马铃薯病毒分离提纯的方法

马铃薯已被我国定为第四大粮食作物,国内马铃薯需求量也越来越大,种植面积逐年上升,同时国际种薯市场也在逐渐扩大,需要大量高质量的合格种薯,所以迫切需要用于检测马铃薯病毒的病毒检测试剂盒。本文主要介绍马铃薯病毒提纯的环节及注意事项,以便提纯出高质量的病毒,用于制备病毒检测试剂盒检测病毒。     

Survey of potato production and possible yield constraints in Argentina

Summary The potato is the most important horticultural crop in Argentina. Its commercial cultivation started in 1872/73 and production greatly increased due to area and yield increases. This paper surveys potato production in Argentina. It describes and quantifies distribution of crop area and production and the agro-ecological conditions in each growing area. Yield constraints are identified and a yield gap analysis was performed using the LINTUL-POTATO simulation model. Possibilities for further yield improvement are discussed. The survey established that important yield improvements were achieved in the country during the last 20 years, mainly due to the use of high quality seed, new cultivars, improved fertilizers and irrigation techniques, and better control of pests and diseases. However, the actual yield, at least for the regions studied, is still well below the attainable and potential yields established with the LINTUL-POTATO model. Suggestions are made to improve further the potato yield in the different growing areas.     

Potato production and utilization in world perspective with special reference to the tropics and sub-tropics

Summary Potato production is increasing rapidly in the tropics and sub-tropics and is declining gradually in the temperate zone. It is not expected that in the near future potato production for ethanol production will become important or that the production for starch or stock feed will increase. Consumption per capita is more or less stable in Western Europe and North America but is increasing in Africa and Asia. On average, energy and protein from potatoes cost the developing-country consumer at least three times as much as from wheat or rice. Better application by farmers of existing and newly developed technologies — including better adapted cultivars, healthy seed tubers, botanical seed and low-cost storage and processing — can reduce costs per unit of output substantially, mainly by increasing yield. Doubling the yield without considerable increases in production costs per hectare would allow the potato to become a cheap vegetable in many tropical or sub-tropical areas and to become a staple food in others with favourable growing conditions. Derived from a paper prepared for the International Symposium ‘Research for the potato in the year 2000’ (CIP, Lima, 1982).     

吉林省马铃薯、冬小麦栽培技术体系商榷

吉林省马铃薯生产具有独特的气候特点,生产中为一年一作.本文依据马铃薯、冬小麦的生物学特点,提出了马铃薯复种冬小麦两年三作或马铃薯复种马铃薯的栽培模式,试图避开马铃薯病毒病高发期,用时间差换得地域差,本地延迟繁殖马铃薯种薯,在获得优质种薯的同时,获得更高的经济效益.     

辽宁省马铃薯高效复种栽培技术

经过多年试验示范,针对辽宁省气候特点,总结出马铃薯高效复种栽培模式,筛选出各主产区的适宜品种和相应种植密度,为辽宁省马铃薯科学种植提供依据。马铃薯的三膜覆盖极早熟栽培技术比较适合葫芦岛地区和大连地区应用,下茬复种小西瓜等经济效益较高的作物。马铃薯双膜覆盖栽培技术可克服前期低温的不利影响,缓解晚霜冻害,比常规地膜覆盖提前收获15 d以上,其鲜薯价格高,效益可观,为下茬复种粮食和油料作物高产创造条件,比较适合在辽西和辽南的大部分地区应用。马铃薯单膜覆盖栽培技术适用于辽宁大部分地区,下茬可复种蔬菜、粘(甜)玉米等作物。     

钦州市马铃薯生产现状及发展对策

马铃薯是钦州市重要的兼用作物之一,其产业发展呈现逐步扩大趋势。通过分析钦州市马铃薯生产的发展现状,包括适宜冬种的气候条件、栽培面积和产量、主推品种和技术方面,阐明了马铃薯产业发展中存在的主要问题,并提出了钦州市马铃薯产业进一步健康发展的对策和建议。     

雁北地区无公害马铃薯生产主要技术

雁北地区是山西省马铃薯的主要生产区之一,约占全省马铃薯种植面积的30%。马铃薯是该地区农民种植的主要作物,也是农民的主要经济收入来源之一。雁北地区发展无公害马铃薯所具有的地理优势、气候优势、生态优势、交通优势,从产地选择、品种选择、种薯处理、整地施肥、播种、田间管理、病虫害防治、收获贮藏8个方面,提出了无公害马铃薯生产的主要技术,以期为本地区的生产实际提供指导,帮助种植户提高经济效益,促进环境、资源、经济、社会的良性循环。     

Potato Production and Breeding in China

China is the world’s leading producer of potatoes, growing 22% of all potatoes. Production continues to rise, owing to increases in both land devoted to potato production and yield per hectare. Most potato production occurs in the northern and southwest regions of the country. The processing of coarse starch is the most important component of the potato processing industry in China, but other processing industries, such as crisps and French fries, are expanding. Major production constraints include inadequate germplasm resources for cultivar development, the lack of high quality seed potatoes, and limited access to equipment for mechanized cultivation, planting, fertilizing, spraying, and harvesting. Additional weaknesses in storage and transportation technologies must be addressed, as they are the major constraints for the healthy development of the potato industry. The introduction and improvement of these technologies will ensure the sustainable development of the potato industry in China.     

齐齐哈尔市马铃薯产业发展浅析

齐齐哈尔市是黑龙江省马铃薯种植面积最大的地区,其辖区的讷河市、克山县是全国知名的马铃薯种薯种植基地,讷河市是我国最早命名的中国马铃薯之乡。浅析齐齐哈尔市马铃薯鲜食薯产业、种薯产业、淀粉加工产业、食品加工产业的优势,存在的问题,提出了以发展齐齐哈尔市马铃薯鲜食薯产业和种薯产业为重点的马铃薯产业发展思路,马铃薯鲜食、种薯产业需要提高质量,创建品牌;淀粉加工产业的基础比较好,但是仍需要扩大规模,建立稳固的原料来源。     

Breeding and physiological aspects of potato cultivation in the Mediterranean region

Summary In the Mediterranean area the potato is a very important crop and can be cultivated throughout the year. However, tuber yields are generally much lower than those in Northern European countries. This is because the environmental and agro-economic conditions are different from those of Northern countries where most cultivars were developed. We feel that the objective for the “new Mediterranean potato” must be the availability of potato cultivars for each environment and for each planting season. Breeding programmes should focus on improving potato production within a specific agro-ecological Mediterranean area rather than improving crop production across areas. This paper reports aspects of potato breeding and physiology related to resistance to stress conditions in the Mediterranean area, with particular emphasis given to resistance to abiotic (heat, drought and frost) as well as biotic stresses. We also discuss the potential to produce seed tubers suitable for potato cultivation in the Mediterranean area.     

湖南省马铃薯主产区马铃薯病毒种类及流行分析

马铃薯是世界第四大粮食作物,其病毒病危害严重。2010年对湖南马铃薯主产区采集的66个病毒标样进行了RT-PCR检测,结果表明,检测出的马铃薯病毒有马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)、马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯S病毒(PVS)、马铃薯A病毒(PVA)和马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(PSTVd)。其中PVS的检出率最高,为54.5%,其次是PVX,检出率为45.5%,PVY的检出率为39.4%,PSTVd和PVA的检出率均为21.2%,PLRV的检出率为18.2%。2~4种病毒的复合侵染现象较为普遍。PVY中重组型PVY占85.7%。     

Occurrence of Viruses Affecting Potato Crops in Khartoum State-Sudan

The incidence of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), and Potato virus Y (PVY) in potato crops derived from various types of seed potatoes was assessed visually and confirmed by direct tissue blot immunoassay, over two winter growing seasons (1999/2000, 2000/2001) at three locations, Elnaiya, Elshehinab, and Shambat in Khartoum State, the main potato growing region in Sudan. Virus infection was most prevalent in 2000/2001. In general, crops grown directly from imported certified seed potatoes and from “improved seed”, produced in Sudan from imported basic seed, showed the lowest levels of PLRV and PVY compared with crops grown from Sudanese farm saved seed. For AMV, however, only crops grown directly from imported certified seed potatoes had low levels of AMV. Crop location also affected virus incidence, although this varied with year. For AMV, levels were similar at all locations in 1999/2000, but were greatest at Elnaiya in 2000/2001. For PVY, levels were greatest at Elnaiya in 1999/2000 and Shambat in 2000/2001. For PLRV, no symptoms were observed in 1999/2000 and virus levels were similar for all locations in 2000/2001. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of AMV in potatoes grown in Sudan.     

丘陵地区马铃薯—有机稻—叶菜低碳高效栽培技术

马铃薯—有机稻—叶菜低碳高效栽培技术是一种将马铃薯、水稻、叶菜三类作物周年轮作的新型种植模式。2月份将马铃薯种摆放在水稻田里,覆盖稻草生产马铃薯,5月份收获马铃薯。马铃薯收获后种植早中稻,10¹1月份收获水稻,保留稻草用于次年春季马铃薯种植。水稻收获后在水稻田内种植菠菜、芫荽、茼蒿等叶菜类蔬菜,叶菜在春节前后采收完毕。该方法将水旱轮作有机结合起来,既有利于稻草还田,增加土壤有机质,改善土壤生态环境,又有利于提高土地利用率,提高土地产出,为农业增效和农民增收提供一种有效途径。     

黑龙江省东部地区马铃薯高产限制因素的探讨

随着黑龙江省西部地区马铃薯的病害发生日趋严重,马铃薯种植面积逐渐向黑龙江省东部地区转移。黑龙江省东部地区气候冷凉,非常适合马铃薯的种植。但是因为种种因素的限制,马铃薯的产量并没有提升上去。笔者总结了限制产量提高的若干因素,以期为黑龙江省东部地区马铃薯的高产提供借鉴。     

