德州市近50年来旱涝特征分析

对德州市1951～1999a的逐年降水数据、区域旱涝灾害成灾面积及降水与成灾之间的相关性进行了统计分析。依据Z指标划分了7个旱涝等级,给出了旱涝指标与旱涝成灾面积的多年变化趋势以及它们之间的相关系数。结果表明：德州市近50a来,降水变化呈下降趋势;1975a以前偏涝,间或有旱的年份出现,极涝年份为1953、1961、1964a;1975a以后偏旱,间或有涝的年份出现,极旱年份为1981a;旱灾面积越来越大,涝灾面积越来越少,60～70年代为旱涝灾害成灾面积变化的转折点。降水指标为该市今后旱涝预测提供了可能的途径。     

近50年贵德县旱涝灾害变化特征分析

利用青海省贵德气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温、逐月降水资料以及逐日最高、最低气温资料,分析近50a气温、降水以及最高最低气温的变化趋势,并对其突变年份进行了检测。用降水量来确定贵德县旱涝等级,进而确定出贵德县气温突变前后旱涝等级出现的年份及所占的比例。结果表明:贵德地区偏旱、正常和偏涝的状态不断增加,增加的比例为旱>正常>偏涝。运用马尔柯夫模型对未来5a的旱涝状态进行了预测,2011—2015年处于"偏涝"的概率较大。     

宁夏旱涝灾害对气候变化的响应

利用宁夏回族自治区20个气象站自建站以来到2012年共52 a的降水数据资料,运用趋势线、滑动平均等数理分析方法对宁夏52 a以来的降水变化特征进行了分析,并应用降水Z指数和正负20%的降水距平指标对宁夏的旱涝灾害特征进行了分析。最后基于信息预测理论的对称性及可公度法,对宁夏未来的旱涝灾害进行了趋势判断。结果表明:(1)宁夏52 a年降水量以8.57 mm/10 a的速度递减,从20世纪90年代起干旱化趋势明显。(2)宁夏旱涝灾害交替发生,旱涝出现的频率为32.7%和28.7%,降水正常年份仅占38.5%。(3)宁夏旱涝灾害的发生具有显著对称性周期特征,未来发生旱灾的可能年份是2014和2015年,发生涝灾的可能年份是2017年。     

基于标准化降水指数的浙江省旱涝特征分析

基于浙江省84个气象站1980~2009年的降水资料,选择标准化降水指数作为旱涝评价指标,分析了全省旱涝发生频率、旱涝站次比和旱涝强度的时空分布特征。结果表明:全省旱涝灾害频率高,年际上呈现旱涝急转特征。全省旱涝灾害影响范围广,多年平均旱站比28.6%,涝站比25.8%,平均干旱强度和洪涝强度分别为中旱和中涝。在空间分布上,旱涝灾害频率呈斑块状的区域性特征分布,表现为多个高频区;干旱高频区主要分布中旱站和重旱站,而洪涝高频区分布中涝站,这些区域可能是潜在的自然灾害区,应加强抗旱防洪措施建设。     

关中地区降水特征及其对旱涝灾害的影响

为了减少关中地区降水引发的旱涝灾害带来的损失,基于关中地区各市站30~60a的降水量数据,运用数理统计并结合Mann-Kendall突变检验法对该地区降水量的Z指数进行了分析,就关中地区降水对旱涝灾害的影响做了研究。结果表明:(1)关中地区降水量相对比较丰富,但极差较大,易出现旱涝灾害,旱涝发生的总年份占研究序列的41.33%。其年内旱涝程度的分布与年际基本一致,但各地区分布又不尽相同。(2)关中地区冬春季Z指数朝着干旱化的趋势发展,且春旱更严重;夏秋季旱涝灾害均易发生且频繁,为主要的防灾期。(3)关中地区的旱涝变化交替出现,但总体趋势正在向着偏旱的趋势发展。该研究为关中地区旱涝灾害的防治提供了一定的科学依据。     

1951～2017年厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜对韶关市旱涝灾害的影响

为揭示厄尔尼诺事件对韶关市1951~2017年的旱涝灾害的影响,以韶关市同期降水量为基础,利用Z指数划分旱涝等级,采用Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法研究厄尔尼诺对韶关旱涝灾害的影响。结果表明:①韶关市年降雨量整体呈现上升趋势,且旱涝等级在1954、2011和2012年发生突变;②韶关市在67年间总共发生了22次洪涝、26次干旱、19次正常年份,涝年出现的几率为32.8%,旱年出现几率为38.8%;③韶关市旱涝灾害Z指数呈现上升趋势,厄尔尼诺事件发生时韶关市出现旱涝灾害概率较拉尼娜事件时高,韶关市旱涝灾害等级随着厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜强度等级的增加而呈现出线性增加的趋势。研究为指导韶关市防洪抗旱提供一定的参考。     

