与油菜菌核病菌在土壤中存活有关的木霉及其生物防治潜在能力(英文)

将油菜菌核病菌 (S .sclerotiorum)之菌核作为诱饵埋入油菜土壤中 ,二个月后从菌核表面和内部分离到 5 2株木霉 ,其中黄绿木霉 (T .aureoviride) 2 5株 ,占总数 48 1% ;钩状木霉 (T .hamatum) 17株 ,32 7% ;哈茨木霉 (T .harzianum ) 7株 ,13 3% ;康氏木霉 (T .koningii) 2株 ,4 0 % ,以及拟康氏木霉 (T .pseudokoningii) 1株 ,2 %。将木霉菌株与核盘菌在PDA平板上的玻璃纸条上对峙培养 ,发现木霉菌丝平行于核盘菌菌丝生长 ,并伸出短枝样菌丝或勾状菌丝紧紧附着在核盘菌丝上 ,最终导致核盘菌菌丝断裂和消解。如果两菌直接在PDA平板上双相生长 ,2 4h后两菌落接触 ,在多数情形下 ,在核盘菌一侧会产生褐色、黄褐色宽窄不等的拮抗带 ,拮抗带中的核盘菌菌丝肿胀、断裂和原生质解体。 2周后有 42个木霉菌落覆盖过核盘菌菌落 ,占供试木霉菌株的 84%。而且核盘菌菌落中形成的菌核数量比对照明显减少 ,有些木霉菌株能完全抑制菌核产生。木霉的非挥发性代谢产物对核盘菌菌丝的生长、菌核的数量和大小有明显影响。而挥发性代谢产物仅仅对菌核大小有一定抑制作用。将拮抗作用强的木霉菌株培养物导入土壤后 ,埋入土壤中的菌核多数将发生腐烂 ,即使未腐烂的菌核其产子囊盘萌发能力也大大降低     

G protein signalling involved in host recognition and mycoparasitismrelated chitinase expression in Trichoderma atroviride

Mycoparasitic species of Trichoderma are commercially applied as biological control agents against various fungal pathogens. The mycoparasitic interaction is host specific and includes recognition, attack and subsequent penetration and killing of the host. Investigations on the underlying events revealed that Trichoderma responds to multiple signals from the host (e.g. lectins or other ligands such as low molecular weight components released from the host's cell wall) and host attack is ac…     

长枝木霉T8对水稻纹枯病菌拮抗作用的研究

对峙培养表明:长枝木霉T8[Trichoderma longibrachiatum]对立枯丝核菌有较强的拮抗作用,拮抗系数为1。长枝木霉T8对立枯丝核菌形成明显的拮抗区带,界面处病菌菌丝的细胞质变稀薄、消解或菌丝断裂,病菌菌丝停止生长,同时对立枯丝核菌菌核形成包围,抑制其萌发。在光学显微镜下,可观察到长枝木霉T8对立枯丝核菌菌丝的缠绕、细胞质变稀薄、菌丝消解、菌丝断裂或侵入等现象。     

防治油菜菌核病的木霉和粘帚霉菌株筛选及生防的初报

2002年6月至12月中旬,用4批共200颗菌核作诱饵,分离到粘帚霉(Gliocladiumspp.)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.)、青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、毛霉(Mucorspp.)、根霉(Rhizopusspp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus spp.)、腐霉(Pythiumspp.)和少量难鉴定菌株,共计171个菌株,其中粘帚霉80株、木霉55株,分别占46.8%和32.2%,在不同采样期内均为优势种群。所诱捕的木霉经鉴定分为7个种,哈茨木霉和康氏木霉出现较早,而黄绿木霉和拟康氏木霉出现较迟。通过测定所获得木霉菌株对核盘菌的拮抗作用,筛选出Tk1、Th2生防潜能较好的菌株。经离体叶片测定,Tk1和Th2对油菜菌核病的防治效果分别达90.6%和89.1%。     

Mechanisms involved in biocontrol and plant induced resistance by richoderma. asperellum (T. harzianum T-203)

Growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by the use of chemical substances for plant disease control in agriculture has raised the need to study biological alternatives, such as activating the defense response of plant crops by inducers not toxic to the environment. Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soilborne pathogens, and are also known for their ability to enhance plant growth and to induce systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. In our laborator…     

木霉菌对五种植物病原真菌的重寄生作用

研究了哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum)T88菌株和深绿木霉（T.atroviride）T95菌株对立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、杨树料皮病菌（Valsa sordida）、杨树水泡溃疡病菌（Botryosphaeria ribis）、苹果树腐烂病菌（V.ceratosperma）、贝伦格葡萄座腔菌梨生专化型（B.berengeriana f.sp.piricola）的重寄生作用。对峙培养的结果可观察到，多数情况下，接种后2d内木霉与病原菌接触，随后覆盖或侵入病菌菌落，抑制其生长。光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察结果表明，木霉对不同的植物病原真菌重寄生作用方法不同。可观察到木霉菌缠绕病原菌的菌丝，或沿着病原菌的菌丝平行或波浪式生长，或产生铯状分枝、吸器或附着胞吸附于病原菌的菌丝上，或穿透病原菌的菌丝，最终使病原菌的菌丝细胞原生质浓缩，菌丝断裂等现象。     

木霉生防耐药因子的诱导及其生化特性研究

为了研究以含药(施佳乐)培养基筛选和诱导生防木霉菌株T-21产生耐药性生防蛋白因子———几丁质酶的效果。利用含药(施佳乐)培养基筛选诱导生防木霉菌株T-21产生几丁质酶,通过DEAE 32纤维素柱层析法进行分离纯化,用SDS-PAGE测定其分子量,并分析温度和pH值对酶活力的影响以及耐药酶对灰霉菌的抑制作用。生防木霉菌株T-21对化学农药施佳乐具有一定的抗性,浓度达1 000μg/ml时生长及产孢情况良好。通过分离纯化的几丁质酶,其分子量为45 kD,其最适反应温度为50℃,最适pH值为5.0,对灰霉菌有明显抑制作用。生防木霉菌株T-21产生的几丁质酶,可与化学杀菌剂混合使用,以增强田间的防治效果、减少化学农药的用量,进而减少化学农药对农作物的污染及残留。     

Genetic regulation of conidiation in Trichoderma hamatun

Achieving a balance between vegetative growth and spore production is essential for successful biocontrol by fungi. Low sporulation rates in the field can result in poor establishment and survival,whereas failure of conidia to recognise hosts can lead to persistence without efficacy. Commercial biocontrol products involve bulk preparations of conidia, however considerable variability in conidiation rates exists between biocontrol agents, which can restrict choice of strain for production. The majority of studies on Trichoderma conidiation have focused on the species T. viride and T. atroviride.These species form conidia in response to blue and near-UV light and/or nutrient deprivation and conidiation proceeds in a highly co-ordinated fashion, however relatively little is known on the genetic basis of Trichoderrma conidiation. In addition, whilst photoconidiation appears to be a general response detailed studies in other Trichoderma species are absent. In this study, conidiation in the lesser known biocontrol species T. hamatum is being investigated using a combined morphological and molecular approach. In contrast to T. atroviride, conidiation in response to blue-light was weaker and variable and suggested that additional triggers may be required for the T. hamatum photoresponse. A series of comparative photoconidiation assays are currently being undertaken investigating the effect of inoculum type and abiotic factors on timing and intensity of the response.Results will be discussed in relation to the current knowledge on conidial morphogenesis in Trichoderma. In addition to these morphological assays, a selection of genes implicated in sporulation and the blue-light responses are currently being isolated and characterised from T. hamatum. Two genes, phr1 and cmp1 , which were isolated previously from T. atroviride will be used as early and late markers of gene expression during the photoresponse in T. hamatum in order to define time points for harvesting comparable stage-specific RNA from T. hamatum and T. atroviride. Using degenerate PCR putative sporulation gene orthologues have also been identified in T. hamatum.Work is currently underway to isolate genomic clones of these genes from T. hamatum and T.atroviride. Sequence and expression analysis of orthologues, including expression in response to abiotic factors will be presented and discussed in relation to the current knowledge of the molecular basis of conidiation in Trichoderma and other filamentous fungi.……     

绿色木霉对土传病原真菌的体外拮抗作用

体外拮抗作用测定表明 ,绿色木霉 [Trichoderma viride Per. ex Fr. ( T0 2 ) ]对土传病原真菌齐整小核菌 [Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ( S0 1) ]和半裸镰孢 [Fusarium semitectum Berk.&Rav.( F0 4) ]有明显的拮抗作用 ,在对峙培养中拮抗系数分别为 2～ 3和 2 .在光学显微镜下观察到绿色木霉对半裸镰孢菌丝的缠绕、使细胞质变稀薄、菌丝消解、菌丝断裂或侵入等现象 .绿色木霉对齐整小核菌形成明显的拮抗圈 ,界面处病菌菌丝的细胞质变稀薄、消解或菌丝断裂 ,病菌菌丝停止生长 .绿色木霉还对齐整小核菌菌核形成包围 ,并抑制菌核的萌发 .     

