黑籽南瓜中NBS类抗病基因同源序列的克隆与表达分析

黑籽南瓜(Cucurbita ficifolia)是云南特有的对病害有较强抗性的一种瓜类作物。为发掘利用其蕴含的优异抗病基因资源,本研究根据已克隆到的植物核苷酸结合位点(nucleotide binding site,NBS)类抗病基因的保守氨基酸结构域基因设计简并引物,通过PCR扩增从黑籽南瓜基因组中分离了8条黑籽南瓜抗病基因同源序列(resistance gene analogous,RGAs),聚类分析和相似性比较结果显示,黑籽南瓜抗病基因同源序列2(black seed squash resistance gene analogous 2,HQRGA2(Gen Bank No.:MG946756)单独为一类,且具有核苷酸结合衔接子(nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by APAF-1,R proteins and CED-4;NBARC)结构,其余7条序列均不具有NBS保守结构域。核苷酸相似性分析表明,HQRGA2与部分抗病基因序列的相似性达到87%~99%,其中与南瓜(Cucurbita maschata)NBS类抗病蛋白基因13(squash resistance gene analogous,SQRGA-13)和SQRGA-8的相似性分别达到98.0%和97.0%。对HQRGA2编码的氨基酸保守结构域分析表明,其含有NBS类抗病基因的4个保守模块:P-loop、Kinase-2、Kinase-3a和GLPL区,且属于无Toll蛋白或白介素1受体类似的NBS富亮氨酸重复(non toll/interleukin-1 receptor like of NBS plus leucine-rich region,non-TIR-NBS-LRR)类抗病基因同源序列。HQRGA2编码氨基酸的同源性分析结果表明,其与南瓜抗病蛋白基因SQRGA-13氨基酸同源性较高,达到96.6%,与其余抗病基因同源性在16.6%~43.8%之间,NBS区域氨基酸系统进化树分析结果表明,HQRGA2可能是一个新的抗病基因片段。q RTPCR分析表明,黑籽南瓜HQRGA2片段的表达受尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的胁迫诱导,表现出先扬后抑的表达模式,说明HQRGA2可能为抗病相关基因片段。黑籽南瓜中NBS类抗病基因同源序列HQRGA2的获得为分离克隆其完整抗病基因提供了新线索。     

小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr35相关基因组DNA片段的分离

来源于拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（Aegilops speltoides）的Lr35基因定位于小麦2B染色体上，其抗性二叶期开始表达，六叶期完全表达，是一个十分有效的成株抗叶锈病基因。尚未有报道发现它的表现毒性的菌株存在。本研究利用基于同源序列的候选基因法（homology-based cloning）扩增TcLr35基因组DNA抗病基因同源序列，并结合ISSR分子标记技术筛选Lr35特异性抗病基因类似序列（RGA）片段。     

马氏珠母贝IKKε同源基因的克隆及表达分析

IKKε（inhibitor of NF-κB kinasesε）是NF-κB（nucleur factorκB）信号通路中的关键成员,参与调控细胞的分化、发育、凋亡及免疫反应。本研究根据马氏珠母贝转录组数据库中注释为IKKε的unigene序列设计引物,应用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆获得了马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensii）IKKε基因cDNA的全长序列（PmIKKε）并对其序列特征进行分析;同时利用荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）技术检测了马氏珠母贝六个组织中PmIKKε基因mRNA的表达。结果表明：PmIKKε基因cDNA全长2 843 bp,其中5＇UTR为116 bp,3＇UTR为516 bp,含有27 bp polyA,开放阅读框为2 211 bp,编码737个氨基酸残基。预测其分子量为85.07 kD,等电点为6.17。多序列比对显示PmIKKε与其它物种IKKε有较高的同源性,与牡蛎的序列相似性有45%。软件分析结果显示PmIKKε的N端含有一个蛋白激酶功能结构域和一个MAPKK（mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase）的激活位点,C端含有一个亮氨酸拉链（leucin zipper,LZ）和一个螺旋-环-螺旋结构（helix-loop-helix,HLH）。荧光定量PCR分析表明PmIKKε在马氏珠母贝肝胰脏、性腺、血淋巴、鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌六个组织中均有表达,肝胰脏中表达量最高。本研究为进一步阐述PmIKKε在马氏珠母贝生长、发育及先天性免疫中的作用提供理论基础。     