辽宁省近50年旱涝灾害的时空特征分析

基于1960—2009年辽宁省49站的逐日降水资料,从单站旱涝Z指数出发,根据Z指数的划分等级定义了辽宁省的区域旱涝指标,以此讨论了辽宁省年度旱涝灾害和季节性旱涝灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:50a来,年度干旱、夏旱、秋旱指标呈上升趋势,春旱指标的时间变化趋势特征不明显,年度洪涝和夏涝指标呈下降趋势;从空间分布来看无论是年度干旱还是季节性干旱,发生频率最高的地区都在辽宁省西部及西北部地区;辽宁东北地区的年度干旱、春旱、夏旱出现频率较低,秋旱出现频率最低的地区在辽宁省南部。年度洪涝和夏季洪涝的空间分布特征比较相似,发生频率最高的地区在辽宁省东部及东南部地区,西部地区发生洪涝的频率是最低的。旱涝灾害的严重程度与降水集中度的大小具有一定的相关性     

中国黄土高原地区典型旱涝年降水特征

利用黄土高原40 a降水资料,采用EOF、小波分析和计算分维数等方法,确定典型旱涝年份,分析典型旱涝年降水量和频次变化特征。结果表明,黄土高原涝年降雨量自西向东递增,旱年由北向南递增;年降水频次时间分布的分维数涝年大于旱年,涝年降水间隔变化复杂程度超过旱年;旱涝年降水频次变化的周期谱存在较明显差异,涝年周期复杂,以短周期为主要特点,旱年长周期突出;大地形在涝年对降水的再分配能力远大于旱年;旱涝年降水频次的差异上大雨以上降水更为明显。     

1951-2016年长江荆南三口地区旱涝演变与急转特征分析

根据荆南三口地区22个气象站点1951—2016年月降水资料,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）及夏季长周期旱涝急转指数（LDFAI）,辅以EOF分析、小波分析、M-K检验等相关分析方法,分析荆南三口地区66年旱涝的变化特征。结果表明：（1）旱涝年际变化较大,20世纪50年代前涝后旱、60—70年代整体干旱、80年代旱涝交替、90年代洪涝、21世纪前涝后旱,且四季均可发生旱涝事件。（2）空间尺度可分为3个区域类型,东南部（湿润区）、中部（降水均匀区）、西北部（偏干区）,且季节空间分布上存在较大差异,西北部的五峰、宜昌、荆州等地四季干旱较多,中部的安乡、南县、华容等地四季洪涝较多。（3）年与四季多以5年、10年周期为主,并具有30~35年的长周期。（4）旱涝急转指数在1981年和2015年发生显著变化,而旱涝强度在1972年和2014年发生显著突变。（5）宜昌、石门、澧县等夏季多为旱转涝;五峰、宁乡、安乡、华容、常德等地夏季多为涝转旱。     

1951－2015年洞庭湖区旱涝演变及典型年份旱涝急转特征分析

旱涝灾害是制约洞庭湖区经济发展的重要因素,为预测湖区旱涝灾害变化趋势,该文选取1951-2015年洞庭湖区及其周边地区35个气象站点的逐月降水量数据,利用标准化降水指数和夏季长周期旱涝急转指数,辅以小波分析方法,分析近65 a来研究区域的旱涝演变及典型年份旱涝急转特征.结果表明:该区旱涝事件发生的频率高,不同时间尺度旱涝事件发生的平均频率为42.62%.在季节尺度上,夏季洪涝事件发生的频率最高,为33.33%,冬季干旱事件发生的频率最高,为41.54%;在年代际尺度上,20世纪70年代干旱事件发生的频率最高,为25.83%,其次是2001-2015年,频率为22.99%,90年代洪涝事件发生的频率最高,为30%.该区域旱涝变化有4个特征时间尺度,分别为4、10、25和31 a,预测湖区在未来几年降水偏多.洞庭湖区3个区域的旱涝变化大抵一致,但在不同时期仍存在一定的差异.湖区近65 a来有15 a的LDFAI绝对值大于1,旱涝急转现象较频繁,不管是旱涝变化还是旱涝急转变化,东、西洞庭湖区的变化趋于一致,南洞庭湖区与东洞庭湖区旱涝急转变化差异较大.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.