黑龙江省西部苜蓿优化栽培技术研究

在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市，应用正交试验设计对苜蓿进行行距、灌水、施肥种类及施氮肥试验。试验结果表明，行距以30em处理产草量最高，每公顷产干草11049kg，比45cm处理增产干草9．9％，差异显著（P〈O．05）；以灌水1次为好；施农家肥22500kg／hm^2产干草11403kg／hm^2，增产效果最佳，比施复合肥150kg／hm^2增产干草17．1％（P〈O．05）和施磷酸二铵150kg／hm^2增产干草6．6％（P〈o．05），施磷酸二铵比施复合肥增产9．8％（P〈0．05）；施尿素112．5kg／hm^2增产效果好于施尿素75kg／hm^2和150kg／hm^2处理；处理6（彳亍距30cm，灌水3次，施磷酸二铵150kg／hm^2，施氮肥112．5kg／hm^2）和处理2（行距15cm，灌水2次，施农家肥22500kg／hm^2，施氮肥112．5kg／hm^2）分别产干草11818kg／hm^2和11730kg／hm^2，显著高于其他处理。     

不同日粮组成下育成母羊饲喂效果及效益比较

为探讨饲喂苜蓿（Medicago sativa）干草、羊草（Leymus chinensis）和玉米（Zea mays）青贮与单纯饲喂玉米秸秆相比,对育成母羊增重、饲料转化效率和经济效益的影响。选取体重、年龄相近,健康的育成母羊20只,随机分成4组,每组5只,分别饲喂不同种类粗饲料日粮,精粗比为40：60。结果表明：与粗饲料单纯为玉米秸秆（100%）相比,苜蓿干草（50%）+羊草（50%）组日增重提高11.11%,饲料转化效率不明显,增收也不明显;苜蓿干草（33.3%）+玉米青贮（33.3%）+羊草（33.3%）组日增重可提高30.72%,饲料转化效率提高 18.16%,每天每只增收0.54 元;苜蓿干草（50%）+玉米青贮（50%）组日增重可提高83.01%,饲料转化效率提高 40.74%,每天每只增收可达1.91 元。表明,饲喂苜蓿干草（50%）+玉米青贮（50%）时,育成母羊增重、饲料转化效率、以及经济效益都能达到最好的状态。     

施肥和灌水对紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

研究施复合肥、尿素、有机肥和灌水等因素对紫花苜蓿草产量的影响,结果表明：通过施肥和灌水能显著提高紫花苜蓿的产草量。肥料单施以每公顷施复合肥50kg、尿素50kg、有机肥300kg处理产草量较高;灌水以每公顷灌水lOOt处理产草量最优;组合处理以处理7即每公顷施复合肥150kg、尿素50kg、有机肥300kg和灌水lOOt的处理产草量最高,每公顷产干草11052kg,比对照（不施肥和灌水）增产3694kg。增产50．20％,增产极显0著（P〈0．01）。     

黑龙江北部寒区苜蓿丰产栽培技术研究

在黑龙江省逊克县车陆乡,应用正交试验设计对苜蓿进行行距、灌水、施肥种类、施氮肥试验。试验结果表明,行距以15cm处理产草量最高,每公顷产干草6483.3kg,比45cm处理增产干草10.04%;在苜蓿返青期灌水1次,增产效果最好,优于其他处理;施磷酸二铵150kg/hm2产干草6928.7kg/hm2,增产效果最佳,比施复合肥150kg/hm2增产干草22.6%(P<0.01)和施有机肥22500kg/hm2增产干草11.04%,施有机肥比施复合肥增产10.5%;施尿素75kg/hm2增产效果好于施尿素112.5kg/hm2和150kg/hm2处理;处理1(行距15cm,灌水1次,施磷酸二铵150kg/hm2,施氮肥75kg/hm2)产干草7637kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理,增产6.8%￣48.7%,比处理3和处理4、5、8、9、7表现增产差异达到极显著或显著水平。     

黑龙江北部寒区苜蓿丰产栽培技术研究

在黑龙江省逊克县车陆乡,应用正交试验设计对苜蓿进行行距、灌水、施肥种类、施氮肥试验.试验结果表明,行距以15 cm处理产草量最高,每公顷产干草6 483.3 kg,比45 cm处理增产干草10.04%;在苜蓿返青期灌水1次,增产效果最好,优于其他处理;施磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2产干草6 928.7 kg/hm,增产效果最佳,比施复合肥150 kg/hm2增产干草22.6%(P＜0.01)和施有机肥22 500 kg/hm增产干草11.04%,施有机肥比施复合肥增产10.5%;施尿素75 kg/hm2增产效果好于施尿素112.5 kg/hm2和150 kg/hm2处理;处理1(行距15 cm,灌水1次,施磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2,施氮肥75 kg/hm2)产干草7 637 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理,增产6.8%～48.7%,比处理3和处理4、5、8、9、7表现增产差异达到极显著或显著水平.     

