太湖地区高产水稻生命周期评价

以太湖地区高产水稻典型管理措施为例,应用生命周期评价方法,以生产1t水稻为评价的功能单元,把水稻生命周期划分为原料阶段、农资阶段和种植阶段进行清单分析与影响评价,考虑了能源消耗、水资源消耗、温室效应、环境酸化和富营养化5种环境影响类型。结果表明,太湖地区高产水稻生命周期环境影响潜力大小依次是水资源消耗、富营养化、温室效应、环境酸化和能源消耗,环境影响指数分别为1．45、0．54、O．52、0．32和0．05,环境影响综合指数为0．54。降低稻田水肥投入,提高水分和养分生产效率是控制太湖地区水稻生产体系生命周期环境影响的关键,它在直接减少种植环节资源消耗与污染排放的同时,也间接减轻了上游生产环节的环境影响,从而减缓生命周期的环境影响。     

基于开放式培养的微藻生物柴油生命周期环境影响评价

为定量评价以微藻为原料生产的生物柴油生命周期系统产生的各种潜在环境影响,以基于开放式培养的微藻生物柴油为研究对象,应用生命周期分析方法,以1 MJ能量的柴油产品为功能单位,对生产、使用微藻生物柴油产生的环境影响进行了分析。结果表明：微藻生物柴油生命周期最显著的环境影响类型为不可更新资源消耗,其次为光化学烟雾形成,生命周期总环境影响指数为4.63×10-4人当量,较石化柴油降低19.34%,以油菜籽为原料的生物柴油生命周期总环境影响指数是微藻生物柴油的7.19倍,微藻培养与生物柴油制取对生命周期总环境影响指数的贡献分别为27.95%与46.24%。基于开放式培养的微藻生物柴油相对于石化柴油与以油菜籽为原料的生物柴油具有较好的生命周期环境效益,控制微藻生物柴油生命周期环境影响的要点在于减少微藻培养与生物柴油制取阶段的动力消耗。     

辽宁省育肥猪生产环境影响的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价方法,以1 000 头出栏育肥猪的规模化养殖场为功能单位,对辽宁地区育肥猪生产进行污染物排放清单分析,评价其环境影响。结果表明,1 000 头育肥猪生产的生命周期环境影响综合指数为56.59,环境影响大小依次为富营养化、酸化、全球变暖,环境影响指数依次为36.31、13.84和6.44;富营养化影响主要来源于猪粪尿中氮、磷的排放,酸化影响主要来源于猪粪尿中NH3的排放,全球变暖影响主要来源于种植饲料作物使用的化肥生产过程中NOx的排放。因此,加强养猪粪污无害化处理,促进养殖业废物资源化,增加育肥猪饲料中青饲料比例,提高饲料作物生产过程中化肥利用率是降低辽宁地区育肥猪生产环境负荷的主要措施。     

中国虹鳟养殖模式的生命周期评价

本文以黑龙江省和北京市虹鳟养殖为例,应用生命周期评价方法,将虹鳟养殖生命周期划分为饵料生产、电力生产、化学品生产和养殖污染排放4个阶段,考虑了全球变暖潜势、能源消耗、酸化潜值和富营养化潜值4种环境影响类型,以获得1t养殖增重量为评价的功能单位,对虹鳟网箱养殖模式、工厂化流水养殖模式和工厂化循环水养殖模式的潜在环境影响进行了评价比较。结果表明,我国虹鳟养殖模式的环境影响从高到底依次是富营养化潜值、全球变暖潜势、酸化潜值和能源消耗;网箱养殖模式的环境影响指数分别为53.963、0.939、0.717和0.017,工厂化流水养殖模式的环境影响指数分别为35.213、4.827、2.896和0.049,工厂化循环水养殖模式的环境影响指数分别为7.404、5.545、3.305和0.055;富营养化潜值是虹鳟养殖的主要环境影响类型,其主要来自养殖污染排放。3种虹鳟养殖模式的环境影响综合指数分别为6.69、5.52和2.02,我国虹鳟养殖模式的环境性能从高到低依次为工厂化循环水养殖模式〉工厂化流水养殖模式〉网箱养殖模式。减少养殖污染排放、降低电能消耗和提高饵料利用率是提升我国虹鳟养殖模式环境友好性的关键。     

两种水稻生产方式的生命周期环境影响评价

以湖南水稻生产体系为例,应用生命周期评价方法,对两种水稻生产方式进行生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放清单分析,在此基础上进行了生命周期环境影响评价。结果表明,两种生产管理措施下潜在环境影响较大的均是富营养化、水体毒素、土壤毒素和环境酸化,其中传统生产方式下4项潜在环境影响指数分别为1．606、0．868、0．309和0．262,推荐生产方式下各项环境影响指数分别下降至1．277、0．489、0．260和0．211。经加权评估后,两种模式的生命周期环境影响综合指数分别为0．3634和0．2676。潜在富营养化主要来自于作物种植阶段农田NH3挥发和NO3-N淋失;水体毒素和土壤毒素主要来自农药使用;环境酸化主要来自施氮导致的NH3挥发和农用化学品生产中排放的SOx。水稻生产的管理方式需要在推荐生产方式的基础上做重大改进,实施清洁生产方式,减少氮肥、农药的使用量,是控制水稻生命周期环境影响的关键。     

京郊典型作物生产体系施肥环境影响的生命周期评价

以北京市顺义区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作和露地蔬菜两种作物生产体系为对象,采用生命周期评价（LCA）方法,综合考虑全球变暖、环境酸化、水体富营养化、土壤毒性、能源消耗和淡水资源消耗6种环境影响类型,分别以年产1t作物产品干物质和种植1hm2作物为评价功能单元,系统研究了施肥的资源环境影响潜力。结果表明：对于大田作物和露地蔬菜生产系统,年产1t产品（干物质）施肥的综合环境影响指数分别为0.46和2.11,种植1hm2作物施肥的综合环境影响指数则分别为4.74和26.77;农田种植环节环境影响潜力的贡献分别占大田作物和露地蔬菜整个生命周期环境影响潜值的95.1%和99.1%,远远大于肥料生产环节;大田作物和露地蔬菜生产过程中的环境影响潜力均表现为水体富营养化〉环境酸化〉全球变暖〉淡水资源消耗〉能源消耗〉土壤毒性;肥料氨挥发是引起水体富营养化和环境酸化的主要途径,硝态氮和总磷的淋洗径流损失也是水体富营养化的主要来源。优化施肥量是控制作物生产施肥潜在环境影响的关键。     

水葫芦能源利用的生命周期环境影响评价

水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用已成为水葫芦处理与资源化利用的一个重要途径,以江苏省农业科学院水葫芦中试基地与常州市武进区水葫芦综合利用示范工程为案例,利用生命周期评价的方法建立水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气工程污染物排放的清单,并对系统生命周期环境影响进行评价,以水葫芦能源利用产生1MWh电能为功能单位,评价其对环境产生的影响。研究过程将整个生命周期分成3个阶段：水葫芦厌氧发酵预处理、水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气发电和沼液沼渣农田应用,重点考虑了3种环境影响类型：全球变暖、环境酸化和富营养化。评价结果为：各类型环境影响指数分别为2.1×10^-3、4.89×10^-2和1.98×10^-1,与能源作物发电及传统火力发电相比较,水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的CO2、SOx、NOx等污染物排放量均较低,对环境的负面影响最小,但水葫芦能源利用的生命周期效率仅为0.09,低于能源作物热电联用的技术途径（0.119）。降低水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的石化能源消耗、控制堆肥及沼液沼渣有机肥施用过程中氨挥发损失,对于提高水葫芦能源转化效率与降低环境影响指数至关重要。     

基于生命周期评价的楚雄市水稻生产环境影响评价

水稻种植会直接和间接造成环境问题。基于此,借助生命周期法,选取能源消耗、温室气体、富营养化和环境酸化4个指标对云南省楚雄州楚雄市水稻生产的环境影响进行评价,揭示该区域水稻生产中环境影响物质的来源、结构和贡献率,为该区域水稻生产的环境影响调控提供参考。结果表明:楚雄市水稻生产的能源消耗、温室气体、富营养化和环境酸化四个环境影响指标对应的环境影响潜值分别为2 432.496 MJ、979.814 kg CO_2-eq、11.381 kg PO_4~(3-)-eq和46.929 kg SO_2-eq;几种环境影响指标对应的环境影响严重程度排序为富营养化环境酸化温室气体能源消耗,对应的环境影响指数分别为6.054、0.898、0.134和0.094;楚雄市每生产1 t水稻产品系统环境影响值为1.685。氮肥的清洁生产和合理施用是降低该区域水稻生产造成环境影响的关键。     

食品生命周期评价方法及其应用研究

针对食品生命周期内产生的资源、能源消耗以及对环境的影响，将生命周期评价引入食品加工领域，从目标与范围定义、清单分析、影响评价和改善评价4个步骤初步构建了食品LCA方法体系。分析了中国开展食品LCA存在的问题以及相应的解决途径。以啤酒酿造过程为案例进行了评价研究。评价结果显示，该过程中各主要环境影响因子影响潜值依次为：富营养化(0.061)，工业烟尘和粉尘(0.015)，固体废弃物(0.003)，据此可分别建立有效的废水处理设施，改进物料粉碎方式，回收利用废硅藻土来相应减少环境影响。研究表明，开展食品LCA可以为提高食品环境性能提供有效的数据支持,对中国食品工业实现可持续发展具有重要意义。     

玉米与不同功能植物间作对环境的影响

以当前农业生产领域的热点问题N素污染为研究对象,在玉米种植中引入苜蓿、黑麦草、花生和大豆4种功能植物与其问作,试图通过植物修复手段达到减少N污染的目的。应用生命周期评价方法评价了不同种植模式对环境的影响。结果表明,5种种植模式对环境影响的大小依次为：玉米｜黑麦草〉玉米单作〉玉米｜花生〉玉米｜苜蓿〉玉米｜大豆模式,环境影响综合指数分别为0．1459、0．1295、0．1229、0．1136和0．0945。玉米｜花生、玉米｜苜蓿、玉米｜大豆模式可以有效地减小由于过量施用氮肥对环境造成的影响,而玉米｜黑麦草模式则加重了对环境的负面影响。说明选择适宜的功能植物（如花生、苜蓿和大豆）引入玉米群体可以有效减小过量施肥对环境的影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.