巴西橡胶树磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白cDNA的克隆及其序列分析

本文从巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）差减cDNA文库中筛选到一个与磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白（phos-phatidylinositol transfer protein）同源性较高的基因片段,并根据该基因片段序列信息,设计特异性引物,采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术RACE（rapid amplification of cDNA ends）进行差异片段的5＇和3＇端的扩增,并获得长度为1081bp的全长cDNA克隆R291（GenBank登陆号：AY589690）。序列分析表明,该基因包含702bp的开放阅读框,编码234个氨基酸,推测其蛋白质的分子量为26.8kD,等电点为6.51,有一个的跨膜螺旋区（氨基酸位点为83～103）。R291基因含有一个脂质结合保守区（Sec14p-like lipid-binding domain）,具有CRAL-TRIO脂质结合结构域,推测该基因是一个磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白基因。该基因的克隆将为橡胶树磷脂酰肌醇代谢的研究奠定了基础,将有助于进一步了解磷脂酰肌醇代谢与胶乳再生之间的关系。     

烟草WRKY12基因的分离、表达与多克隆抗体的制备

在高等植物中,WRKY转录因子家族成员广泛参与植物的生长发育、代谢、生物胁迫和非生物胁迫等生理过程的调控.本研究采用同源序列克隆的方法获得烟草WRKY12基因,序列分析表明,该蛋白属于WRKY家族第2类成员,只有一个WRKY结构域,锌指结构为C-X4-C-X23-H-X1-H.构建系统发育树结果表明,它与大豆中GmWR...     

早酥梨抗黑星病相关新基因Vnp1的克隆及其表达分析

在前期已克隆得到的早酥梨(Pyrus bretschneideri cv.Zaosu)抗病基因同源类似物Pb-Zs3(GenBank登录号:EU939783)的基础上,通过RT-PCR获得Pb-Zs3的cDNA序列,并利用RACE技术获得该基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为早酥梨抗黑星病相关基因(Vnp1),提交至GenBank(GenBank登录号:FJ763188).生物信息学分析表明,早酥梨Vnp1基因的全长cDNA序列为1200 bp,包含一个完整的921 bp的开放读码框架(ORF),编码306个氨基酸残基,预测其分子质量为34.6 kD.同时,该基因含有与抗病相关的功能结构域核酸结合位点(NB-ARC),同源性比对显示其与苹果黑星病菌(Venturia inaequails)诱导后的苹果EST序列ABEA004598(GenBank登录号:EB150292)同源性达71%.对早酥梨Vnp1基因进行半定量RT-PCR研究的结果表明,该基因在梨黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)诱导后216 h内的叶片中的表达水平呈明显上升趋势.     

菰黑粉菌MAPKK同源基因UeMkk1的全长克隆及表达

菰黑粉菌(Ustilago esculenta)是菰(Zizania latifolia)植株体内的内生真菌,其二型态转换与茭白孕茭密切相关,而丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)途径在真菌二型态转换中具有重要调控作用.本研究利用酵母型及菌丝型菰黑粉菌的差异蛋白表达及转录组分析数据,克隆了菰黑粉菌中一个丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase kinase,MAPKK)基因UeMkk1(GenBank登录号:KR870332).该基因cDNA序列全长2 204 bp,开放阅读框2 043 bp.与模式菌酵母的MAPK途径蛋白进行聚类分析表明,UeMkk1属于MAPKK蛋白,NCBI中Blast比对结果及进一步的系统发育分析表明,UeMkk1与黑粉菌属真菌的Mkk1同源性较高,其中与大麦坚黑穗病菌(Ustilago hordei)的MKK1一致性达到84％,其丝/苏氨酸双特异性蛋白激酶催化结构域在不同真菌中高度保守.同时,本研究通过大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)原核表达系统成功表达并从蛋白裂解上清液中纯化得到了纯度较高的UeMkk1蛋白.另外,对不同碳源诱导后菰黑粉菌的生长特征观察及UeMkk1的表达分析表明,蔗糖能诱导菰黑粉菌菌丝的形成及生长,UeMkk1的表达量在菌丝生长后期下调表达;PDA、葡萄糖及麦芽糖培养基中菰黑粉菌保持酵母型生长,UeMkk1呈周期性上调表达.以上研究工作为进一步开展UeMkk1基因的功能研究,阐明其在菰黑粉菌二型态转换及茭白孕茭中的作用提供了基础材料.     