黑龙江省西部苜蓿优化栽培技术研究

在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市,应用正交试验设计对苜蓿进行行距、灌水、施肥种类及施氮肥试验。试验结果表明,行距以30 cm处理产草量最高,每公顷产干草11 049 kg,比45 cm处理增产干草9.9%,差异显著(P<0.05);以灌水1次为好;施农家肥22 500 kg/hm2产干草11 403 kg/hm2,增产效果最佳,比施复合肥150 kg/hm2增产干草17.1%(P<0.05)和施磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2增产干草6.6%(P<0.05),施磷酸二铵比施复合肥增产9.8%(P<0.05);施尿素112.5 kg/hm2增产效果好于施尿素75 kg/hm2和150 kg/hm2处理;处理6(行距30 cm,灌水3次,施磷酸二铵150 kg/hm2,施氮肥112.5 kg/hm)2和处理2(行距15 cm,灌水2次,施农家肥22 500 kg/hm2,施氮肥112.5 kg/hm)2分别产干草11 818 kg/hm2和11 730 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理。     

用化学方法加工干草

生产苜蓿干草通常用自然干燥、人工干燥(化学干燥)和机械干燥(榨浆)。人工干燥的干草质量远比自然干燥的好。目前广泛采用的化学方法有利用丙酸、甲酸、磷酸尿素混合物、碳酸钾溶液等。每公顷苜蓿(产量约150吨)用3000升碳酸钾溶液时,比     

硼、钼、锌配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和粗蛋白质含量的影响

采用裂裂区设计研究硼、钼、锌配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和粗蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,硼、钼、锌以一定的比例配施可以显著提高苜蓿干草产量,尤其是硼（1.0kg/hm^2）、钼（100g/hm^2）、锌（3.0kg/hm^2）配施可获得最高产量（17.7 t/hm^2）,较对照增产21.3%;单施硼（1.0 kg/hm^2）或钼（100g/hm^2）或锌（1.5 kg/hm^2）也可以显著（p〈0.05）提高苜蓿干草产量.硼、钼互作对苜蓿粗蛋白质含量的影响差异不显著;硼（1.0 kg/hm^2）和锌（3.0 kg/hm^2）配施可以显著提高苜蓿粗蛋白质含量;在不施硼的情况下,钼、锌配施可以显著降低苜蓿粗蛋白质含量;单施锌对苜蓿粗蛋白质含量有降低的趋势.     

氮磷钾配施水平对无芒雀麦产草量的影响

应用正交试验方法,对无芒雀麦施用不同水平氮、磷、钾化肥搭配组合增产效果进行了试验研究。结果表明,本试验条件下,N4P2K1处理每公顷产鲜草29．76t为最高,说明每公顷纯施氮112．5kg、磷82．5kg、钾12kg的搭配组合为最佳组合,比其它组合增产25．7％～61．9％、增收485．41～1151．73元／公顷。     

紫花苜蓿干草饲喂育肥山羊的效果试验

通过苜蓿干草 混合精料、苜蓿平衡日粮(苜蓿干草 野生干草 玉米粉)和对照组(野生干草 混合精料)的山羊肥育试验表明,苜蓿干草 混合精料组与苜蓿平衡日粮组试验羊的日增重分别为55.1g和54.4g,比对照组(22.8g)提高141.67%,差异极显著(P＜0.01)和138.60%,差异显著(P＜0.05),混合精料 苜蓿干草组与苜蓿平衡日粮组日增重差异不显著(P＞0.05);每kg增重的成本以平衡日粮组最低,为16.58元,分别比苜蓿干草组(21.28元)和野生干草组(23.10元)下降22.08%和28.23%.     

苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

试验旨在探讨苜蓿青贮料替代不同比例苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能、乳品质、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及经济效益的影响。选取体重、产奶量、胎次相近的健康泌乳中期中高产中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂4.0 kg苜蓿青干草,试验A、B组分别用4.4,8.8 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0和4.0 kg等干物质的苜蓿青干草,正试期64 d。结果表明,1)各组间干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),B组产奶量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),A组与对照组、B组间差异不显著(P>0.05); 2)用50%,100%的苜蓿青贮料替代等干物质的苜蓿青干草,其乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖均有所改善,但只有B组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余指标各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3)A、B组与对照组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率、钙表观消化率无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、B组间粗蛋白和磷表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),但是粗蛋白表观消化率均显著低于对照组、磷表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4)苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草其血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血尿素氮、血糖、二氧化碳结合力等指标没有显著性改变(P>0.05);5)试验A、B组经济效益均有所增加,其中A组的净增收益最高,为0.61元/(头·d)。综上,用4.4 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0 kg苜蓿青干草对中高产奶牛是适宜的,能提高其生产性能,改善乳品质,增加收益。     

