珠三角地区房地产建设项目水土保持措施探讨——以佛山市天滨花园项目为例

在房地产开发建设过程中,布设合理、完善的水土流失防治措施,可以有效地减少水土流失量,降低施工对周边环境的影响。本文以位于珠三角地区的佛山市天滨花园项目为例,根据不同施工区水土流失特点,布设相应的防治措施,以期达到保护生态环境的目的。     

云南省公路水土流失量的监测方法

[目的]分析云南省公路上常用的水土流失量监测方法,为云南省公路建设期间水土保持措施的布设及防治措施效益的计算提供准确依据。[方法]采用划分不同的地形地貌单元对公路进行水土流失量监测的方法,以云南省元江至红河二级公路元江段为例,在同等监测条件下,进行了常规监测方法和该监测方法的对比监测。[结果]采用常规监测方法获得公路建设期间的水土流失量为102 058t,采用监测方法所得的水土流失量为56 378t,在对监测结果分析的基础上,可知采用该水土流失量监测方法的精度更高。[结论]采用划分不同的地形地貌单元对公路进行水土流失量监测,可更好体现云南省公路建设期间水土流失发生的特点。     

福建省将乐县公路建设水土保持措施探讨

通过对公路建设水土流失特点、水土流失形式的分析,提出各分区的水土保持措施,使之形成一个完整的以工程措施为先导、与植物措施、临时措施相结合的水土流失防治体系,这样既能有效地控制公路建设的水土流失,保护项目区的生态环境,又能保证公路的安全运行。     

对甬金公路嵊州至金华段水土流失的预测

甬金公路嵊州至金华段是浙江省中部一条重要的公路运输干线,对全省的经济发展有重要作用。该公路的开工建设在带来巨大经济利益的同时,也会带来很大的环境影响。分析工程导致水土流失的原因、范围及危害,并利用经验公式法对工程导致的新增水土流失量进行预测,认为该工程应以临时设施占地(包括临时堆渣场)、弃渣场为重点,同时配合主体工程设计中已有的水土保持措施进行综合规划,布设水土流失防治措施体系。     

南方公路建设环评中的水土流失评价

随着我国公路建设的迅速发展,大规模的公路建设给生态环境带来了诸多的不良影响,特别在南方多雨地区,水土流失是其主要的生态问题。南方公路建设环评中,水土流失影响的评价重点一是选用适宜于当地实际情况的预测模型,以确保水土流失量预测的准确性;二是提出切实可行的水土防护措施,以最大限度地减轻公路建设带来的水土流失影响。     

江苏省公路建设水土流失效应与防治

通过分析江苏省公路建设对水土流失的各项效应 ,探讨了江苏省公路建设与水土流失的关系 ,并提出了有关对策建议 ,以期在江苏省这样一个经济发达、人口稠密地区有效防治公路建设中水土流失 ,保护生态环境     

姜眉二级公路(宝鸡段)水土流失预测

公路建设在修建施工过程中不可避免的扰动地表、损坏植被、弃土弃渣、破坏生态环境,诱发新的人为水土流失。根据公路施工图设计资料,结合实地勘察、测量,科学预测公路建设损坏的地表植被面积及弃土弃渣量,利用类比法定量分析公路建设过程中造成的水土流失量,为科学合理的防治开发建设造成的人为水土流失提供科学依据。     

湖南彭家坳至集里高速公路建设期间对生态环境影响的评析

公路建设的生态环境保护是开发建设项目中一个极其重要的任务。从土地资源、水土流失、生物资源、景观等环境要素对湖南彭家坳至集里高速公路工程建设引起的生态环境问题进行了分析与评价。认为公路建设对于土地利用、土地利用类型等因素的影响不大，而对于土壤理化性质及水土流失等影响较大；对于生物资源的影响不大；新的景观环境可以增加各种流的连通度，但也造成景观破碎程度增加。针对公路建设形成的生态环境影响形式与影响程度，结合公路建设项目区的自然环境特征，提出了科学的、合理的、切实可行的生态环境修复技术措施。     

500kv国安输变电工程水土保持监测实践与分析

建设输变电工程的同时必将引起一系列的水土流失问题。本文以500kv国安(珠海)输变电工程为依托,系统地对电力建设项目中水土保持监测的时段和频次、内容、方法等进行了探讨,采用工程监测的数据定量分析500kv国安输变电工程水土流失防治效果。结果显示,通过布设水土流失防治措施可以有效减少输变电工程造成的水土流失,保护和改善生态环境,并为电力建设项目的水土保持监测、水土流失防治提供依据和借鉴意义。     

我国风电场水土流失防治措施体系

风力发电在运行期间对环境的影响较小,但在建设时期对于环境的破环却远大于火力发电,尤其是在水土流失方面。为针对不同地区风电场建设的水土流失的不同特点,而进行科学合理的布设水土保持措施体系,将我国风电场分成5个类型并提出关于水土保持措施防治体系布设的意见与建议,以期为各地区风力发电厂水土保持措施合理布设提供参考。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.