枯萎病菌侵染后香蕉乙烯形成酶基因MaA CO及乙烯响应因子MaERF1表达水平分析

香蕉与枯萎病互作机理研究一直是近年来研究的热点,目前对枯萎病菌的致病机理及香蕉的感、抗病机理还不清楚。本文利用前期表达谱分析结果克隆了乙烯合成及调控途径中的关键酶基因乙烯形成酶基因（MaACO）和乙烯响应因子基因（MaERF1）,通过RT-PCR检测,对这两个基因在感、抗病香蕉种质中的表达水平进行研究。结果表明,MaACO和MaERF1基因对机械损伤非常敏感,尤其在损伤初期（3h）的表达水平远高于后期;对于枯萎病菌侵染处理的植株,尤其在感染初期（3h）MaACO和MaERF1的表达水平在抗性植株中的表达量均比感病植株中的低;抗性种质中乙烯途径可能受到抑制,香蕉的感病性可能与侵染初期对乙烯信号的敏感性相关。本研究为利用乙烯抑制剂进行香蕉抗枯萎病新方法的研究奠定了基础。     

龙眼成花逆转相关基因表达的cDNA-AFLP分析

摘要：以龙眼正常成花花芽和成花逆转花芽为试材,应用cDNA-AFLP技术,研究龙眼正常成花与成花逆转花芽cDNA的差异表达,并利用RT-PCR技术验证,探讨了龙眼成花逆转的分子机制。通过64对引物组合的cDNA-AFLP分析获得了2 560条扩增片段。选择其中有明显差异的片段进行回收、测序,获得了14条核苷酸序列。其中有13个片段在GenBank数据库中发现同源序列,1个功能未知。通过核酸和氨基酸比对分析,与龙眼成花逆转相关的112基因片段同源于银灰杨（Populus tremula x Populus alba）中编码Nek激酶家族(NIMA related protein kinases)基因（83 ％）, 331的核苷酸序列（80％）同源于与拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）中编码内切-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶(EGases)的基因,313的核苷酸序列（78%）同源于与柑橘（Citrus sinensis）中的几丁质酶（chitinase CHI1）基因。     

陆地棉GhSUMO基因的克隆与黄萎病菌诱导表达分析

SUMO化修饰与植物抗病防御、信号转导和耐旱等有着直接的关系。本文以抑制差减杂交（sup—pression subtractive hybridization．SSH）技术获得SUMO的EST为信息探针,对棉花EST数据库进行同源搜索和电子克隆,获得了全长为396bp的SUMO基因编码区cDNA全长,我们将该基因命名为GhSUMO,推测该基因编码95个氨基酸。分别以抗黄萎病陆地棉品种豫棉21号的cDNA和DNA为模板,对该基因进行了PCR扩增验证,测序结果表明,GhSUMO基因序列与电子克隆序列一致,且没有内含子。蛋白序列分析表明,该蛋白具有保守泛素结构域和C端双Gly的断裂／连接位点,以及保守的疏水表面和Ulpl—Smt3互作位点。系统进化分析表明,该蛋白与蓖麻的同源序列表现了最高的相似性,与其它双子叶植物同源序列次之,而与单子叶植物的相似性较低。棉苗接菌后实时定量PCR结果显示,该基因表达量在接黄萎病菌的量48h后明显上调,96h达到未接菌对照的5倍以上。GhsSUMO基因可受黄萎病菌诱导表达,表明该基因在陆地棉抗黄萎病的机制中可能发挥重要作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.