四川省马铃薯种薯体系现状、问题和对策

受立体气候条件影响,四川省不同地区一年四季均有马铃薯种植和收获。自2006年来全省马铃薯年种植面积已达到60万hm2以上,2009年达到了73.3万hm2。全省需要种薯量达到了近150万t,其中来自农民自留种的比例约为70%,外购种薯约占30%。虽然各级部门正想方设法改进种薯体系,但存在着优质种薯供应量不足、三代种薯体系尚未建立、质量控制体系尚未健全和种薯质量较差等问题,造成全省马铃薯产量长期徘徊在每公顷16.5~17.9 t之间。通过建立省级基础脱毒种苗供应中心、建立三代种薯体系、增加各级种薯生产能力、改进种薯贮藏条件、提高自留种薯质量和规范种薯繁供体系,将迅速提高全省种薯质量,促进马铃薯产业健康发展。     

The Use of True Potato Seed as Pro-poor Technology: The Efforts of an International Agricultural Research Institute to Innovating Potato Production

The International Potato Center (CIP) and collaborating institutions implemented an intensive research programme over a period of 25–30 years on the use of botanical seed of potato as an alternative way of growing a potato crop. The use of botanical or ‘true’ potato seed (TPS) had many advantages over the use of seed tubers. Potentially, the use of TPS was especially attractive for small-scale farmers in developing countries. The difference of using TPS as compared to using seed tubers meant in many respects the development of a new crop–commodity chain, requiring research on breeding, seed production, agronomy and marketing aspects. This research made it possible to produce potatoes from TPS at commercial scale: it removed a number of important constraints in the uniformity and earliness of the TPS varieties and in seed physiology. Experimentation and adoption by farmers in a wide range of countries showed that the technological advantages of using TPS were only translating in economical benefits as compared to tuber seed when the last one was costly or not available. Since the economic performance of seed tubers is likely to continue to fluctuate, TPS remains an interesting alternative. Study of the use of TPS in various countries could contribute to better understanding of factors that promote or inhibit crop technology innovation. The article gives an overview of the various areas of TPS research in CIP and presents information on the application of TPS technology in several developing countries.     

Potato viruses in China

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is globally the fourth largest staple crop after rice, wheat and maize. China is the largest potato producer worldwide, accounting for 26.3% and 22.2% of the global total area and yield, respectively. Viral diseases have been a limiting factor for sustainable production of potato in China. This article provides update and comprehensive information on the most important viruses, their effect on yield and their control in China. Meristem culture is currently the most widely used technique for production of virus-free potato plants and these plants are used as nuclear stock for the production of certified seed tubers. Although a significant increase in tuber yield has been achieved using certified seed potatoes, lack of application of a national seed potato production scheme has hindered progress. Conventional breeding using virus-resistant cultivars introduced from other countries as parents has already led to the production of Chinese cultivars. Use of virus-resistant wild Solanum species and genetic transformation techniques will provide new virus-resistant varieties in the future to further enhance control of potato viruses in China.     

山西省马铃薯种薯生产中存在的问题及发展对策

马铃薯脱毒种薯生产繁育体系不健全,种薯生产不规范,种薯质量检测制度不健全,品种结构不合理,贮藏设施不配套是山西省马铃薯种薯生产中的主要问题,针对这些主要问题,提出了加强种薯繁育体系建设,规范生产行为,加快马铃薯专用型品种的引进筛选和培育,增加科技投入,加强基础设施建设,加强质量检测体系建设等项符合山西省马铃薯生产实际的发展对策。     

内蒙古西部区马铃薯脱毒种薯快速繁育的研究——Ⅱ.脱毒种薯生产技术及其良种繁育体系的研究

在内蒙古乌兰察布盟后山地区武川原种基地，对各级种薯生产技术及其良繁体系进行了系统的研究。现已明确：在开放条件下生产脱毒小薯（原原种），产量可达８０７３～９４６５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，种薯产量和质量不低于温、网室生产的脱毒小薯；不同薯重的脱毒小薯旱坡地直播效果，以１０ｇ和８～１０ｇ薯重的效果好，产量和商品率均高；１级种薯在不同旱地类型种植的增产效果，以旱滩地的产量最高，其次为旱坡地，分别比对照（未脱毒）增产７１．２８％、１７１．２８％；８月上旬为有翅桃蚜迁飞盛期，从７月上旬迁飞初期开始喷药防蚜，防治效果显著；在乌盟后山半农半牧地区以原原种、原种、１、２级种薯建立的３级脱毒良种繁育体系符合该地区的生产实际，能达到留种和保种的快速、优质、高产、低成本的效果。经过６年示范推广，现已在武川等３个旗县普及，累计各级种薯种植面积达到２．３２万ｈｍ２，平均单产３万ｋｇ／ｈｍ２左右，生产出各级种薯及商品薯６９８５万ｋｇ，累计创造社会财富７１５０万元。     

榆林塑料大棚马铃薯复种番茄栽培技术

在榆林采用塑料大棚早春种植马铃薯,马铃薯收获后再栽培一茬番茄,每667 m2产值达到10400元,其中前茬马铃薯产量2500 kg,产值5000元,后茬番茄产量4500 kg,产值5 400元,取得了较好的经济效益。同时马铃薯实现早春提前供应,番茄达到秋延后上市,缩短了市场供应淡季,缓解了供求矛盾,取得了良好的社会效益。