饲粮纤维对猪生产性能和肉品质影响的研究进展

饲粮纤维作为猪饲粮组成的重要成分之一,对调控生猪生产性能、调节饲粮营养水平和改善肠道健康方面发挥着重要作用。近年来,饲粮纤维在改善猪肉品质方面也显现出重要潜在作用。本文就目前国内外饲粮纤维影响猪生产性能和肉品质方面研究展开综述,重点阐述了饲粮纤维对猪生产性能、肌纤维特性和肉品质的影响,为饲粮纤维的合理高效化利用和改善猪肉品质研究提供参考。     

维生素E在育肥猪生产中的应用

正随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对肉类食品的需求日趋增大,而猪肉则是我国居民消费量最大的肉类。近年来,人们饮食安全意识逐渐增强,越来越多的消费者更关注猪肉品质,因此,育肥猪养殖中注重猪肉品质显得尤为重要。维生素E是育肥猪生长过程中不可缺少的维生素之一,它对育肥猪生长性能、抗应激、猪肉品质等方面起着至关重要的作用,因此,本文就维生素E在育肥     

日粮中添加茶多酚对肥育猪肉品质的影响

选用体重约28kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交肥育猪50头,随机分成5个处理组,每组10头。通过在肥育猪饲粮中添加茶多酚,对100kg左右猪胴体眼肌肉样做肉质常规和生化指标测定,研究日粮中茶多酚不同添加水平对肥育猪肉品质参数的影响。结果表明:在猪肉货架期,茶多酚添加剂有稳定猪肉色、提高猪肌肉抗氧化和系水力的作用;本研究得出,饲粮中添加茶多酚有利于提高猪肌肉品质,其中以每千克饲料添加400mg茶多酚效果较有参考意义。     

湘岭猪生长曲线拟合及校正公式制定研究

随着人们生活水平的提高，人们喜食瘦肉的同时也注重肉的品质与风味，高品质的猪肉需求急剧增大，按照如今市场需求导向进行猪种培育和猪肉供应已经成为当今养猪业发展的重要部分。     

抗氧化剂在调控猪肉品质中的应用研究进展

在生猪生产过程中产生的氧化应激会导致宰后猪肉品质和营养价值下降,影响消费者健康和购买欲望,维持机体氧化还原的稳态对于提升猪肉品质至关重要。在饲粮中添加外源抗氧化剂可以改善猪的氧化应激,成为提升肉品质的有效方法。本文介绍了氧化应激对猪肉品质的影响,综述了目前用于饲粮添加的酚类、多糖、皂苷、环烯醚萜类以及苯乙醇苷类等天然抗氧化剂和合成抗氧化剂的应用现状,揭示和总结了饲粮添加抗氧化剂对猪肉品质的影响及作用机制,探讨了未来抗氧化剂在畜牧业中的应用方向,以期为优质高效抗氧化剂的选择和应用提供参考。     

生物素对猪生长性能和肉品质的影响

选用杜洛克×长白×约克三元杂交肥育猪(体重20 kg左右)36头,研究饲粮中生物素(VH)添加的时间对猪生长性能和猪肉品质的影响。试验分4个组,对照组在饲粮中不添加VH,试验组分别在屠宰前20、40、60 d的饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg。结果表明,随着屠宰前生物素使用时间的延长,日增重和饲料利用率明显提高(P<0.05);添加生物素能提高肉中蛋白质、脂肪、铁的含量,降低肉中胶原蛋白、锌的含量(P<0.01);生物素有减少猪肉滴水损失、提高肉色评分的趋势(P>0.05)。试验结果表明,肥育猪在屠前60 d在饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg的VH,能有效地促进肥育猪的生长和改善猪肉品质。     

乳酸菌发酵饲料对猪生长性能、肉品质和血液抗氧化指标的影响

本文旨在研究乳酸菌固态发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能、肉品质和血液抗氧化能力的影响。试验选择体重和日龄相近的杜×长×大三元杂交生长育肥猪48头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂经乳酸菌发酵的基础饲粮。试验结果表明,乳酸菌发酵饲粮对生长期猪的生长性能无显著影响(P0.05)。乳酸菌发酵饲粮显著增加了育肥猪的平均日增重,降低了料肉比(P0.05),但对平均日采食量无显著影响(P0.05)。乳酸菌发酵饲粮显著提高了生长育肥猪血液的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和抗氧化能力,显著降低血液丙二醛含量(P0.05)。乳酸菌发酵饲粮显著提高了生长育肥猪肉的亮度和红度(P0.05),改善猪肉颜色,降低了猪肉剪切力(P0.05),对p H无显著影响(P0.05),改善了肉质。因此,养猪生产实践中,可以给生长育肥猪饲喂乳酸菌固态发酵饲料,提高生长性能,改善猪肉品质。     

酵母硒和维生素E对肥育猪肉质的影响

随着生活水平的提高,消费者对猪肉品质提出了更高要求,而猪肉品质受遗传、营养、屠宰、加工等多重因素的影响,营养调控方法是改善猪肉品质的重要途径之一。近年来,维生素E对猪肉品质的影响研究较多,但酵母硒（有机硒）与维生素E配合使用对猪肉品质的影响报道很少。本试验通过在肥育猪的商品饲粮中同时加入酵母硒和维生素E,验证其对肥育猪肉质和硒沉积量的影响。     

影响猪肉品质的非遗传因素分析

猪肉品质是猪的重要经济性状,影响着养猪生产的效益。猪肉品质受到了诸多因素的影响,如饲粮的营养水平(蛋白质水平、能量水平等)、环境因素(高温等)和屠宰加工以及饲养管理等非遗传因素,笔者就近几年国内外对影响猪肉品质的非遗传因素的研究加以分析,进而阐明各非遗传因素对猪肉品质的影响,以期在生产中合理利用非遗传因素,生产出优质猪肉。     

饲粮中高铜高锌的不同停用时间对猪生长性能和猪肉品质的影响

试验选用27头体重20 kg左右健康的长×约二元杂交猪,随机分成3组,每组9头,均饲喂添加铜250 mg/kg、锌430 mg/kg的饲粮,分别在屠宰前0(对照组)、15 d和30 d停用高铜高锌.观测各组猪生长性能和猪肉品质的变化.结果表明,与不停用对照组相比较在屠宰前30 d停用高铜高锌饲粮不影响猪生长性能、饲料利用、屠宰指标及猪肉品质,相反还降低猪肉的滴水损失和铜、锌含量.因此,在屠前30 d停止使用高铜高锌不会影响猪的生长,可有效地减少肉中铜、锌的残留.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.