补饲、隔离断乳及同期发情处理对当年产犊母牦牛人工授精受胎效果的研究

通过采用补饲、隔离断奶及同期发情处理方法,考察对母牦牛发情率、人工授精受胎率及产犊率等繁殖性能的影响。研究结果表明,补饲+断乳组初产母牦牛和经产母牦牛与隔离断乳组及对照组初产母牦牛和经产母牦牛的诱导发情率、受胎率产犊率相比,差异显著(P0.05);补饲组、隔离断乳组与对照组初产母牦牛和经产母牦牛的诱导发情率、受胎率产犊率相比,差异显著(P0.05);断乳+同期发情组初产母牦牛与补饲+断乳+同期发情组初产母牦牛的诱导发情率、受胎率产犊率相比,差异显著(P0.05);断乳+同期发情组经产母牦牛与补饲+断乳+同期发情组及补饲+同期发情组经产母牦牛的诱导发情率、受胎率产犊率相比,差异显著(P0.05)。研究表明,采用补饲、隔离断乳及同期发情处理相结合的综合措施,能显著提高当年产犊母牦牛的发情率、人工授精受胎率及产犊率。     

补饲、隔离哺乳及同期发情处理对哺乳牦牛发情及受胎效果的影响

试验拟从怀孕牦牛的围产期补饲、犊牛的隔离哺乳及产后牦牛的同期发情处理,考察不同的方法对对产后牦牛发情及受胎效果的影响,从而探讨产后提高牦牛繁殖率的解决方案。试验1考察补饲、隔离哺乳对产后牦牛发情周期恢复的影响,研究结果表明,补饲+隔离哺乳组与隔离哺乳组、补饲组及对照组发情季节的发情率及妊娠率(0～30d,30～120 d)对比差异极显著(P<0.05);隔离哺乳组与补饲组发情季节发情率及妊娠率(30～120d)对比差异不显著(P>0.05),对照组与隔离哺乳组及补饲组发情季节的发情率及妊娠率(30～120d)对比差异显著(P<0.05);试验2考察补饲、隔离哺乳对产后牦牛同期发情后发情与受胎效果的影响,试验结果表明,补饲+隔离哺乳组与隔离哺乳组、补饲组及对照组发情季节的发情率及妊娠率(0～120d)对比差异显著(P<0.05),隔离哺乳组与对照组发情季节的发情率及妊娠率(0～120d)对比差异不显著(P>0.05),对照组与隔离哺乳组及补饲组发情季节的发情率及妊娠率(0～120d)对比差异显著(P<0.05)。     

冷季补饲和犊牛早期断奶对甘南牦牛生长发育和繁殖性能的影响

本试验是对当年怀孕母牦牛开展冷季补饲,犊牛3月龄隔离断乳。试验结果是试验组的母牦牛发情率为86.67%,受胎率为76.92%,繁殖成活率为63.33%,与对照组相比差异极显著(p0.01)。试验组犊牛3月龄隔离断奶,饲喂犊牛专用饲料,其6月龄、12月龄各项生长发育指标均高于全哺乳犊牛,但差异不显著(p0.05)。     

补饲与犊牛断乳对产后母牦牛发情周期恢复的影响研究

为了提高当年产犊母牦牛的发情率,我们对选定的120头怀孕母牦牛进行补饲,同时在犊牛产后3个月对犊牛进行隔离断奶,补饲试验于2010年3月初开始：100头母牦牛随机分为两组,试验组Ⅰ 50头母牦牛隔离断奶后进行同期发情和定时授精处理;Ⅱ组50头母牦牛隔离断乳.不进行同期发情处理,发情母牛进行人工授精。人工授精冻精液为荷斯坦和野牦牛冻精。配种45d后进行怀孕诊断。Ⅰ组发情39头,发情率为78%（39/50）,怀孕34头妊娠率为68%（34/50）;Ⅱ组发情31头,发情率为62%（31/50）,怀孕27头,妊娠率为54%（27/50）。相同草场放牧50头适配母牦牛作为对照。对照组母牛和犊牛不进行隔离和短期断乳;对照组发情率为12%（6/50）,妊娠率为6.32%（3/50）。试验结果表明,通过对带犊的母牦牛实施隔离断奶,能够明显提高当年产犊母牦牛的发情率和妊娠率。     

带犊牦牛同期发情与自然发情繁殖效果比较

[目的]为了对比带犊牦牛同期发情与自然发情繁殖效果的差异,作者根据实施的科研项目进行了两组试验,以便为甘南牦牛产业高质量发展提供参考资料。[方法]于繁殖季节在试验组母牦牛阴道内放置“孕激素阴道栓”并肌肉注射“氯前列稀醇”(CIDR+PG)诱发牦牛集中发情。[结果]结果表明,甘南牦牛在当年生产后,通过犊牛统一断奶,改变营养供给,产后3个月试验组和对照组母牦牛自然发情率分别为8%和19.2%。试验组母牦牛应用“放置孕激素阴道栓+肌肉注射氯前列稀醇”方法诱导发情后,总发情率达89.1%。试验组带犊母牦牛激素处理后受胎率为89.1%,对照组母牦牛自然发情率较低,自然交配后受胎率为100%。试验组和对照组母牦牛繁殖率、犊牛成活率分别为86.9%和19.2%、97.6%和100%,试验组犊牛的平均初生重、断奶重、6月龄重分别比对照组高1.51 kg、2.37 kg、3.28 kg,经差异显著性检验,试验组犊牛相关年龄段体重与对照组犊牛对应指标相比,初生体重差异显著(P<0.05),断奶重和6月龄体重差异极显著(P<0.01)。[结论]使用外源性激素诱发带犊母牦牛当年集中发情,母牦牛当年...     

牦牛高效繁殖技术生产安犏牛试验研究

当年产犊牦牛采用“补饲+隔离断乳+生殖技术诱导”的高效繁殖技术,隔年产犊牦牛采用“补饲+生殖技术诱导”的高效繁殖技术,并采用安格斯肉牛细管冻精实施犏牛生产杂交试验,研究结果表明,采用牦牛高效繁育技术,与对照组相比,高效繁育组当年产犊母牦牛的发情率、受胎率、产犊率及犊牛成活率分别为67.50%、61.67%、56.67%和95.59%,分别提高38.33、35.83、35.83和11.59个百分点,差异极显著(P<0.01);采用牦牛高效繁育技术,与对照组相比,高效繁育组隔年产犊母牦牛的发情率、受胎率、产犊率及犊牛成活率分别为88.00%、83.00%、78.00%和96.16%,分别提高23.95%、25.76%、34.49%和7.25%,差异显著(P<0.05)。采用牦牛高效繁殖技术,显著提高当年产犊牦牛和隔年产犊牦牛的发情受胎效果,杂交后代犏犊牛的成活率也显著提高。     

哺乳牦牛同期发情/定时授精技术试验研究

本研究旨在对不同繁殖体况的母牦牛在补饲的基础上,分别从营养、隔离断奶、激素选择考察影响母牦牛繁殖率及同期发情处理效果。选用青海省环湖地区480头5～10岁繁殖体况不同的母牦牛,按照试验要求将母牦牛分成不同的试验组别,采用相同的同期发情处理方案,通过不同程度的补饲,补饲组与对照组的排卵率和妊娠率对比差异显著（P〈0.05...     

犊牛断乳对产后母牦牛发情周期恢复的影响

对150头当年产母牦牛在发情季节进行犊牛断乳,同时对166头隔年产干乳母牦牛进行对照,观察了犊牛断乳后母牦牛发情周期恢复的规律。结果表明断乳组母牦牛发情率为69.33%,发情持续期为15d;隔年产母牦牛发情率为89.94%,发情持续期为62d。     

不同组合生殖激素诱导牦牛同期发情的试验研究

本研究为探讨GnRH+PG+GnRH、PG+PG+PMSG法诱导牦牛同期发情效果。选择牦牛养殖专业合作社的母牦牛为试验牛,采用GnRH+PG+GnRH、PG+PG+PMSG法对未带犊母牦牛和带犊母牦牛同期发情处理,发情率及妊娠率分别为92%、90%、95%、93%和76%、70%、70%、67,差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明,PG+PG+PMSG发情率高于GnRH+PG+GnRH,但发情后的妊娠率GnRH+PG+GnRH高于PG+PG+PMSG。结果显示,应运激素调控生殖轴中下丘脑和垂体后的效果明显优于直接调控卵巢的效果。     

OvSynch法处理进行黄牛定时人工授精研究

利用国产GnRH、PGF2α和EB等外源激素对本地黄牛进行处理，观察了OvSynch处理进行定时人工授精的繁殖效果，并探讨了卵巢状况对GnRH作用是否存在影响。结果显示：（1）各试验组同期发情率与对照组差异不显著（P＞0．05），但发情同期化程度显著高于对照组，且能够集中定时进行人工授精；（2）试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的第一情期受胎率分别为60．0％、58．3％，与对照组（42．9％）之间无显著差异（P＞0．05）；（3）GnRH类似物能够调控卵泡发育波，其作用不受卵巢状况的影响。试验表明，采用国产GnRH对本地黄牛进行OvSynch处理，能够达到定时人工授精且不降低受胎率的目的。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein