蚯蚓活动对城市生活污泥重金属的影响

采用塑料温棚内垄式堆积污泥培养蚯蚓方式,研究了蚯蚓处理对污泥重金属的影响。结果表明,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,理化性质发生了显著的变化,污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和总磷都有不同程度的降低;蚯蚓能吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力;蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属含量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少27.98%、31.46%、32.81%、13.85%、23.86%和22.92%。利用盆栽试验,研究了污泥施用于土壤后生菜体内重金属积累的情况,结果表明,生菜体内重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Ni的含量为污泥处理高于蚓粪处理;Cr和Cd则分别为差异不显著和略有降低。     

不同来源畜禽粪的养分和污染物组成

畜禽粪中养分和有害物质的状况直接影响其利用价值。本文从浙江省采集了155个代表性畜禽粪样(包括93个猪粪样,31个鸡粪样,18个鸭粪样和13个牛粪样),采用化学分析和光谱分析方法鉴定了其营养物质、重金属元素和抗生素残留含量。结果表明,畜禽粪中Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni和Pb等重金属含量较低,但Cu和Zn含量普遍较高。Cu、Zn和As含量分别在18.56~1 788.04 mg·kg-1、12.46~10 056.68 mg·kg-1和0.69~76.43mg·kg-1之间,平均值分别为525.38 mg·kg-1、897.14 mg·kg-1和10.01 mg·kg-1。与我国农用污泥污染物控制的国家标准(GB4284—84)相比,Cu、Zn和As的超标率分别为53.55%、43.87%和0.65%。畜禽粪中四环素、土霉素和金霉素等抗生素的残留含量分别为0~16.75 mg·kg-1、0~29.60 mg·kg-1和0~11.63 mg·kg-1,平均残留含量:土霉素(5.10 mg·kg-1)>金霉素(2.17 mg·kg-1)>四环素(2.01 mg·kg-1)。四环素、土霉素和金霉素的检出率分别为61.29%、72.90%和69.03%。N、P和K等营养元素含量分别在9.80~43.60 g·kg-1、7.98~54.30 g·kg-1和8.76~35.20 g·kg-1之间,平均值分别为23.63 g·kg-1、24.81 g·kg-1和20.72 g·kg-1;P/N在0.40~2.98之间,平均为1.08。规模化养殖场畜禽粪中P、K、Cu、Zn、As和抗生素残留量明显高于农户家庭小规模养殖的畜禽粪。规模化养殖场中,猪粪重金属和抗生素含量高于其他畜禽粪。规模化养殖场畜禽粪中高含量Cu、Zn和抗生素的残留要求畜禽粪应限量施用,或在施用前进行适当前处理。     

高寒山区采矿迹地植被恢复研究

以漠河县胭脂沟金矿和古莲河露天煤矿为例对高寒山区典型采矿迹地进行植被恢复研究。通过对两处采矿迹地进行本底调查、基质重构、整地和植被恢复模式设计与试验,结果表明,金矿尾矿库经多次筛淘,细颗粒沙土已经被洗尽,土壤偏酸性,有机质、全N、全P、速效P、全K和速效K含量很低,而Pb、Cu和Zn 3种重金属含量均较高,植被很难存活、生长,覆盖度不足30%,但通过基质重构、客土改良后采用樟子松、落叶松、柳树、沙棘、丁香和紫花苜蓿进行植被恢复效果较好,成活率均可达85%以上,可使土壤养分含量提高最大可达:有机质为236.6%,全N为50.0%,全P为64.7%,速效P为12.9%,全K为14.4%,速效K为20.0%;同时可使重金属含量降低最大可达:Mn为2.5%,Pb为15.2%,Cu为10.8%,Zn为4.1%;露天煤矿排土场的土壤条件稍好些,有机质、全N、全P、速效P、全K和速效K含量较金矿尾矿库要高,土壤的酸性较强,自然恢复植被覆盖度不足50%,但通过对排土场进行边坡和稳定性处理后,进行覆土,再客土栽植沙棘、樟子松、落叶松、白桦恢复效果较好,成活率可达80%以上,可使土壤养分含量提高最大可达:有机质为152.5%,全N为46.7%,全P为42.9%,全K为25.5%,速效K为46.2%,同时可使重金属含量降低最大可达:Mn为0.8%,Pb为21.9%,Cu为12.0%,Zn为7.7%。     

污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

城市污泥的蚯蚓分解处理技术研究进展

城市污泥成分复杂,其中有机质、N、P、K含量丰富,Ca、Mg、Fe等矿物营养成分含量较高,此外还有许多重金属（Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Hg、As、Sn等）、有机有害成分以及病原菌。本文分析了国内外关于污泥处理处置的主要方法及其优缺点,重点讨论了一种新兴城市污泥处理技术,即城市污泥的蚯蚓分解处理技术（Vermicomposting）,利用蚯蚓处理城市污泥,不仅可以将污泥中的重金属富集于蚯蚓体内、去除病原菌、转移消化有机有害物,而且可将城市污泥转化为富含营养物质的有机肥,是一种无害化处理城市污泥的有效途径。最后,总结了目前城市污泥蚯蚓分解处理技术研究中存在的问题,并展望了其研究发展趋势。     

施用河道污泥对水稻和土壤重金属含量及 水稻氮素利用的影响

2013—2014年以苏州市相城区望亭镇某河道污泥为研究对象,以农田施用污泥20 kg?m~(-2)和不施用污泥为主处理,以施氮肥120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(LN)和240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(NN)为副处理,连续两季种植粳稻品种‘武运粳24’,研究河道污泥农田施用对水稻和土壤重金属含量及水稻氮素利用的影响。结果表明:1)河道污泥农田施用,显著提高了稻田土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量,水稻产量平均增加7.05%,水稻籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量分别增加53.66%、18.71%和802.29%,水稻吸氮量显著增加,氮素利用效率显著降低。2)河道污泥施用后,较高施氮量(NN)增加了稻田土壤有机质含量和速效氮含量,对稻田土壤重金属含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量影响不大,水稻产量、水稻吸氮量显著增加,但氮素利用效率显著降低。3)污泥处理条件下,与第1季相比较,第2季稻田土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量平均下降5.0%左右、籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量下降7.27%~12.65%,但均显著大于不施河道污泥的对照处理。4)污泥×氮肥、污泥×年度、氮肥×年度和污泥×氮肥×年度的互作效应对稻田土壤养分含量、重金属含量,水稻产量、籽粒重金属含量和水稻氮素吸收利用的影响均未达显著水平。     

污泥和水溶性重金属盐的植物有效性比较研究

采用盆栽方法研究了污泥中重金属的植物有效性,并与等量重金属盐进行了比较。结果表明,施用污泥50 g/kg土和100 g/kg土能明显增加番茄和玉米苗期地上部Zn、Cu、As的含量,对Cr、Ni、Pb含量影响不大。施用污泥可以降低玉米苗期地上部Cd的含量。施用污泥与施用等量水溶性重金属盐比较,污泥重金属有效性低于水溶性重金属盐的有效性。在土壤污泥施用量为50 g/kg时,污泥重金属在番茄苗期的Zn、Cu有效系数分别为80.9%和54.8%;玉米苗期Zn、Cu的有效系数分别为53.4%和70.3%;污泥用量为100 g/kg土时,污泥重金属在玉米苗期的Zn、As有效系数分别为74.5%和64.4%。     

蚯蚓对猪粪重金属Cu、Zn的吸收及影响因素研究

由于饲料添加剂的使用,猪粪重金属污染已非常普遍,尤其是铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）污染最为明显。为了探讨利用蚯蚓萃取猪粪重金属Cu、Zn从而减少猪粪中重金属Cu、Zn含量的技术途径,采用室内接种法研究了赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）对猪粪重金属Cu、Zn的吸收及影响因素。结果表明,蚯蚓对猪粪重金属Cu、Zn具有一定的吸收能力,富集系数分别为0.43、0.73; 物料C/N比、温度、湿度和蚯蚓接种密度均能影响蚯蚓对猪粪重金属Cu、Zn的吸收,在物料C/N比为17∶1～22∶1、温度为14-21℃、湿度为70%-75%、接种密度为10-20尾·200 g^-1物料（2.4-5.0 g·200 g^-1物料）条件下,蚯蚓对Cu、Zn的吸收量较高。     

硫酸亚铁对偏碱烟田土壤及烟草养分吸收的影响

湘南烟区土壤pH值从80年代的偏酸性变为当前的偏碱性,短短20余年,pH值变化极为显著。在郴州市桂阳县偏碱烟田土壤中施用改良剂硫酸亚铁(FeSO4),研究其对偏碱土壤的调控效果以及对烟草吸收养分的影响,研究结果表明:(1)施用0.25~4.0 g kg-1的FeSO4能使土壤的pH值从7.87降低到7.58,但土壤pH值下降幅度不大。(2)施用0.25~4.0 g kg-1的FeSO4对土壤有机质、碱解N、速效K、交换性Ca、Mg、有效Mn、有效Cu、有效Zn含量没有显著影响,使土壤有效P含量降低了2.26%~17.70%,有效Fe含量增加了6.00%~26.73%。(3)施用FeSO4后烟叶中养分含量的变化基本与土壤中养分的变化规律一致,0.25~4.0 g kg-1的硫酸亚铁使烟叶Ca和P含量分别降低1.21%~11.36%、4.29%~11.66%,Fe、Mn和Zn含量分别提高了0.25%~8.15%、3.69%~7.72%和4.71%~8.63%。(4)FeSO4施用量为2.00 g kg-1为最佳施用量,当施用量较低时(2.0 g kg-1)能提高烟草的单叶重,达到了调控土壤pH值的目的,较高时(4.0 g kg-1)却降低了烟叶的株高和单叶重,抑制了烟草的生长。     

植烟土壤有效态微量元素空间变异特征

基于GIS和GPS定位技术,结合网格取样,用地统计学方法研究了褐土烟区土壤有效态微量元素养分(速效Fe、速效Mn、速效Cu、速效Zn)的空间变异规律,并绘制了微量养分空间分布图。结果表明:土壤速效微量养分在整个研究区内均表现出中等变异水平,其变异性大小表现为:速效Zn速效Mn速效Cu速效Fe。除速效Mn外,其他微量元素都表现出很强的空间结构性,速效Cu、Zn变程较短,分别为182m和175m,速效Mn变程较长为850m。基于半方差函数模型,用普通克里格法对研究区土壤速效微量养分进行了克里格插值,结果表明:速效Fe在研究区内普遍缺乏,速效Mn、速效Cu含量中等偏高,而速效Zn含量在整个研究区表现出明显的差异性。     

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Grown in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soil

The assessment of heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in sewage sludge–amended soil was investigated. The results revealed that sewage sludge significantly (P < 0.01) increased the nutrients and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the soil. The contents of metals were found to be below the maximum levels permitted for soils in India. The most agronomic performance and biochemical components of S. oleracea were found at 50% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in S. oleracea were increased from 5% to 100% concentrations of sewage sludge in both seasons. The order of contamination factor (Cf) of different heavy metals was Mn > Cd > Cr > Zn > Cu for soil and Cr > Cd > Mn > Zn > Cu for S. oleracea plants after application of sewage sludge. Therefore, use of sewage sludge increased concentrations of heavy metals in soil and S. oleracea.     

Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge-Amended Thai Soils

Plough and subsoil layers of two majoragricultural soil series, Rangsit and Thonburi, foundin Bangkok area of Thailand were studied fordetermining the bioavailability and solubilitybehavior of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe)following application of sewage sludge from awastewater treatment plant and a series of laboratoryexperiments. The soils contained low indigenous heavymetals while the sludge contained higher amounts ofheavy metals but in an acceptable range forapplication as plant nutrient source in agriculturalsoil. Applications of sewage sludge increased pH ofthe acid soil and available plant nutrients to thesoils. The heavy metal concentration levels in thesoils also increased. Most partitioned into easilymobile pools and later into sparingly mobile poolsfollowing 12 weeks of incubation time. Bioavailabilityforms of Cd in soil solution were low but that of Cu,Zn, and Mn remained elevated even at 12 weeks of thereaction time. Applied inorganic Zn depressed Cdsorption capacity of two soils studied but it had noeffect on Cd desorption.     

污泥污水在棉花上的施用: Ⅰ.对土壤性质的影响

A field experiment with cotton was conducted on a well drained,calcareous,clay loamy Typic Xerochreph to investigate the utility of sewage sludge as a partial substitute for fertilizers and the influence of tis application on the basic soil properties and heavy metal concentrations.The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with five treatments replicated four times each.Sewage sludge came from the treatment plant of the municipality of Volos,Central Greece,with the following characteristics:organic matter content 36.6%,pH(H2O1:5)6.89,CaCO3 53.4g kg^-1,total N 265.g kg^-1,ttal P33.5g kg^-1,and total K 968mg kg^-1 soil.Heavy metal concentrations were Cd 5.24,Pb 442,Ni38,Cu 224,Zn1812,and Mn 260mgkg^-1 dry weight,respectively.The soil was high in potassium(K)and poor in available phosphorus(P).The results showed that sewage sludge application increased cotton yield and K and P concentrations in cotton leaves,Soil pH was reduced in the case of higher sewage sludge rate.Electrical conductivity,organic matter content,totalN,and avaiable P were significantly increased.Total concentrations of Zn,Pb,and Cu were slightly increased.DTPA-extractable Zn,Cu,and Mn were also significantly increased.Available forms of all heavy metals,except Cd,were significantly correlated with organic matter content in a positive way and negatively with soil pH.     

Comparison of routine soil tests and EPA method 3050 as extractants for heavy metals in Delaware soils

Abstract

Agricultural use of sewage sludges can be limited by heavy metal accumulations in soils and crops. Information on background levels of total heavy metals in soils and changes in soil metal content due to sludge application are; therefore, critical aspects of long‐term sludge monitoring programs. As soil testing laboratories routinely, and rapidly, determine, in a wide variety of agricultural soils, the levels of some heavy metals and soil properties related to plant availability of these metals (e.g. Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, pH, organic matter, texture), these labs could participate actively in the development and monitoring of environmentally sound sludge application programs. Consequently, the objective of this study was to compare three soil tests (Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and DTP A) and an USEPA approved method for measuring heavy metals in soils (EPA Method 3050), as extractants for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in representative agricultural soils of Delaware and in soils from five sites involved in a state‐monitored sludge application program.

Soil tests extracted less than 30% of total (EPA 3050) metals from most soils, with average percentages of total metal extracted (across all soils and metals) of 15%, 32%, and 11% for the Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, and DTPA, respectively. Statistically significant correlations between total and soil test extractable metal content were obtained with all extractants for Cu, Pb, and Zn, but not Cd and Ni. The Mehlich 1 soil test was best correlated with total Cu and Zn (r=0.78***, 0.60***, respectively), while the chelate‐based extractants (DTPA and Mehlich 3) were better correlated with total Pb (r=0.85***, 0.63***). Multiple regression equations for the prediction of total Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, from soil test extractable metal in combination with easily measured soil properties (pH, organic matter by loss on ignition, soil volume weight) had R² values ranging from 0.41*** to 0.85***, suggesting that it may be possible to monitor, with reasonable success, heavy metal accumulations in soils using the results of a routine soil test.     

宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染研究

通过野外采样和实验室分析,在分析土壤基本理化性质的基础上,重点研究宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中重金属元素的含量和形态特征,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr的平均含量分别为31.8、41.3、102.6、704.6、14.4、37.4、83.2mg·kg-1,均高于陕西省和全国土壤元素背景值,尤其是Cu、Pb和Zn。土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr主要以残余态的形式存在,Pb、Mn和Co主要以可还原态和残余态的形式存在,重金属的迁移顺序为Mn（63.91%）〉Pb（60.08%）〉Co（51.70%）〉N（i37.12%）〉Zn（32.09%）〉C（r30.58%）〉Cu（19.95%）,其中,Mn、Pb和Co有50%~65%可以发生迁移,易被生物体利用,危害较大。评价结果表明,宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤主要受到了Pb的轻度污染。     

铜和草甘膦对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

污染物的交互作用及其生态毒理效应已成为环境科学研究的主要方向。含铜杀菌剂与除草剂草甘膦[N-(膦酸甲基)甘氨酸]是农业生产中常见的农药,其在土壤中共存可能造成复合污染。草甘膦中含有羧基、氨基、磷酸基等配位基团对重金属阳离子和有机阳离子有很强的络合能力,草甘膦可以影响重金属的生物有效性、毒性以及重金属在生物体内的积累。本文以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为例,采用室内模拟试验,单一试验设置5个铜浓度25 mg·kg-1、50 mg·kg-1、100 mg·kg-1、200 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1,5个草甘膦浓度25mg·kg-1、50 mg·kg-1、100 mg·kg-1、200 mg·kg-1和500 mg·kg-1,并以去离子水做空白对照;复合试验设置2个铜浓度(低铜浓度25 mg·kg-1和高铜浓度200 mg·kg-1)分别与5个草甘膦浓度(0、25 mg·kg-1、50 mg·kg-1、100 mg·kg-1和200 mg·kg-1)复合;每个处理3次重复,试验期为35 d。研究了铜和草甘膦的单一及复合施用对蚯蚓的亚急性毒性效应。单一毒性试验结果表明,蚯蚓对低浓度铜的响应不敏感,而较高浓度铜使蚯蚓生物量的相对增长率受到显著抑制(α=0.01,r2=0.570),且未出现死亡,并且随着铜浓度的增加蚯蚓体内铜含量显著增加(α=0.01,r2=0.905)。与对照相比草甘膦的添加对蚯蚓的生长无显著影响。复合毒性试验结果表明,草甘膦和铜复合可以降低蚯蚓对铜的吸收,特别是当铜浓度较高时即200 mg·kg-1,草甘膦和铜复合可显著降低蚯蚓对铜的吸收,并且草甘膦能够减轻铜对蚯蚓生物量相对增长率的抑制,但差异并不显著。以上结果表明,铜比草甘膦的毒性大很多,铜与草甘膦复合能够减少蚯蚓对铜的吸收,缓解铜的毒性。因此本研究认为,在草甘膦和重金属共存的污染土壤中,草甘膦能够控制重金属的生物有效性和毒性。     

Heavy metals in mine soils amended with sewage sludge

In order to reclaim a clay quarry, a topsoil material was mixed with gravelly spoil at different ratios and with various rates of sewage sludge. The influence of three spoil/topsoil ratios (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) and three sludge rates (40, 80 and 120 t ha⁻¹) on chemical properties of the resulting material was investigated, with emphasis on heavy metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn) contents. The mixtures topsoil/spoil/sludge were water saturated and incubated for 15 or 30 days in a chamber under controlled conditions. The incubated samples were analysed for pH, total carbon and nitrogen, and total, available, exchangeable and soluble heavy metals. The addition of spoil to the topsoil increased the volume of material available, by utilizing an inert material unsuitable by itself to grow plants. The addition of sewage sludge repaired the disadvantages of the spoil, increasing the pH and the organic matter contents. The total heavy metal contents in the mixtures followed the sequence Fe>>Mn>>Zn, Cu>Ni. All except Cu were within the ranges allowed for agricultural lands. The available heavy metals constituted a small fraction of total contents and decrease with time due to complexation and immobilization processes. The exchangeable and soluble fractions were almost negligible; only small amounts of Mn, Zn and Cu were detected. Therefore, the risk of contamination by heavy metals is insignificant in the conditions investigated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.