 (P<0.001), Σ-PUFA (P=0.005), and the proportion of PUFA (P<0.001) in breast muscle at 6 wk of age. Conclusions: PF decreases FATP and L-FABP mRNA expression and decreased the proportion of PUFA in the intestinal mucosa and breast muscle.     

Poultry fat decreased fatty acid transporter protein mRNA expression and affected fatty acid composition in chickens

Background

A study was undertaken to examine the effects of poultry fat (PF) compared with those of soybean oil (SBO) on intestinal development, fatty acid transporter protein (FATP) mRNA expression, and fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. A total of 144 day-old male commercial broilers were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups (6 replicates of 12 chicks for each treatment) and fed isocaloric diets containing 3.0% PF or 2.7% SBO at 0 to 3 wk and 3.8% PF or 3.5% SBO at 4 to 6 wk, respectively.

Results

PF had no influence on intestinal morphology, weight, or DNA, RNA, or protein concentrations at 2, 4, and 6 wk of age. However, compared with SBO, PF significantly decreased FATP mRNA abundance at 4 wk (P = 0.009) and 6 wk of age (P < 0.001); decreased liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA abundance at 6 wk of age (P = 0.039); and decreased C18:2 (P = 0.015), C18:3 (P < 0.001), C20:2 (P = 0.018), Σ-polyunsaturated fatty acids (Σ-PUFA) (P = 0.020), and the proportion of PUFA (P < 0.001) in the intestinal mucosa and decreased C18:2 (P = 0.010), C18:3 (P < 0.001), C20:2 (P < 0.001), Σ-PUFA (P = 0.005), and the proportion of PUFA (P < 0.001) in breast muscle at 6 wk of age.

Conclusions

PF decreases FATP and L-FABP mRNA expression and decreased the proportion of PUFA in the intestinal mucosa and breast muscle.     

Corticosterone administration and dietary glucose supplementation enhance fat accumulation in broiler chickens

1. The effects of exogenous corticosterone administration and glucose supplementation on energy intake, lipid metabolism and fat deposition of broiler chickens were investigated. 2. A total of 144 three-d-old male chickens were randomly assigned to one of the following 4 treatments for 7 d: a low energy diet (10.9 MJ ME/kg, 200 g/kg CP) with or without corticosterone (30 mg/kg diet) and drinking water supplemented with glucose (80 g/l) or saccharine (2 g/l, control). 3. Body weight (BW) gain and breast and thigh muscle yields (% body mass) were all significantly decreased by corticosterone treatment. The relative cumulative feed intake (RCFI) and relative ME intake (RMEI), rather than the feed (FI) or ME intake (MEI) were increased by corticosterone administration. Both feed efficiency (FE) and caloric efficiency (CE) were decreased by corticosterone administration. Corticosterone administration had no obvious effect on water consumption. 4. Glucose supplementation had no influence on BW gain and breast and thigh muscle yield (as % of body mass). FI or RCFI was decreased while MEI or RMEI was increased by glucose supplementation. FE was improved by glucose treatment, whereas CE was reduced. 5. Liver weight and abdominal, cervical and thigh fat deposits were all significantly increased by either corticosterone or glucose treatment. 6. Plasma concentrations of glucose, urate, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), very low density lipoprotein and insulin were all significantly increased by corticosterone treatment. Glucose supplementation had no obvious influence on any of the measured plasma parameters except for NEFA, which were significantly increased. 7. Lipoprotein lipase activities in either cervical or abdominal adipose tissues, rather than in thigh fat tissue, were significantly elevated by either glucose or corticosterone treatment.     

Fatty acid composition of broiler abdominal fat as influenced by temperature,diet, age and sex

1. Two environmentally controlled houses at 21°‐30°‐21°C (HT) and 21°C (LT) were used to study the effect of temperature on fatty acid composition of the abdominal fat of male and female broilers fed 13.8 and 13 MJ ME/kg diets and slaughtered at 34 and 54 d.

2. Extracts from the abdominal fat of 160 carcases and of the experimental foods were analysed for fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography.

3. Birds reared in HT had a significantly lower proportion of polyun‐saturated fatty acids (PUFA) in their abdominal fat between 34 and 54 d than birds in LT. The depot fat contents of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were all reduced by HT at 54 d.

4. For broilers slaughtered at 54 d, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was much higher in females at high temperatures than in males while at low temperatures PUFA, especially linoleic, was much lower in males than in females.

5. Early finishing of broilers is advantageous from the viewpoint of fatty acid composition because the PUFA/SFA ratio declines significantly with age regardless of temperature.     

Hepatic lipolysis in broiler chickens with different fat deposition during embryonic development

The aim of this study was to explore the hepatic lipolysis in broiler chickens with different fat deposition during embryonic development. The mRNA expression of CPT-1 (carmitine palmtoyltransferase-1), PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) and LPL (lipoprotein lipase) genes were determined using Real time RT-PCR. The start of incubation was called day 1 (E1) and after hatching called day 1 (H1). On incubation days 9 (E9), 14 (E14) and 19 (E19) as well as at hatching (H1), samples of liver were collected. Blood samples were obtained during days 14 (E14) and 19 (E19) of embryonic development and at hatching. This study showed that serum TG (triglycerol) decreased and TC (total cholesterol) and NEFA (non-estered fatty acid) increased during embryonic development. The expression of CPT-1, PPARα and LPL genes exhibited different developmental changes. For example, little LPL gene was expressed at hatching and PPARα gene expression peaked before hatching. However, CPT-1 gene exhibited no significance during the embryonic development. Our results showed that expression of these genes in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers was significantly higher than that in San Huang (SH) broilers. Therefore, this study suggested that hepatic lipolysis in broiler chickens exhibited developmental changes during embryogenesis and breed difference which may be one of the factors in the fat deposition difference between fat line and lean line broilers during embryonic development.