家蚕保存系统广食性种质的检出与培育

采用终龄起蚕用甘蓝型白菜饷食的办法，对600多个家蚕保存系统进行了广食性检测。不同系统对检测食物的摄食反应差异很大，共在50个品系的饲育区中观察到了取食个体。分别采集摄食个体自交继代，经过筛选，从中建立了10个广食性资源品系。优先对表现优良的GS01进行连续多代复选，获得了摄食率达到或接近100％的蛾区。该系统对人工饲料具有优良摄食性，进行全龄人工饲料育能顺利结茧、羽化；而用同样的人工饲料饲育不取食甘蓝叶的12-010则在l龄中死亡。将显性遗传的GS01广食主基因导入实用品种，进行了广食性基础蚕品种的初步培育。     

家蚕广食个体甘蓝检测方法与广食性基础系统的建立

为培育广食性家蚕品种,利用甘蓝对四川省苏稽蚕种场保存的337份家蚕种质资源进行摄食检测,筛选出具有摄食个体的品系36个,进而复选确定中、日系广食性基础品系各一个,分别命名为“GS01”和“GS02”,并连续进行9代甘蓝选育后,广食性基础品系对甘蓝的摄食率达到90%左右的水平。通过利用M30小蚕饲料对广食性基础品系进行人工饲料适应性试验,结果表明广食性基础品系的原种、杂交种均对人工饲料具有良好的适应性,实用化前景可观。     

桑蚕人工饲料摄食性的遗传研究

关于桑蚕人工饲料摄食性遗传的研究,有一些报道。山本、清水(1982)曾报道高摄食性日115号和气食对低摄食性汉川和丰圆表现为完全显性,并认为与摄食性有关的基因不在性染色体上,而由位于常染色体上的主基因控制。藤森(1982)分析了食性异常蚕“泽丁”对人工饲料摄食性的遗传方式,推测高摄食性的“泽丁”对低摄食性“汉川”筹品种表现为完全显性,高摄食性受显性主基因控制。另外,水泽(1980)利用限性卵调查雌雄蚕的摄食性差异,认为雌蚕的     

鸡40周龄蛋重主基因-多基因混合遗传模型分析

本研究以黑羽绿壳蛋鸡(P1)和白来航鸡(P2)为材料,测定P1、P2及其F1、F2代的40周龄蛋重,应用SEA-G4F2软件分析蛋重遗传规律。结果表明,40周龄蛋重为2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型(E模型),主基因遗传率为0.4307,多基因遗传率为0.0254,主基因的遗传率远大于多基因的遗传率。     

家蚕产卵量的基因效应参数估计

用产卵量差异较大的两个近交系782和Ekp作亲本,配制了F1、F2正反交及F1与两亲本的回交B1和B2,加上两亲本P1和P2共8个世代,采用多世代平均值的多元回归分析方法对产卵量的基因效应参数进行了估计,得到了如下结果：（1）建立了分析家蚕产卵量的常染色体基因加性、显性和性染色体基因加性效应的非二体遗传模型,并通过实际数据检验表明产卵量遗传符合这个模式;（2）产卵量的遗传主要取决于常染色体上基因加性效应,其次是性染色体基因加性效应,显性效应很小。     

高粱抗蚜基因的遗传分析和SSR标记定位

高粱蚜是高粱生产中的一种毁灭性害虫,利用植物的固有抗性是防治害虫的最有效途径。经多年杂交选育获得1个对高粱蚜免疫的高粱品种“河农16”,用其作亲本与感蚜品系“千三”进行杂交,对亲本、F1、F2抗蚜性鉴定表明,“河农16”和F1对蚜虫表现高抗,F2抗感分离符合3∶1,该抗蚜性受一对基因控制,表现出显性遗传。用已定位到连锁群上的微卫星标记和分离群体分析法,对抗蚜基因进行了连锁分析,发现1个与抗蚜基因连锁的微卫星标记(SSR标记),与抗蚜基因的遗传距离为8.7 cM。该标记位于第9连锁群上,因而将该基因初步定位于第9连锁群。     

家蚕不同品种对人工饲料摄食性的遗传模式

人工饲料养蚕是我国蚕业现代化的一个重要发展方向,揭示家蚕对人工饲料摄食性的遗传规律,可为利用摄食性好的家蚕种质资源培育人工饲料适应性品种提供理论依据。以对人工饲料摄食性差异显著的3对家蚕品种(品系)分别组配P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2及BC_1共10个世代的交配材料,以人工饲料育收蚁36 h疏毛率为摄食性考核指标,应用联合尺度检验等方法进行摄食性遗传模式研究。结果表明:通过多代食性歧化选择选育的菁松A、菁松B的高摄食性与低摄食性品系对人工饲料的摄食性呈现加性遗传效应;广食性品种中广04对低摄食性品种鲁七的摄食性呈现显性-加性-母性遗传模式。由此可见,家蚕不同品种(品系)对人工饲料摄食性的遗传模式不同,在选育人工饲料适应性家蚕品种时,可依据加性效应为主的遗传模式,对摄食性好的蛾区和个体进行系统选育。     

环磷酸鸟苷依赖性蛋白激酶1基因(pkg1)在不同人工饲料摄食性家蚕品种的表达特征

不同家蚕品种对人工饲料的摄食性存在很大差异,为探讨这种摄食性差异的分子调控机制,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测不同摄食性品种(品系)幼虫在正常条件下和经饥饿、食物刺激及忌避物刺激处理后头部的环磷酸鸟苷依赖性蛋白激酶1基因(pkg1)表达水平。正常条件下,pkg1在不同摄食性家蚕品种(品系)幼虫头部的表达存在较大差异,高摄食性品种(品系)中该基因的表达量显著高于低摄食性品种(品系)。不同摄食性家蚕品种(品系)4龄起蚕饥饿12 h后,其头部pkg1的表达量显著升高。当饥饿12 h后的4龄起蚕再分别进行食物刺激及忌避物的气味刺激处理,其中桑叶气味刺激能使高、低摄食性家蚕品种(品系)之间pkg1的表达差异减小;不含桑叶粉的人工饲料气味刺激则引起低摄食性品种(品系)pkg1的表达量显著下调,使高、低摄食性家蚕品种(品系)之间的pkg1表达差异增大;忌避物质樟脑对不同摄食性家蚕品种(品系)幼虫pkg1基因的表达影响较小。试验结果说明,pkg1可能与家蚕的摄食性有密切关系,推测该基因的上调表达具有促进家蚕摄食人工饲料的潜在功能。     

桑叶叶质对显性三眠蚕眠性的影响

家蚕强显性三眠蚕基因(M^3)对四眠蚕基因(M^4)在遗传学上是一种显性遗传关系,即基因型为M^3/M^4的个体表现为三眠蚕。相关研究表明,催青温度、饲育温度和桑叶叶质都会影响三眠蚕的眠性,通过对三眠蚕同质基因型和异质基因型用老嫩桑叶进行分别饲养试验,结果显示:1~3龄饲喂偏老桑叶,对强显性三眠蚕基因同质型(M^3/M^3)的眠性无显著影响,对强显性三眠蚕基因异质型(M^3/M^4)的眠性有显著影响,容易诱发四眠蚕;三眠蚕与四眠蚕杂交,在叶质偏老的情况下,以三眠蚕为母本比三眠蚕为父本的杂交方式更容易发生四眠蚕。     

粗山羊草抗条锈 (CYR32) 性状的遗传分析

12份粗山羊草材料成株期对中国条锈病新小种CYR32为免疫-高抗,1份为高感.为探讨抗病性遗传规律,组配成抗×感、抗×抗杂交组合.通过对抗×感以及杂交组合的F1、F2群体对CYR32条锈菌抗性表型的分析,结果显示,所有抗源亲本对条锈病抗性呈完全显性遗传, F2群体抗感分离比例为3∶1,条锈病的抗性受1对显性基因控制.抗×抗杂交组合F2均呈抗病性,推测12个抗病粗山羊草材料的抗病基因可能为同一对显性基因.     

Effects of supplemental protein percentage and feeding level on intake, ruminal fermentation, and digesta passage in beef steers fed prairie hay.

Twelve ruminally cannulated steers (average initial BW 357 kg) were allotted to four treatments (three steers per treatment) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods (12 d for adaptation and 9 d for collection) to compare the effects of protein supplements that differed in percentage of CP and feeding level on low-quality forage utilization. Treatments were 1) control (C), ad libitum access to 5.6% CP prairie hay, 2) C +600 g of DM.steer-1.d-1 of a 43% CP supplement based on cottonseed meal (PS), 3) C + 1,200 g of DM.steer-1.d-1 of a 22% CP supplement based on corn grain and cottonseed meal (GS), and 4) C + 600 g of DM.steer-1.d-1 of a 22% CP supplement based on corn grain and cottonseed meal (LS). Ruminal total VFA concentrations were increased 8% (P less than .07) by PS vs GS 1 h after supplementation. Among supplemented steers, ruminal acetate (mol/100 mol) was decreased 1.2 mol/100 (P less than .03) by GS vs PS and LS; however, supplementation did not affect (P greater than .10) acetate proportions compared with C. Neither propionate nor butyrate was affected (P greater than .10) by supplementation, but among supplemented steers, butyrate proportions were 8% greater (P less than .03) for GS than for PS and 5% less (P less than .10) for LS than for the average of GS and PS. Ruminal pH did not differ (P greater than .10) among treatments. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were increased 1.4 to 4.8 mg/100 mL (P less than .07) by supplementation and typically were less for LS than for PS and GS at most sampling times. Prairie hay DMI (average = 16.3 g/kg BW) was not affected (P greater than .10) by supplementation. Fluid dilution rate was 8% faster (P less than .01) when steers were supplemented than when they were not fed supplement, and fluid dilution rate was increased 4% (P less than .04) by GS compared with PS. Particulate digesta passage rate was not affected (P greater than .10) by treatment, but total tract retention time was decreased (P less than .01) 10% by supplementation. Extent and rate of prairie hay NDF digestion in situ were not greatly affected by supplementation, but in situ disappearance of supplement N was 6 to 10 percentage units less (P less than .06) for GS than for PS and 2 to 6 percentage units less for LS than for the average of PS and GS supplements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

