青海省互助县某养殖场部分母羊流产病因的检测

通过虎红平板凝集试验（RBPT）、弓形虫和衣原体间接血凝试验（IHA）,对来自青海省互助县某羊场的19份母羊血清进行了布鲁氏菌、弓形虫和衣原体的血清抗体检测.结果检出衣原体阳性血清1份,阳性率为5.3％;未检出布鲁氏菌和弓形虫的阳性血清.流产胎儿瘤胃液,经PCR检测,为衣原体感染.     

绒山羊布氏杆菌病、衣原体和弓形虫病的血清学检测

采用布氏杆菌虎红平板凝集试验、弓形虫和衣原体间接血凝试验对360份绒山羊血清进行布氏杆菌病、弓形虫病和衣原体病的血清学调查。结果在绒山羊的血清样品中检出布氏杆菌病阳性血清8份,布氏杆菌病的血清阳性率为2．22％;检出弓形虫15份,弓形虫病血清阳性率为4．17％;检出衣原体23份,衣原体病血清阳性率为6．39％。     

祁连县绵羊群中流产类疾病的血清学检测

应用虎红平板凝集试验(Rose-Bengal Plate Agglutination Test,RBPT)、衣原体、弓形虫、绵羊支原体间接血凝试验(Indirect Hemagglutination Assay,IHA),对采自青海省祁连县两个村绵羊的199份血清进行了布氏杆菌、衣原体、弓形虫的血清抗体检测。结果:在199份被检血清中,未检出布氏杆菌和衣原体的血清阳性;检出弓形虫阳性血清9份,阳性率为4.5%;羊传染性胸膜肺炎阳性血清13份,阳性率为6.5%。     

青海省海南州引进种牛布鲁氏菌、衣原体和弓形虫等病血清学检测

应用布鲁氏菌病虎红平板凝集试验、衣原体和弓形虫IHA试验,对青海省海南州某核心种牛群引进的40只种公牛,进行了布鲁氏菌、衣原体和弓形虫等病的特异性血清抗体检测。结果:检出布氏杆菌阳性血清1份,阳性率2.50%:检出衣原体阳性血清6份,阳性率为15.00%;弓形虫阳性血清2份,阳性率为5.00%。结果表明引进的种牛中存在不同程度的布鲁氏菌病、衣原体及弓形虫病。而该三种病均可通过垂直传播。所以,对种牛引进因加强检疫及管理等措施。防止种牛感染造成的疫病传播。     

青海省同德县绵羊流产类疾病血清学检测

应用虎红平板凝集试验(Rose-Bengal Plate Agglutination Test,RBPT)、衣原体、弓形虫和绵羊肺炎支原体间接血凝试验(Indirect Hemagglutination Assay,IHA),对2013年采自青海省同德县部分乡镇的201份绵羊血清样品进行了布鲁氏菌、衣原体、弓形虫和绵羊肺炎支原体的血清学检测。结果:未检出布氏杆菌阳性血清;分别检出衣原体、弓形虫和绵羊肺炎支原体阳性血清2份、4份和7份,其阳性率分别为1.00%、1.99%和3.48%。此外,对于抗体阳性的血清样品采用PCR方法进行了抗原检测,结果表明,青海省同德县地区绵羊中存在衣原体、弓形虫和绵羊肺炎支原体的感染。     

青海省三角城种羊场部分种羊中流产类疾病的血清学检测

应用布鲁氏菌病RBPT(Rose-Bengal Plate Agglutination Test)、衣原体和弓形虫IHA(Indirect Hemagglutination Assay),对来自青海省三角城种羊场的59份试情公羊的血清、60份后备母羊的血清进行特异性血清抗体的检测。结果:在119份被检血清中,检出衣原体阳性血清3份,阳性率为2.52%,其中在59份试情公羊血清中检出3份,阳性率5.08%;在后备母羊的血清未检出衣原体阳性血清;所有的血清中均未检测到布氏杆菌和弓形虫阳性血清。     

青海省互助县加定镇羊流产类疾病的调查

应用虎红平板凝集试验和间接血凝试验对采自加定地区部分雪灾后发生流产,且仍然健活的48份绵羊血清样品,进行布氏杆菌、衣原体病和弓形虫特异性抗体检测,结果:未检出布氏杆菌和衣原体;但检出弓形虫病,检出阳性血清2份,阳性率为4.17%。     

青海省祁连县某白藏羊基地流产病血清学检测

应用布鲁氏菌病虎红平板试验(Rose-Bengal Plate Agglutination Test,RBPT)、衣原体和弓形虫间接血凝试验(Indirect Hemagglutination Assay,IHA),对来自青海省祁连县某藏羊场的53只藏系后备公羊血清进行特异性血清抗体的检测,结果检出衣原体阳性血清3份,阳性率为5.75%;弓形虫阳性血清5份,阳性率9.4%,未检出布氏杆菌。     

青海省湟中县某奶牛场奶牛流产病因的血清学调查和分析

用试管凝集法(SAT)、间接血凝抑制试验(IHA)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)三种方法,对来自青海省湟中县田家寨镇某奶牛场发生过流产群的95份奶牛血清,进行布氏杆菌病、衣原体病和弓形虫病的血清学调查。结果:检出布氏杆菌病阳性血清1份,衣原体阳性血清15份,弓形虫阳性血清2份,血清阳性率分别为1.05%、15.79%和2.11%。初步说明引起该牛场流产的病因为布氏杆菌病、衣原体病及弓形虫混合感染。     

青海省湟源县规模奶牛场布病、衣原体病和弓形虫病血清学调查分析

布病采用虎红平板凝集与试管凝集相结合的方法,弓形虫和衣原体采用间接血凝试验的方法开展调查,检测布病1291份、弓形虫病和衣原体病各400份。结果检测出布病阳性血清1份,感染率为0.08%;检测出衣原体阳性血清7份,感染率为1.75%;检测弓形虫出阳性血清9份,感染率为2.25%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein