普鲁卡因青霉素硫酸双氢链霉素粉剂对猪胸膜肺炎的疗效实验

为了解普鲁卡因青霉素硫酸双氢链霉素粉剂的抗菌效果,我们在药敏试验的基础上,通过猪传染性胸膜肺炎人工感染动物实验模型进行了疗效对比试验,以便为其临床应用提供科学依据。1材料与方法1.1试验药物注射用普鲁卡因青霉素硫酸双氢链霉素,每支含20万IU普鲁卡因青霉素和25万μg双     

Therapeutic efficacy of medicating drinking water with spectinomycin and lincomycin-spectinomycin in experimental Escherichia coli infection in poultry

Although no microbiological activity was found in blood plasma during treatment of broilers through the drinking water with spectinomycin or lincomycin-spectinomycin, these drugs proved highly effective in treating experimentally induced colibacillosis. This efficacy may be produced by a metabolite or a degradation product of spectinomycin that reaches the infection site in the respiratory tract and interferes with adherence of bacteria.     

Reduced use of antimicrobials after vaccination of pigs against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a Danish SPF herd

The present study explored whether the use of group medication with antibiotics in a Danish pig herd was reduced after vaccination of the pigs against proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. 7900 pigs originating from a single commercial sow herd were vaccinated against L. intracellularis, whereas 7756 pigs were kept as non-vaccinated controls. The pigs were included batch-wise in the study with every second batch being vaccinated. In the vaccinated batches, the consumption of oxytetracykline to treat PE was reduced by 79%, with a significantly lower number of pigs being treated (P < 0.0001). Vaccination also resulted in a highly significant improvement of average daily weight gain (+ 46 g/day; P = 9.55 × 10^-31) and carcase weight (+ 1.25 kg; P = 4.54 × 10^-05) as well as a shortened fattening period (-8 days; P = 2.01 × 10^-45).     

抗鸡球虫病的新型三嗪类化合物AC-2的疗效试验

自20世纪80年代初盐霉素(Salinomycin)的问市到80年代末地克珠利(Diclazuril)的推出，期间，世界上一些大制药公司还相继开发了那拉霉素(Narasin)、马杜拉霉素(Marduramicin)等多个新型抗球虫药。进入20世纪90年代后，由于研究开发成本的不断提高，新型抗球虫药的研究处于相对停滞     

Pharmacokinetics and anti-trichomonal efficacy of a dimetridazole tablet and water-soluble powder in homing pigeons (Columb a livia)

The anti-trichomonal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of dimetridazole were investigated in the homing pigeon (Columba livia) . Dimetridazole was formulated for drinking water medication and as a prolonged-release tablet. To suppress a Trichomonas gallinae infection successfully, medicated drinking water containing dimetridazole (400 mg/L) had to be administered for at least 3 days. A two-day treatment with a dimetridazole tablet (20 mg/tablet) in fasted, as well as in fed, pigeons was shown to be ineffective. After intravenous administration of 20 mg dimetridazole, the drug plasma concentration-time profile fitted a one-compartment open model with a mean half-life of 3.9 h. The absolute bioavailability of the tablet in fasted pigeons was 83.8%. The bioavailability of the tablet administered with food was reduced by 20%. Dimetridazole was rapidly metabolised to (1-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-2-yl)methanol.     

In vitro cultivation and partial characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis from a Japanese field case of porcine proliferative enteropathy

Lawsonia intracellularis isolated from a Japanese field case of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) was cultivated and partially characterized. The bacterial cells isolated from the intestinal mucosa of a pig suffering from the acute form of PPE were used to inoculate rat small intestine cells (IEC-18) and human epithelial cells (HEp-2). Infected foci, which were stained with L. intracellularis-specific rabbit antiserum, were observed in the cell culture at 5 days post inoculation. The DNA sequence of several genes in the Japanese isolate had high similarity with those of the L. intracellularis type strain, suggesting the genetically close relationship of the two strains. This is the first report describing the cultivation and partial characterization of L. intracellularis originated in Japan.     

European field study of the efficacy and safety of the novel anthelmintic monepantel in sheep

During 2007, a large-scale controlled, multicentre, blinded and randomised field study was conducted in Scotland, England and France to assess the efficacy and safety of monepantel, the first molecule to be developed from the recently discovered amino-acetonitrile derivatives class of anthelmintics, in sheep. Monepantel was administered orally, at a minimum dose of 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight, for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep maintained at pasture in a range of commercial production systems. Efficacy was measured by faecal egg count (FEC) reduction tests seven days after treatment and was demonstrated to be over 98 per cent against mixed-genus infections. The reduction in FEC of monepantel-treated sheep was statistically significantly greater than in untreated control sheep (P<0.0001). The efficacy of monepantel against mixed-genus natural field infections of the major gastrointestinal nematodes was in agreement with similar studies conducted in Australia and New Zealand. There were no treatment-related adverse events during the study, which included the use of a range of concomitant treatments.     

广西猪增生性肠炎的PCR诊断

猪增生性肠炎(porcine proliferative enteropathy,PPE),又称猪回肠炎,是由胞内劳森氏菌(Lawsonia intracellularis,LI)引起的接触性传染病[1].1931年首次报道,目前已经呈全球性流行,亚洲地区如台湾、日本、韩国等近年来也发现猪增生性肠炎;     

Virucidal efficacy of nine commercial disinfectants against porcine circovirus type 2

A number of commercially available disinfectants are commonly used on pig breeding farms and are authorised by the French Agricultural Ministry. However, the efficacy of these disinfectants is unknown with regard to the emergent porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). The virucidal efficacy of nine disinfectants was evaluated by testing a suspension of PCV2 isolated in France. The assays were performed at 20 degrees C and the efficacy determined after 30 min contact time between virus and disinfectant. After this time, the mixture was passed through a detoxification column and then diluted to remove compounds toxic to the virus and the porcine kidney cell line. The filtrate was serially diluted and inoculated onto cell culture. The infectivity of PCV2 was determined by an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. No reduction in PCV2 titre was demonstrated with iodine and phenolic products. Significant PCV2 titre reductions (1.61 log(10)) were noted for the seven other products. For five disinfectants, namely a product composed of potassium monopersulfate, two products comprising a quaternary ammonium with one or three aldehyde(s), sodium hypochlorite, and sodium hydroxide, the concentration that significantly reduced the PCV2 titre was equal or 1.5-4 times lower than the authorised use concentration. Only two disinfectants, one composed of potassium monopersulfate, the other containing peracetic acid with hydrogen peroxide, reduced the PCV2 titre with a product concentration at best equal or two times higher than the authorised use concentration.     

金丝桃素粉剂对人工感染传染性囊病病毒鸡的疗效试验

金丝桃素是从贯叶连翘中提取的一种极具抗病毒活性成分。为了研究金丝桃素粉剂对腔上囊的治疗效果,对20日龄雏鸡人工感染传染性囊病病毒(IBDV BC-6/85)后,以不同的剂量连续4d口服金丝桃素粉剂。通过观察腔上囊和肌肉的出血情况,以及病原分离,评价该药物对鸡传染性囊病的治疗效果。结果表明:以667.9mg/kg体重的金丝桃素粉剂连续口服给药4d,能有效的治疗传染性囊病,效果优于对照药物高免卵黄抗体。     

A field study on the efficacy of doramectin against strongyles and its egg reappearance period in horses

The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy and the so-called "egg reappearance period" (ERP) of doramectin in horses naturally infected with strongyles during a period of 34 weeks. A group of yearlings of 10 animals was treated intramuscularly with doramectin at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) at the begin of the grazing season. To obtain comparable data, another group of yearlings (n = 10) was treated orally with ivermectin at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg BW. Individual faecal samples were examined for strongyle egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) in two-week intervals. Twelve weeks later, a second treatment was given in both groups with the respective anthelmintic followed by a third treatment when the group mean egg count reached > or = 200 EPG. The efficacy of doramectin was > or = 96 % and that of ivermectin 100%, based on the mean egg counts two weeks post treatments (wpt). The highest and the lowest extensity of the efficacy (average values) for doramectin were 90% and 41% two and ten wpt, respectively, whereas these values for ivermectin differed from 100% (two wpt) to 24.3% (eight wpt). The ERP was found to be 10 and 8 weeks for doramectin and ivermectin, respectively.     

Effects of oral vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis on growing-finishing pig's performance in a pig production unit with endemic porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oral vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) on growing-finishing pig's performance. In a large Hungarian growing-finishing pig production unit, pigs with positive LI status were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated as follows: Group one: growing pigs (n = 4112) were LI vaccinated with an avirulent oral live vaccine (Enterisol Ileitis Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, USA). Group two: growing pigs (n = 4188 pigs) have not received LI vaccination. Culling and mortality rates, reasons for culling or mortality, and average daily weight gain were evaluated. Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) caused culling and mortality rates were lower (0.2 % vs. 14.9 %, P < 0.001), and vaccinated pigs had lower none-PPE caused culling and mortality rates compared with the non-vaccinated ones (1.4 vs. 2.6 %, P > 0.05). While systemic infections and social stress or cannibalism related culling or mortality were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in vaccinated than in non-vaccinated pigs, reasons for culling or mortality due to non-LI caused diseases were non-significantly different between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs. Average daily weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) in the LI vaccinated group of animals compared with the non-vaccinated ones (780 +/- 45 g vs. 660 +/- 71 g). The present results indicate that that LI vaccination does not only prevent PPE, but might result in more resistance and tolerance against other infectious and management caused losses.     

Evaluation of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy

A specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to the porcine pathogen Lawsonia intracellularis was developed and evaluated using sera from na?ve, naturally infected as well as experimentally infected pigs. On the basis of 37 serum samples collected from experimentally infected pigs and 62 serum samples from naturally infected pigs the sensitivity of the ELISA was calculated to 98.0%. The specificity of the test was 99.3%, calculated on the basis of 273 serum samples collected in six herds free of L. intracellularis after medicated eradication. The novel ELISA was a specific and sensitive method for detecting specific antibodies, and may be a good alternative to the existing serological tests for L. intracellularis. It may be usable for diagnosis of proliferative enteropathy and for determination of a herd's epidemiologic status.     

Therapeutic efficacy of tulathromycin, a novel triamilide antimicrobial, against bovine respiratory disease in feeder calves

Efficacy and field safety of tulathromycin administered as a single-dose treatment to crossbreed beef calves with undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were evaluated in a multicenter field study conducted at four US feedlots. Two hundred castrated male calves were enrolled at each study site. The treatment groups were physiologic saline (n = 160) given SC at 0.02 ml/kg, tulathromycin (n = 320) given SC at 2.5 mg/kg, and tilmicosin (n = 320) given SC at 10 mg/kg. Nasopharyngeal swabs for bacterial culture were obtained before treatment. The cure rate for calves treated with tulathromycin (78%) and tilmicosin (65%) was significantly (P < or = .0001) higher than that of calves treated with saline (23.8%). The cure rate of calves treated with tulathromycin (78.4%) was significantly (P = .0007) higher than that of calves treated with tilmicosin (64.9%). No adverse events related to tulathromycin were reported. Under the conditions of this study, tulathromycin administered as a single-dose treatment was efficacious in the treatment of undifferentiated BRD.     

Protective efficacy of conjugate vaccines against experimental challenge with porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

In an attempt to protect pigs against swine pleuropneumonia induced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (SPAP) by neutralizing the effects of three virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae--the capsular polysaccharide (CP), the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the hemolysin protein (HP)--two subunit conjugate vaccines were prepared by covalently coupling the CP to the HP and the LPS to the HP. The CP, LPS, and HP were isolated from A. pleuropneumoniae, strain 4074, serotype 1, and the protective efficacy of the conjugate vaccines in swine experimentally infected with A. pleuropneumoniae was evaluated. Following a booster vaccination, a significant (P < 0.05) IgG antibody response to the CP, LPS, and HP was detected in the vaccinated pigs. The pigs vaccinated with the CP-HP and LPS-HP conjugates exhibited significantly less mortality (P < 0.05) and significantly greater weight gain (P < 0.001) than unvaccinated pigs. Vaccinated pigs exhibited significantly fewer and less extensive gross pulmonary lesions (P < 0.001) when compared with unvaccinated pigs. Thus, on the basis of mortality, weight gains, and pulmonary lesion formation, the two conjugate vaccines used in conjunction with one another provide noticeable protective efficacy against SPAP.     

沙拉沙星对鸡败血支原体和大肠杆菌混合感染的疗效

沙拉沙星 ( sarafloxacin)是第一个被美国食品药物管理局 ( FDA)批准用于食品动物的氟喹诺酮类药物 ,化学名称为 1 -对氟苯基 - 6-氟 - 1 ,4-二氢 - 4-氧化 - 7- ( 1 -哌嗪基 ) - 3-喹啉羧酸。它与恩诺沙星、达氟沙星 ( danofloxacin)、二氟沙星 ( difloxacin)及麻保沙星 ( marbofloxacin)同属兽医专用的氟喹诺酮类药物 ,80年代末由美国苏威保健品公司首先研制成功 ,现在已进入美国及欧洲大部分国家的兽药市场。我国也有产品上市。据文献报道 ,沙拉沙星抗菌谱广 ,对大多数革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌、支原体及某些耐药菌株有很好的抗菌活性。例…     

猪2型圆环病毒核酸疫苗的研制及其对小白鼠的免疫效果

为研制猪2型圆环病毒（PCV2）新型核酸疫苗，以pcDNA3为载体，与PCV2的ORF2及其高变区V1、V2、V3、V1-V2连接，分别成功构建了真核表达质粒pcDNA3-ORF2、pcDNA3-V1、pcDNA3-V2、pcDNA3-V3和pcDNA3-V1-V2。对阳性真核表达质粒大量生产并纯化后，以每只小白鼠0．2mg免疫5周龄左右的雌性小白鼠，然后用ELISA检测免疫小白鼠血清中抗体的产生情况。结果显示，这5种真核表达质粒均能刺激小白鼠产生特异性抗体，但相比之下，真核表达质粒pcDNA3-V1-V2诱导小白鼠产生的抗体水平更高，维持的时间更久。表明质粒pcDNA3-V1-V2的免疫效果较好，有望成为防制猪2型圆环病毒的候选疫苗。     

Validation of an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay as a serologic test for porcine proliferative enteropathy.

The sensitivity and specificity of an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) was evaluated in a blind serologic study of a group of disease-free pigs and a group of pigs experimentally infected with intestinal homogenate containing Lawsonia intracellularis organisms. Sixty pigs from the control group were kept in the source farm, and another 60 animals were transferred to an isolation unit aid challenged intragastrically. All animals were bled before and 21 days after challenge. Fecal samples were collected on the same dates. The IPMA results were tested for sensitivity and specificity in a 2 x 2 table using the challenged and nonchallenged status as gold standard. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated for different cutoff points (serum dilutions). Specificities of 100% were obtained for all the serum dilutions tested (1:15, 1:30, 1:60, and 1:120). The sensitivity levels were 90.7%, 88.9%, 81.5%, and 75.9% for the serum dilutions 1:15, 1:30, 1:60, and 1:120, respectively. The sensitivity of the dilution 1:15 was slightly, but not significantly, higher than the dilution currently used as the cutoff point (1:30). Cross-reactivity of the IPMA test was evaluated using sera from pigs experimentally inoculated with Brachyspira pilosicoli and various Campylobacter species. All these samples were negative. Sera samples from 3 porcine proliferative enteropathy known negative populations, 40 growing pigs from 2 commercial farms and a group of 6 cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived pigs, also tested negative by IPMA. The IPMA serologic test with the cutoff point of 1:30 showed specificity of 100% and sensitivity close to 90% and, therefore, is an appropriate diagnostic test for herd screening but not for diagnosing PPE on the individual level.     

One dose of a porcine circovirus 2 subunit vaccine induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protects against porcine circovirus-associated disease under field conditions

This study investigated the efficacy of a one-dose porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine based on the PCV2 Cap protein expressed in a baculovirus system on two different farms at which a history of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD) was present. Morbidity, mortality, average daily weight gain, carcass weight, PCV2 load in serum and vaccine immunogenicity were assessed. Serology to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was performed. A double-blind, randomised, and controlled field trial was performed distributing 818 piglets between two treatment groups. At inclusion (weaning at 21 ± 3 days of age), 408 animals (group B) received a 2-mL intramuscular dose of Porcilis PCV(?) (vaccinated group). Controls (group A, 410 pigs) received 2 mL of the adjuvant Diluvac Forte(?) intramuscularly. Weights were recorded at inclusion and at 12 and 26 weeks of age, and the average daily weight gain (ADWG) was calculated. The carcass weights of the pigs from farm 2 were recorded at slaughter (274 days old). All dead animals (died or culled) underwent autopsy to classify them as PMWS-affected or not. At each farm, blood samples were taken from 22 pigs/group for serologic studies. A beneficial effect was found after vaccination with a single dose of a PCV2 Cap vaccine against PCVD. The vaccination reduced the mortality rate and morbidity, reduced PCV2 viremia and viral load, improved productive performances (e.g. ADWG: +70 g/day between 12 and 26 weeks of age when viremia and the specific disease occurred) as well as carcass weight at slaughter age (+4.5 kg). These effects were associated with virologic and clinical protection from the immunogenicity of the vaccine measured as activation of both a humoral and a cellular immune response.     

Evaluation of lincomycin in drinking water for treatment of induced porcine proliferative enteropathy using a Swine challenge model

A single-location, challenge-model study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of lincomycin against porcine proliferative enteropathy when administered through the drinking water at 125 and 250 mg/gallon. The primary variables of interest were pig removal rate, diarrhea scores, demeanor scores, and abdominal appearance scores. Ancillary performance variables examined included average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed per gain. After a 3-day acclimation period, pigs were challenged on 2 consecutive days with a mucosal homogenate containing a total dose of 1.4 x 10(9) cells of Lawsonia intracellularis. Five days later, when porcine proliferative enteropathy was well established, drinking water medicated with 125 mg (L125) or 250 mg (L250) lincomycin/gallon was provided to two groups of pigs for 10 days. Pigs were observed for 13 days following the treatment period. A third group of pigs served as controls and received unmedicated drinking water throughout the study. The L250 group experienced a significantly lower (P < .05) pig removal rate than the control group over the 23-day observation period. Additionally, for every primary variable, the L250 group experienced a significantly decreased (P < .01) number of abnormal days compared with the control group. The L125 group showed a significant reduction (P < .05) in abnormal demeanor and abnormal abdominal appearance scores compared with controls.