针对乳糖不耐受症人群的牦牛配方奶粉加工技术

针对乳糖不耐受症人群,开展了牦牛配方奶粉的加工技术研究,在前期研究的基础上形成了包含配料、原辅料混合溶解、均质、杀菌、真空浓缩、喷雾干燥、冷却、包装的牦牛配方奶粉加工流程与技术要点,按此工艺流程所生产的牦牛配方奶粉含水率为4.11%,水合能力为1.9mL/g,堆积密度为0.31g/mL。     

牦牛头肉灌肠加工工艺研究

本研究以牦牛头中的红肉和皮层为主要原料制作灌肠,通过单因素和正交试验对其加工工艺优化。结果表明：当红肉和皮层比例为1∶2,蕨麻添加量12%,大豆油添加量15%时口感较好,验证试验表明在此工艺下牦牛头肉灌肠感官得分为84.42分,说明此工艺合理。研究结果为牦牛头肉灌肠的加工提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

西藏牦牛曲拉加工技术规程

目前西藏牦牛曲拉缺乏标准化加工技术,导致曲拉加工产品质量差且不稳定、产品单一、外形欠美观。采用现代食品加工工艺,形成了牦牛原料乳检验、原料乳预处理、乳脂分离及标准化、杀菌、接种发酵、加热、挤压脱水、干燥、包装、冷藏的牦牛曲拉的生产规程,其为实现牦牛曲拉标准化、规模化和机械化生产奠定理论基础。     

牦牛分割肉加工中HACCP体系的建立

为了规范牦牛屠宰加工,提高产品卫生质量,保证肉品安全。本文从甘肃首曲生态食品有限公司碌曲加工厂牦牛的宰前管理、屠宰加工、预冷排酸、分割和成熟等方面入手,在对屠宰加工工艺流程进行分析研究和检测的基础上,确定了危害点,制定出一套完整、切实可行的牦牛屠宰加工的HACCP食品安全管理模式,经过一段时间的运行,取得了较好的效果。     

牦牛肾烧烤加工工艺研究

本试验以牦牛肾为原料，通过单因素和正交试验对其烧烤加工工艺进行优化。结果表明，当食盐添加量为0.7%、料酒添加量为1.5%、食醋添加量为1.5%时，经烧烤加工出的牦牛肾口感最好，感官得分为75.03分。研究结果为牦牛肾的烧烤加工提供了参考。     

牦牛奶渣蛋白肽的提取及其抗氧化活性研究

以香格里拉牦牛奶渣为原料,经贯筋藤蛋白酶水解后,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面法优化提取牦牛奶渣蛋白肽的工艺条件,并研究牦牛奶渣蛋白肽的抗氧化活性。牦牛奶渣蛋白肽的提取工艺为:牦牛奶渣超微粉碎→加水溶解→超声波破碎→振荡水浴酶解→离心→取上清液→冷冻干燥;最佳酶解条件:时间70min、温度65℃、料液比1:110(g/mL)、酶的添加量为底物质量的12%;抗氧化活性:DPPH自由基清除能力(61.63±1.12)μg/g, ABTS自由基清除能力(195.13±1.83)μg/g,还原能力(108.6±0.49)μg/g。研究表明,牦牛奶渣蛋白肽具有一定的抗氧化功能,本研究为其应用于生物制剂、保健食品及医药品等相关产品的研发提供了科学依据。     

移动式太阳能牦牛乳产地保鲜贮藏设备的研究与设计

[目的]针对当前高原散养牦牛因缺乏电源、处理技术和装备,无法实现生鲜牦牛乳产地保鲜贮藏而造成浪费的问题。[方法]对牦牛乳热处理工艺进行研究,通过成本效益分析后,采用加热到60 ℃以上、保持30 min的巴氏高温杀菌工艺,研究了供电系统、杀菌保鲜系统以及辅助系统等。[结果]最终集成设计出加工鲜牦牛乳量达40 L/d的移动式太阳能牦牛乳产地保鲜贮藏设备。[结论]该设备能够延长牦牛乳保鲜时间,减少因不能及时产地保鲜牦牛乳造成变质损失,同时可提高牦牛乳商品转化率,促进藏区畜牧业生产效益提升。     

新型牦牛肉制品加工技术（一）

通过对现代工艺用于改进传统肉制品研究的总结，系统介绍了新型牦牛肉制品加工技术。     

普洱茶牦牛酸奶加工工艺研究

本试验以新鲜牦牛奶为原料、普洱茶粉为辅料加工普洱茶风味牦牛酸奶,以感官评价为指标进行了单因素试验,并在此基础上进行正交试验得到普洱茶牦牛酸奶的最佳加工工艺条件,结果表明,普洱茶粉添加量为3%、白砂糖添加量为6%、发酵菌粉添加量为0.4%,40℃发酵8 h、后熟24 h,制得的普洱茶牦牛酸奶质地醇厚、口感细腻、酸甜适中、茶香怡人。     

牦牛奶冰淇淋加工技术规程

以西藏牦牛奶为原辅料开发冰淇淋类新产品,符合国内外冰淇淋原辅料回归自然的发展趋势。针对市场上无牦牛奶冰淇淋新产品,及各企业缺乏牦牛奶冰淇淋加工技术规程,开展了牦牛奶冰淇淋的加工技术研究与总结,并以此为基础,形成包含原辅料配制、混合、均质、冷却、成熟、凝冻、灌装、硬化、贮藏的牦牛奶冰淇淋加工技术规程,为下一步牦牛奶冰淇淋的工业化生产打下一定理论基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein