STUDY ON THE CUTTING PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE OF PICEA KORAIENSIS

PiceakoraiensiSismainlydistributedinMt.Xiaoxing'an,Zhangguangcai,LaoyeandChangbaishan.ThereieralsodistributioninKoreanandRussia.Becauseoflackofre-source,itisdifficulttocollectseed.Thatre-sultsinanobstacleinseedpropagation,soitisnecessarytocapoutthecuttingpropagationofPiceakoraiensis,andprobeintothepathofvegetativepropagation.Otherwise,thecuttingPropagationofelitetfeecankeeptheadditiveeffeCt,dominanteffectandepistasiseffect.Comparingwithsexualpropagation,itsbenefitofincrementofoutPutishig…     

Study on tracheid variation ofPicea koraiensis (nakai) in natural stand and plantation

Tracheid characteristics ofPicea koraiensis from natural stand in Liangshui area and plantation in Mao'ershan area were studied. The results of variance analysis showed that the tracheid length, diameter, and thickness of tracheid wall were significant differences between the growth rings. All those characteristics tend to increase from heart-center to bark. In natural stand, it has positive correlation between the characteristics. In plantation, the tracheid length has positive correlation with the trachied diameter, while both the trachied length and the trachied diameter has negative correlation with the thickness of trachied wall. The tracheid length and diameter have no significant difference in growth between natural stand and plantations. The thickness of tracheid wall from the plantation is a little thicker than that from the natural stand before 15 years. Foundation item: This paper was part of State 9th Five-Year Plan project of “Early Mensuration ofPicea koraiensis (nakai)”. Biography: REN Xu-qin (1973-), female, graduate student in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Responses of fractal dimensions ofPicea koraiensis seedlings to different light environments

The changes of fractal dimension ofPicea koraiensis seedlings under different light intensities in natural secondary forests was studied. The results showed that with the change of light environment, crown characters ofPicea koraiensis seedlings exhibited a greater plastic in lateral number, lateral increment, lateral dry weight, and specific leaf area. The range of calculated fractal dimensions of seedling crowns was confined between 2.5728 and 2.1036, but maximum of fractal dimension achieved in term moderate shading and in extreme low light conditions fractal dimension was least. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.39670152) and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: ZHOU Yong-bin (1970-), female, Ph. Doctor, lecture in Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, P.R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation ofLarix olgensis

Larix olgensis is a major reforestation species in areas of the northeast part of China. Rooted cutting for vegetative propagation on this Larch has been carried out since 1990, and later the bulk method of hardwood cutting propagation also has been studied. The result is as follows: (1) Cuttings from physiologically juvenile trees are easy to root, and develop better roots. In addition, there are many methods to enhance the cuttings rooting. (2) The good time for seedling transplanting is in the middle of August. Treatments with plant hormones and rare-earth compounds can improve the seedling survival rate, and the survival rate of the seedlings soaked in chelate rare-earth molybdenum compound (300×10⁻⁶) for 3 hours reached 94.00%, 19.49% higher than that of the control. (3) Methods of maintaining juvenility such as hedging, is essential to further developments for operational planting of vegetative propagates. Hedges in 5 years old can produce 91.75 shoots per tree, exceeding the control to 152.2%. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Study on improving the growth quality of planted seedling ofPinus koraiensis in initial stage

Each link in initial process of artificial regeneration ofPinus koraiensis in clear cutting site was researched. The seedling recovery processes after transplantation, the affecting seedlings survival factors in different time, and the characters of seedling growth were analyzed. Results of this study suggest that the root recovery of Korean pine seedlings after transplanting is the key link in the artificial regeneration management. The synthetically management was proposed on basis of seedling root recovery process. The project was surpported by Natural Science Fund of Heilongjiang Province     

The preliminary study on juvenile-mature correlation ofPinus koraiensis

Through studying seven analytic trees from two stands ofPinus koraiensis artificial forests, the results show that the individual variation coefficient of tree heigh, dbh and volume decreases with age increasing after age of 25. Age of 25 is the age that difference of individual growth is from acute difference to comparatively stability. The optimum selection age is 25a forPinus koraiensis’s artificial forests according to the analysis of juvenile-mature correlation, and early selection efficiency. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Fallen wood decomposition ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis

Fallen wood decomposition rate ofPinus koraiensis andTilia amurensis in broadleaved Korean pine forest was studied in this paper. The result showed that decomposition rate of fallen wood was different from that of little diameter wood and coarse woody debris for the same tree species. Fallen wood decomposition was generally rotten from outside to inside. And decomposition speed of fallen woods was different according to tree species and site, and it was also related to diameter of fallen woods. Decomposition depth ofTilia amurensis fallen wood for 17 years was 14 cm, but that ofPinus koraiensis in the same condition was less than 7 cm.Tilia amurensis was decomposed faster thanPinus koraiensis. For same tree species, if the diameter was small, the decomposition speed was quick. This project was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39670144) and funded by the Opened Research Station of Changhai Mountain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Responsible editor: Zhu Hong)     

Research on the heredity and variation of the peruxidase isoenzyme of needles ofpinus koraiensis

Through the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of thirty-two needle samples of ninty-years oldpinus koraiensis in Harbin, seven typies of zone and distribution of the zone frequency, and some objective fact of heredity and variation were determined. These informations can be used as reference materials in the research of heredity and variation ofpinus koraiensis.     

一品红扦插繁殖技术研究

以一品红品种‘安琪’为供试材料,研究了不同扦插方式、不同扦插季节、不同激素处理对扦插繁殖的影响,结果表明,于花泥中进行嫩枝扦插,插条生根率可高达92.4%;春夏季插条生根率要比秋冬季高约20%,插后生根时间缩短10 d;100 mg/L NAA 100 mg/L IAA的激素组合处理休眠枝16 h,扦插效果最佳。     

Armillaria trapping in aPinus koraiensis plantation in northeast China

Trap bags were used to assess the presence of anArmillaria species in aPinus koraiensis plantation in Heilongjiang, China. 216 trap bags containing bark were placed in three plots at 2 × 2m spacing. After 10 weeks, the presence ofArmillaria was determined from the growth of rhizomorphs in the trap bags. The trap bag method proved successful in determining the presence of viableArmillaria rhizomorphs where only a few dead trees showed signs of the disease. The distribution of positive traps corresponded generally with the presence of rhizomorphs in the soil taken from the trap holes. However, the trap bags were superior to soil samples for evaluating the presence of viable rhizomorphs. The fresh, abundant rhizomorphs were easily identified by persons inexperienced in the assessmentof Armillaria root rot. Several practical problems need to be solved before the method is applicable in general forest management in China.     

乐昌含笑、深山含笑扦插繁殖试验

进行全光照喷雾扦插繁殖试验结果表明,乐昌含笑、深山含笑扦插后生根较迟,一般60d左右才能生根,扦插生根能力低于马褂木、乳源木莲等其他木兰科树种。采用夏季或秋季嫩枝扦插,乐昌含笑和深山含笑2年生母树枝条扦插最好,处理成活率可分别达84．2％和68．8％;母树年龄是影响乐昌含笑、深山含笑扦插成活的关键因子,乐昌含笑7年生以上母树扦插很难生根,深山含笑7年生和17年生母树扦插成活率仅为18．2％～27．3％。用ABT2号生根剂处理,对缩短扦插生根时间具明显作用。     

Determination about the northwestern area limit ofPinus koraiensis and the geographic occurrence ofPinus sibirica

By investigation, studying and discussion for 9 years, the determination that it should bePinus sibirica growing in the Mohc county, Daxing’anling Mountains area, China, rather thanpinus koraiensis there, is made to correct a false argument in some works from 1950s’ till now thatPinus koraiensis area limit reach Daxing’anling Mountain. The results are as follows: (1) The species so called asPinus koraiensis found in northwest of Daxing’anling Mountain isPinus Sibirica indeed; There are no natural distribution ofPinus Koraiensis in Daxing’anling Mountain. Its northwest area limit only reach Shengshan, Aihui county; (3) There is about 500km of space between the area limits ofPinus koraiensis and that ofPinus sibirica, no mixed growing area. According to above, a sketch map is made to describe different area limit of the two species at Daxing’anling Mountain and nearby.     

Formation, distribution, and nature ofPicea mongolica in China

Picea mongolica is an endemic and endangered species in China. Ecosystem made ofPicea mongolica is a special sandy forest ecosystem in China. It is found at ecotone between forest and steppe, or agricultural district and pas toral area. Based on investigation, this paper discussed the formation and distribution ofPicea mongolica and studied its nature according to ecotone theory. It is clarified thatPicea mongolica belongs toPicea meyeri series. That is to say, it became a local race through long-term adaptation to the local climate, then formed allopatric semi-species, and finally turned into a taxonomical species.Picea mongolica forest is a super zonal climax community developing in ecotone between forest zone and steppe zone. Foundation item: The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39670133, 39900019, 30070129). Biography: ZOU Chun-jing (1968-), male, Ph.D, associate researcher fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110015, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

白蜡无性系硬枝扦插繁殖技术

以1年生白蜡无性系枝条在不同插穗株龄、基质、生长素种类、生长素浓度及处理时间4个因素进行L9(34)正交试验,研究不同条件下白蜡扦插繁殖技术及生根过程中重要生根关联酶吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性动态变化。结果表明9个处理组合中,以处理9(5~6年生雄株1年生插穗、纯沙+纯珍珠岩+蛭石混合基质、IAA、100 mg/L、处理2 h)最优。白蜡扦插生根过程可分为愈伤形成期、不定根诱导期和不定根伸长期3个阶段,在生根过程中3种生根关联酶活性变化呈现规律性,不同处理间和各阶段3种酶活性差异显著,说明在白蜡扦插生根过程中,不定根的发生和伸长与这3种生根关联酶活性有密切联系。     

Rainfall redistribution of a virgin Pinus koraiensis forest and secondary Betula platyphylla forest in Northeast China

A virgin Pinus koraiensis forest in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains was selected to study its rainfall redistribution effect via 97 rainfall occurrences during a growing season. The following results were obtained: 1) The canopy interception of the P. koraiensis virgin forest amounted to 98168 mm during a growing season (May to September), which was 19.6 per cent of the total rainfall and 1.3 times that of a secondary Betula platyphylla forest. Compared with other forest types in China (11.4%–36.5%), the ratio of the canopy interception in the virgin pine forest was at a medium level. 2) The throughfall of the virgin pine forest was 395.77 mm, which accounted for 78.7% of total precipitation, and the stem-flow was 8.78 mm, accounting for 1.74% of total precipitation. Compared with the secondary birch forest, the virgin pine forest had lower throughfall but higher stem-flow. 3) Cubic regression equations (p < 0.01) which describe the relation between throughfall, stem-flow and canopy interception in the virgin pine forest and rainfall in an open field were fitted. A linear regression equation (p < 0.01) was found to be a better fit for the relationship between throughfall of the secondary birch forest and rainfall outside the forest. Factors affecting throughfall and stem-flow were analyzed, with results providing a good reference to the study of rainfall redistribution in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(6): 61–65 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Ecophysiological responses and carbon distribution ofPinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide

The net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, RuBPcase (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylose) activity, dry weight of aboveground and belowgroud part, plant height, the length and diameter of taproot ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were measured and analyzed after six-week exposure to elevated CO₂ in an open-top chamber in Changbai Mountain of China from May to Oct. 1999. Seedlings were planted in four different conditions: on an open site, control chamber, 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ chambers. The results showed that the total biomass of the seedlings increased whereas stomatal conductance decreased. The physiological responses and growth to 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ varied greatly. The acclimation of photosynthesis was downward to 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ but upward to 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The RuBPcase activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents of the seedlings grown at 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ were higher than that at 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The concentration 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ enhanced the growth of aboveground part whereas 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ allocated more carbon to belowground part. Elevated CO₂ changed the carbon distribution pattern. The ecophysiological responses were significantly different between plants grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: HAN Shi-jie (1956-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Microenvironmental heterogeneity of physical soil properties in a broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest gap

Microenvironmental heterogeneity of soil physical properties in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers in a broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest gap in Xiao Xing’anling Mountains were analyzed by geostatistical method. The results show that the amount of soil water, saturation water capacity, capillary water capacity and porosity in the top layer were greater than those in the lower layer, except for bulk density, where the opposite applied. Soil physical properties in the top soil layer had relatively higher ranges and coefficients of variation. The total and auto correlation spatial heterogeneity of soil physical properties in the top layer were larger than those in the lower layer. The soil water had a strong anisotropic structure in an easterly and northerly direction, but porosity shows isotropy in the same directions. With increasing spatial distance, the other three physical factors exhibited anisotropic structures. The mutual effect between semi-variograms of soil physical properties in the top layer within the spatial autocorrelation range was not significant. For spatial distribution of physical properties within different layers, the patches at the middle and lower ranks in the forest gap dominated. Patches at higher rank were only distributed in the 0–20 cm soil layer and were located north of the forest gap center. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 5(3): 52–58 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Vegetative propagation of African Mahogany: effects of auxin, node position, leaf area and cutting length

Applied auxin, node position, leaf area and cutting length were examined to investigate the requirements for rooting stem cuttings of Khaya ivorensis. All these variables were shown to be important factors affecting rooting, confirming the hypothesis that successful rooting can be achieved if these primary variables are optimised.The best concentration of the auxin IBA was found to be 200 g per cutting, which hastened rooting, increased the percentage of cuttings rooted and increased the number of roots per cutting. One clone (8013) was unresponsive to auxins in terms of the percentage of cuttings rooted, but was the most responsive in terms of the numbers of roots per cutting. A greater percentage of cuttings from basal nodes were rooted than from apical nodes. Cuttings cut squarely at the base produced a radially-arranged root system, whereas an oblique cut resulted in a one-sided root system.Trimming the leaf area of cuttings to 10 cm² gave greater rooting percentages than trimming to 100 cm². In general, long cuttings (39 mm) rooted better than short cuttings (19 mm), however, there was an interaction between leaf area and cutting length, in which cuttings with short stems and large leaves had the lowest rooting percentage.     

闽楠扦插繁殖技术研究

通过正交试验设计研究不同年龄母株穗条、扦插基质、生根促进剂浓度、扦插时间对闽楠生根率及根生长的影响。结果表明:扦插基质、母株年龄、扦插时间对闽楠生根率及根生长影响显著,不同生根促进剂浓度对生根率及根生长无显著影响;各因素的最佳组合为:1年生母株穗条经ABT1#800 mg.L-1速沾后扦插于砻糠灰中;3月份扦插生根率最高,达89.6%。