Mycoparasitism of Gliocladium isolates in China Mycoparasitism of Gliocladium isolates in China

During an investigation of mycoparasitic fungi on sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in China, Gliocladium species was consistently encountered and isolated from natural soils collected over the country. Colonization frequencies on sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum by the fungi ranged from 40% to 100% when the sclerotia were introduced into soils and coincubated at 22-24 ℃ for 4 weeks. Identification showed that G. roseum, G. virens and G. catenulatum were the dominant species amon…     

Use of Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) as a model system for Trichoderma biocontrol of Pythium blight identifies new targets for genetic strain improvement

Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section Longibrachiatum have only rarely been studied. On the other hand, one taxon from this section-Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei)-has been widely used for the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. As far as T…     

土壤中木霉的分离纯化以及对植物病原真菌的拮抗研究

从土壤中分离纯化获得3个木霉集合种:哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum),绿色木霉(Trichoder-ma viride)和绿木霉(Trichoderma virens)。用这3种木霉菌分别与小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solania)和番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)作平板对峙培养及显微观察,测定木霉菌对病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明:3种木霉菌对供试的2种病原菌抑菌强度不同,其中绿木霉对小麦纹枯病菌和番茄灰霉病菌都具有较好的拮抗作用;显微观察到木霉菌对病原菌菌丝的缠绕、使病原菌菌丝细胞质变稀薄、菌丝解体等现象。     

木霉菌对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用

为明确木霉菌对福建省番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果,研究了8株木霉菌对病原菌的拮抗作用。结果表明,在对峙培养条件下,供试木霉菌能显著抑制灰霉病菌菌丝生长,其抑制率为86.83%~91.39%,不同木霉菌株的发酵液对病原菌菌丝生长具有不同程度的抑制效果,其差异达显著水平。其中,菌株FJ2006-8发酵液的抑制生长率最高,为39.44%。此外,供试的木霉菌均能产生非挥发性和挥发性代谢产物,其中,菌株FJ2006-8的非挥发性代谢产物对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最佳,抑制率为61.09%;而菌株T05-58的挥发性代谢产物对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率最高,为22.95%。研究结果可为木霉菌生防菌剂的开发以及番茄灰霉病的绿色防控提供理论依据。     

稻瘟菌侵染过程相关信号通路研究进展

稻瘟菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)是典型的植物致病菌,其侵染过程依赖多种信号通路参与调控,包括环化腺苷酸(cAMP)信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路和Ca2+信号通路。最新研究发现,除了cAMP信号通路和MAPK信号通路,Ca2+信号通路在稻瘟菌的生长发育、孢子萌发、侵染结构形成和致病性方面也具有重要作用。结合这些信号通路及其相关基因和蛋白研究,综述了调控稻瘟菌致病性相关发育的信号传递分子机理,旨在为稻瘟菌致病机理的研究提供新的线索。     

绿木霉对樟子松苗木生长指标及生理生化指标的影响

樟子松是我国北方的主要造林树种。苗木质量是造林成功与否的关键。木霉菌可以有效促进作物的生长,并能很好地诱导植物产生系统抗性,促进种子萌发和增加根茎生物量。然而,大量研究都是关于农作物,将木霉应用于林木的研究还鲜有报道。为了探明绿木霉菌株T43对樟子松苗木的促生作用及对苗木生理生化指标的影响,采用打孔灌根接种方法对樟子松1年生苗木接种菌株T43,对接种苗木体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量进行动态跟踪测定,在生长季结束时对各处理苗木生物量进行调查。结果表明:与CK相比,经过T43诱导处理后,苗木表现出较高的CAT、POD和SOD活性,其中CAT和POD出现平稳上升的趋势,SOD表现出波动上升的趋势,但这3种酶整体都表现出上升的趋势,且在整个过程中其活性水平均高于CK。与该结果类似,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量也表现出高于CK的现象,不同的是,二者在诱导处理后即出现上升,随着时间的推移,其含量在下降中趋于平稳,但始终高于CK。在生物量方面,T43处理组的苗高、地径、鲜质量和干质量均高于CK,苗木生长质量显著提高。接种3个月后,与对照相比苗高提高了36.7%,地径提高了22.2%,干质量提高了50%,鲜质量提高了21.7%。认为使用绿木霉接种处理苗木促进苗木生长、提高苗木质量是可行的。      

粘绿木霉Gv29-8的碳水化合物活性酶类蛋白预测及遗传关系分析

利用CAT(CAZymes analysis toolkit)在线分析程序对Trichoderma virens Gv29-8中碳水化合物活性酶类蛋白(carbohydrate-active enzymes,CAZymes)不同亚家族的分布情况进行分析,结果表明:粘绿木霉Gv29-8中含有185个CAZymes蛋白,分为主要类别和复合类别两种类型;其中,主要类别含有71个GH蛋白、54个CBM蛋白及12个AA蛋白、25个CE蛋白、3个PL蛋白、3个GT蛋白;复合类型含有17个蛋白。遗传关系分析表明,CAZymes分类应进一步细化到更小的类别。     

Trichoderma species collected from Iran

In order to identify Trichoderma species isolated from Iran, Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the soil samples. All the cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to morphological examination.Morphological observations were carried out on the cultures grown on 2 % MEA and oat meal agar at 20℃ under ambient laboratory conditions.     

Study of signal transduction factors involved in mycoparasitic response of Trichoderma atroviride

Numerous Trichoderma spp. are mycoparasites and commercially applied as biological control agents against a large number of plant pathogenic fungi. The mycoparasitic interaction is host-specific and several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the antagonist-plant-pathogen three-way interaction. During mycoparasitism, signals from the host fungus are recognised by Trichoderma, stimulating antifungal activities that are accompanied by mo…     

稻曲病菌产孢能力及致病力测定

【目的】测定稻曲病菌（Ustilaginoidea virens）的产孢稳定性、产孢能力与致病力的相关性及在水稻品种上的致病性分化。【方法】采用液体培养和人工接种的方法对采自全国9个省（市）的150个稻曲病菌菌株进行产孢能力及田间致病力测定。【结果】3次产孢试验中产孢量标准偏差小于10.0的菌株有132个,占总数的88.0%。接种于两优培九（感病品种）的平均病情指数为67.7,其中98个菌株病情指数大于50;接种于淮稻5号（中等抗病品种）的平均病情指数为21.8;接种于武育粳3号（抗病品种）的平均病情指数为16.1,其中113个菌株病情指数小于25。稻曲病菌的产孢量与致病性呈正相关,但相关系数偏低,是中度-低度相关;根据150个稻曲病菌菌株在武育粳3号、淮稻5号和两优培九3个不同抗性品种上的致病力,将供试的150个稻曲病菌划分为7个致病类型,其中,第3致病类型（武育粳3号、淮稻5号和两优培九3个水稻品种表现为抗、抗、感）有53个菌株,占总数35.3%,为优势致病类型。【结论】稻曲病菌产孢性能较稳定,稻曲病菌的产孢量与致病力呈正相关。150个稻曲病菌菌株和3个不同抗性的水稻品种之间存在2种互作关系,大多数菌株与水稻品种抗性表现为弱互作关系,少数菌株与水稻品种抗性表现为强互作关系。     

核盘菌菌核重寄生菌的分离筛选

从云南、四川、甘肃、陕西、山西、湖南、河北、北京、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古等12个省市(区)采集土样103份,采用室内菌核诱捕的方法分离得到了148个真菌菌株,分别属于12个属。其中黏帚霉属(Gliocladium spp.)77个菌株,包括4个种,占全部分离菌的52.03%,为优势种群;其次为青霉菌(Penicillium spp.)21个菌株,分离率为14.19%;镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)16个菌株,占10.81%;木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)13个菌株,占8.78%;轮枝菌(Verticillium spp.)8个,占5.41%。对其中寄生率较高的菌株进行回接,结果表明,黏帚霉和木霉寄生核盘菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum)菌核的能力强,接种1周后导致菌核腐烂,但不同菌株之间存在差异;而镰刀菌、轮枝菌对菌核的寄生能力较差。并且,首次用菌核诱捕的方法从云南省玉溪市烟草田土壤中分离获得了一株能寄生菌核的捕食线虫丝孢菌,经鉴定为椭圆单顶孢[Monacrosporium ellipsosporum(Preuss)Cooke&Dickinson]。