猪抗病营养研究进展

抗病营养是研究营养与健康关系的交叉领域,以揭示动物健康的营养调控规律与机制,建立抗病营养原理和技术,提高动物对应激和疾病的抵抗力.抗病营养研究内容包括营养与免疫、营养与肠道健康、营养与抗病基因、营养与应激、营养与疾病、营养与抗营养因子6个方面.本文在构建抗病营养理论体系和研究内容基础上,综述了四川农业大学近几年在猪抗病营养方面的研究进展.结果显示,适宜的营养素、营养源和营养水平及其组合可以明显增强猪的抗病力,提高健康水平.     

不同营养水平饲粮添加精油对生长肥育猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

为研究不同营养水平饲粮添加精油对生长肥育猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响,试验选择体重(24.1±0.45)kg的150头健康杜长大三元杂种生长猪,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为3个组:高营养组,饲喂高营养水平饲粮;低营养组,饲喂低营养水平饲粮;精油组,低营养组饲粮中添加精油100 g/t。每组5个重复,每个重复10头生长猪,试验期112 d。结果表明:1)0~42 d,高营养组的日增重显著高于低营养组106 g,而低营养组的料重比分别显著高于精油组和高营养组0.51、0.65;2)43~74 d,低营养组和精油组的日采食量和料重比分别显著高于高营养组402 g、0.85,383 g、0.67;3)0~112 d,低营养组和精油组的日采食量和料重比分别显著高于高营养组201 g、0.58,183 g、0.34;4)42 d,高营养组和精油组干物质和总能消化率显著高于低营养组(P0.05),而精油组的氮消化率显著高于高营养组和低营养组(P0.05)。总之,试验结果表明在该试验条件下,与高营养组相比,在低营养组中添加精油,使养分消化率显著提高达到高营养组水平,可部分改善生长性能,但未达到高营养组水平。     

蛋白质营养研究新阶段

随着蛋白质营养理论研究的不断深入,蛋白质营养理论先后从粗蛋白体系发展到氨基酸营养和肽营养理论。氨基酸营养研究已被引起高度的学术重视,其营养理论逐渐被人们所了解和熟知。但是,有关小(寡)肽的营养代谢机理研究甚少,并且小(寡)肽具有的独特营养代谢作用是氨基酸无法取代的。由于单方面从氨基酸和肽代谢入手研究蛋白质营养,不能反映蛋白质代谢的整体模式,因此,本文以氨基酸参与的蛋白质代谢动力学模型为基础,阐述蛋白质营养与肽代谢之间的关系。     

家兔营养饲料研究进展

该文对家兔的蛋白质和氨基酸营养、能量代谢和需要、粗纤维及其营养、脂肪营养、维生素营养、矿物质营养等进行了综述,以期对我国的家兔生产提供参考。     

《动物营养学报》投稿须知

《动物营养学报》是中国科学技术协会主管,中国畜牧兽医学会主办的全国性动物营养与饲料科学学术期刊。双月刊,国内外公开发行。本《学报》分猪与禽营养、反刍动物营养、水产营养、饲料营养、分子营养、研究简报和综述等多个栏日,内容涵盖动物营养与饲料科学的各个主要领域。主     

不同营养水平饲粮添加屎肠球菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪便有害气体的影响

为研究不同营养水平饲粮添加屎肠球菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和粪便有害气体的影响,试验选择21日龄、平均体重(6.1±0.3)kg的150头健康杜长大三元杂种断奶仔猪,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为3组:高营养组饲喂高营养水平饲粮,低营养组饲喂低营养水平饲粮,益生菌组在低营养组饲粮中添加屎肠球菌200 g/t。每组5个重复,每个重复10头断奶仔猪。预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:1)高营养组的料重比显著低于低营养组和益生菌组(P<0.05);2)高营养组干物质、氮和总能表观消化率显著高于益生菌组和低营养组(P<0.05);3)益生菌组的干物质和氮表观消化率显著高于低营养组(P<0.05);4)低营养组粪便中第14天和第28天氨气浓度显著高于高营养组和益生菌组(P<0.05)。试验结果表明在本试验条件下,与高营养组相比,低营养组显著降低了生长性能和养分消化率,而在低营养组中添加屎肠球菌可部分改善养分消化率,但生长性能未达到高营养组水平。     

蛋鸡饲料营养调控研究进展

通过日粮调控蛋鸡健康、鸡蛋营养和环境安全是当前蛋鸡营养调控研究工作的重点和热点.本文介绍了蛋鸡不同生长时期的健康和营养调控、鸡蛋品质的营养调控、蛋鸡养殖环境的营养调控研究进展以及未来的研究方向,为蛋鸡的饲料营养调控研究提供参考.     

肉牛育肥的方法

<正>育肥就是必须使日粮营养水平高于维持和正常生长发育所需要的营养,获得较高的日增重,缩短育肥期,使多余的营养在使肌肉生长的同时沉积尽可能多的脂肪,达到育肥的目的。对于幼龄牛,其日粮营养水平应高于维持和正常生长发育的营养需要。对于成年牛,只需高于维持营养需要即可。1营养要求不同品种的牛,在育肥期对营养的需要量是有差别的。以去势幼龄牛为例,乳用品种牛所需的营养     

日粮营养水平对猪胴体品质和肉质性状的影响

挑选体质量约70kgDLY的12头猪,随机分为2组,分别饲喂高营养水平和低营养水平2种日粮,高营养水平DE为13.81MJ/kg和CP14,低营养水平DE为12.55MJ/kg和CP11。体质量达到约100kg时屠宰,测定胴体性状和肉质性状,以探讨营养水平对肉质的影响。结果表明,饲粮营养水平影响肉质,高营养水平有提高屠宰率、瘦肉量、瘦肉率、眼肌面积、L值、a值和b值的趋势(P>0.05)。但滴水损失显著低于低营养水平,这表明,营养水平可影响肉质。     

新版图书推荐

《猪的营养》(第二版 )该书由李德发教授主编 ,2005年第2次印刷。全书共19章 ,分别是 :猪的消化生理、猪的消化道微生物平衡及其调控技术、猪饲料能量与氨基酸消化率的评定方法、猪的能量代谢、猪的蛋白质营养、碳水化合物营养、脂肪营养、维生素营养、微量元素营养、猪的钙磷及电解质营养、猪的维生素E和硒的营养、仔猪营养、母猪营养、猪的营养与免疫、大豆抗营养因子对猪营养的影响、猪营养调控的分子基础、酶制剂在猪日粮中的应用、天然植物提取物在猪日粮中的应用、加工工艺对猪饲料营养价值和生产性能的影响。邮购价68元《动物病理学…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.