Feeding forage mixtures of alfalfa hay and maize stover optimizes growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs

A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different proportions of alfalfa hay and maize stover on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of fattening lambs. Forty‐two healthy 3.5‐month‐old male Small‐tail Han lambs of 23.89 ± 0.38 kg body mass were assigned to seven groups, which were fed mixed diets composed of maize stover and alfalfa hay containing 0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 100% maize stover on a dry matter (DM) basis. Each lamb received 1.5 kg DM of forage mixture three times daily and supplementary concentrate (0.5 kg corn per lamb per day) for 60 days. Compared with the control forage diet of maize stover only, forage intake rate and forage conversion rate on the 40% maize stover/60% alfalfa hay mixture were 30% and 5% higher, respectively. Body weight, dressing percentage and net income were 6.7 kg, 8% and 94.37 Yuan higher per lamb, respectively. Thus, feeding lambs with a forage mixture of maize stover and alfalfa hay in a ratio of 40:60 optimized the production performance, slaughter performance, and the income derived from lambs.     

高产苜蓿品种筛选及栽培技术研究

以三得利苜蓿为对照。对皇冠、阿迪娜等7个苜蓿品种进行区域试验。通过各品种的干草产量、粗蛋白等指标确定适宜贺兰山东麓种植的优质品种,同时结合苜蓿自身特性,研究及制定出较佳的苜蓿种植技术,并对苜蓿刈割后不同时期常见虫害的发生情况进行了调查,以期为虫害防治提供指导,从而保证苜蓿优质、高产的生产目标。     

宁夏地区种植苜蓿、青贮玉米的效益分析

为了对苜蓿Medicago sativa的长效生态、绿色环保等方面作一推广介绍,对宁夏干旱地区常见的苜蓿、青贮玉米Zea mays 种植模式进行调查分析.结果表明,苜蓿干草和折干后的青贮玉米的生产成本基本接近,分别为179.1和183.3元/t;两者产生的经济效益也很接近,分别为4 521和4 369元/hm2;从营养价值分析,苜蓿的粗蛋白产量为1 939.2 kg/hm2,青贮玉米的粗蛋白产量为1 744.1 kg/hm2,苜蓿具有明显优势;从间接效益和生态效益分析,苜蓿更为突出.另外,通过开展饲用植物新品种的选优和加强饲草的栽培管理能够提高牧草产量与品质,延长苜蓿的利用年限也是降低生产成本的有效方法.     

不同微生境下科尔沁沙地苜蓿的生产性能

在科尔沁沙地,通过对洼地、坡地、岗地等3个不同生境条件下测定二龄苜蓿的产量及生长特性,分析了微环境对沙地苜蓿生产性能的影响。结果表明:洼地年干草产量最大,达14 173.47kg/hm2,显著高于坡地和岗地生境苜蓿产量;岗地条件下苜蓿干草产量最低,达7 415.58kg/hm2。苜蓿干草产量与苜蓿株高呈显著正相关关系(P0.05);苜蓿根系生长受不同生境影响较大,岗地苜蓿根系长势明显低于洼地苜蓿和坡地苜蓿,苜蓿根体积、根颈粗度和根干重都相对较小,分别是250.3cm3,3.58mm和82.4g。洼地苜蓿根体积、根颈粗度和根干重均最大,分别是443.8cm3,4.44mm和146.2g。洼地每株苜蓿根瘤菌数显著多于坡地和岗地,达到16.7个/株。     

The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.     

全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮苜蓿、燕麦草及精料的应用研究

本试验旨在探究全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿、燕麦草及精料对奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及生产性能的影响,为其替代奶牛饲粮中价格日益攀升的苜蓿和精饲料,并用作奶牛粗饲料资源开辟新途径。试验一采用半体内试验即瘤胃尼龙袋技术,探究了全株甘蔗、国产羊草与国产苜蓿各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性;试验二采用重复3×3拉丁方试验设计,选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行消化试验,探究全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%的美国进口苜蓿对奶牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和血液生化指标的影响;试验三选取60头胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛进行生产试验,探究了全株甘蔗分别替代饲粮30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和牧场经济效益的影响。结果发现：1）全株甘蔗干物质（DM）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和有机物（OM）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草和国产苜蓿（P<0.05）。2）用全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%美国进口苜蓿对奶牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）（除25%组4 h外）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量无显著影响;对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）及饲粮DM、粗蛋白质（CP）、OM和ADF消化率无显著影响,而全株甘蔗替代饲粮50%美国进口苜蓿组的NDF消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;全株甘蔗替代饲粮中50%美国进口苜蓿组2和8 h血清尿素氮含量显著低于25%组和对照组（P<0.05）,且各处理组不同时间点血液β-羟丁酸含量、瘤胃各VFA和总VFA含量均无显著差异。3）用全株甘蔗替代高产奶牛饲粮中50%燕麦草、30%苜蓿干草或10%精料对奶牛血液中的葡萄糖、尿素氮、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）等含量及产奶量均无显著影响,且综合产奶量和饲料成本两方面的因素,各替代组分别比对照组每头奶牛的经济效益增加3.28、7.48和1.62元·d^-1。由此可知,全株甘蔗是一种可供奶牛食用的消化率较高的优质粗饲料,且用其替代饲粮中的25%或50%美国进口苜蓿不影响奶牛的瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质表观消化率;用其替代30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料不会影响奶牛的血液生化指标及生产性能,还会提高牧场的经济效益。     

Potential of alfalfa as a source of calcium for calcium deficient horses

The potential of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried alfalfa as a source of calcium for horses was determined by means of a 4 x 4 Latin square digestibility trial using four thoroughbred horses (mean liveweight 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were timothy hay alone, 33 per cent alfalfa and 67 per cent timothy hay, 67 per cent alfalfa and 33 per cent timothy hay, and alfalfa alone. Significantly more calcium and magnesium were absorbed from the alfalfa than from the hay. Phosphorus absorption appeared to be unaffected by treatment. Alfalfa calcium was more available than timothy hay calcium (apparent absorption coefficients of 0.78 and 0.15, respectively) and there was less variation between individual horses in their ability to absorb calcium from alfalfa. Horses fed alfalfa had significantly higher creatinine clearance ratios for calcium (P less than 0.01) and magnesium (P less than 0.001) than horses fed hay, but the creatinine clearance ratio for phosphorus was lower in horses fed hay alone.     

单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作不同饲草作物生产性能、效益评价

为解决海河平原区苜蓿第3~5茬草雨季收获难的问题。于2011-2016年在位于河北衡水的河北省农林科学院旱作所试验站开展了单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作5种不同饲草作物模式评价研究,以及单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的生产性能比较研究。结果表明,单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作不同饲草作物模式评价研究得出,30-30 cm、20-40 cm两种行距处理下的单作苜蓿小区干草产量无显著差异(P>0.05);套作高丹草处理下苜蓿第2年前2茬干草产量显著低于单作苜蓿小区干草产量(P<0.05);套作青贮玉米处理后的总食物当量数显著高于单作苜蓿小区(P<0.05),但套作青贮玉米处理后的总经济效益与单作苜蓿小区无显著差异(P>0.05);套作青贮玉米处理下的平均光能利用率、水分利用效率、土地当量比均显著高于单作苜蓿小区(P<0.05)。单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的生产性能比较研究得出,30-30 cm、20-40 cm行距套作青贮玉米处理下的苜蓿前2茬干草产量、总食物当量数、总经济效益、平均光能利用率、水分利用效率、土地当量比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合得出,海河平原区单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的关键种植技术为:单作苜蓿田采用20-40 cm宽窄行秋播种植,于第2年前2茬苜蓿草收获后,在宽行中间套作青贮玉米,青贮玉米密度在6 万株·hm^-2以内,9月底将套作的青贮玉米与苜蓿一起收获,之后苜蓿田苜蓿正常越冬,下一年再重复种植青贮玉米。该模式在保证与单作苜蓿同等经济效益的前提下,可有效解决苜蓿3~5茬草雨季收获难、资源利用效率低的问题。     

京郊平原区苜蓿生产能力与耗水规律的研究

根据北京地区气候与苜蓿Medicago sativa生产特点通过定量灌溉控制,设置水分相对充足(WS)、水分中度 (WM)和水分亏缺(WD)3个水分梯度处理,对苜蓿各茬次与全年干草产量、土壤含水量以及干草产量与耗水量、水分利用效率的相关关系进行测定与分析.结果显示,苜蓿干草产量与耗水量和水分利用效率呈正线性相关关系,当灌溉量较大、水分充足时,可增加苜蓿各茬次与全年干草产量,其耗水量与水分利用效率也相应增加,表明相对充足灌水有利于植株的生长发育,特别是在北京相对干旱的2003年,生长时期的自然降水为285.6 mm,仅依靠自然降水并不能获得苜蓿高产以满足生产需要,适当的灌水是有必要的,按返青和每次刈割后灌溉60 mm/次(以保持土壤含水量75%时),全年耗水量530.33 mm,全年可获得苜蓿干草产量17 927.48 kg/hm2.