甜菜碱促进猪生长的机理

９６ 头“杜长大”生长猪按饲养试验要求分成 ４ 组（每组 ３ 个重复）,分别饲 以添加 ０、１ ０００、１ ５００、２ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ甜菜碱的基础日粮,试验期 ６２ ｄ。结果表明,１ ０００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 剂量组试验猪生长性能最佳,日增重较对照组提高了 １３２０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 料重比降低了 ７９３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。该组猪血清 Ｇ Ｈ、 Ｉ Ｇ Ｆ Ｉ、 Ｔ３ 、 Ｔ４ 水平分别升高了 １０１７６％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１）, ４４７５％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, ２６５３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００１） 和 １６８３％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５）; 血清游离丝氨酸含量提高了 １４２８％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）; 血清总蛋白上升了 ２１６９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）, 血清尿素氮含量降低 了 ４７６７％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）; 背最 长肌 和 肝脏 中 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 含量 及 背最 长肌 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ／ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 比 率分 别升 高了１２６０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００５）, １７８０％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２） 和 １９７９％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００２）; 肝脏 和腺 垂体 ｃ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ 含 量提 高了４７５３％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１） 和 ６５２１％ （ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。研究结果提示,甜菜碱似作用     

Effects of supplement feeding order on lactation, diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia and urea in the blood and milk of dairy cows

The present study examined the effects of feeding order of grain and protein supplements on ruminal nitrogen (N) loss through the diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia N and urea N in the blood and milk of dairy cows. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments; that is, grain supplement fed at the first feed and then the protein supplement at the second (GS‐1st), protein supplement fed first and then the grain supplement (PS‐1st), and the grain and protein supplements mixed and divided into equal portions fed at each supplement feeding time (GP‐mix). No differences in the lactation parameters were observed among the treatments. In GS‐1st treatment, the increase in the concentration of ruminal ammonia N was inhibited after feeding, and the concentration was lower (P < 0.05) than with the other treatments 1–2 h after basal feeding. The concentrations of urea N in the blood and milk with the GS‐1st treatment were the lowest of all treatments throughout the sampling times, and were lower (P < 0.05) than with the GP‐mix treatment except for blood levels 1 h after basal feeding. The results suggest that grain feeding before protein feeding can reduce ruminal N loss.     

Interrelationships between energy intake and endogenous porcine growth hormone administration on the performance, body composition and protein and energy metabolism of growing pigs weighing 25 to 55 kilograms live weight

Thirty-six barrows were used in a 2 X 3 factorial experiment to investigate the effects of porcine growth hormone (pGH) administration (USDA-pGH-B1; 0 and 100 micrograms.kg body weight-1.d-1) and three levels of feeding of a single diet (EI; ad libitum, 1.64 and 1.38 kg/d) on the performance, body composition and rates of protein and fat deposition of pigs growing over the live weight phase 25 to 55 kg. Raising EI resulted in linear increases in growth rate and in protein and fat accretion but had no effect on the feed to gain ratio (F/G). Carcass fat content and carcass fat measurements also increased with EI, whereas carcass protein and water decreased (P less than .01). Growth hormone administration resulted in improvements in growth rate (16 to 26%), F/G (23%), protein deposition (34 to 50%) and increases in carcass protein and water at each level of feeding, but reduced ad libitum feed intake (P less than .01), carcass fat content (P less than .01) and carcass fat measurements (P less than .01). Estimated maintenance energy expenditure was increased by pGH administration (2.02 vs 1.72 Mcal digestible energy/d). Results indicate that the effects of pGH on growth performance and energy and protein metabolism were largely independent of, and additive to, the effects of energy intake.     

Growth-promoting systems for heifer calves and yearlings finished in the feedlot

In a 172-d finishing trial (Exp. 1), 210 recently weaned crossbred heifers were allotted to six growth promotant treatment groups, involving implanting initially with Synovex-C (C) or H (H) followed by reimplanting with Finaplix-H (F) or H and F. Melengestrol acetate (MGA) was provided in the diet to four of the treatment groups. Heifers fed MGA and administered only F as the terminal implant had the greatest (P = .01) number of mature ovaries with follicles but also had lower (P = .01) gain/DMI. In a 182-d finishing study (Exp. 2), 270 recently weaned crossbred heifers were allotted to the following six implant (d 0)/ reimplant (d 70) groups using no implant (N), Ralgro (R) or H: N/R, R/H, R/R, N/R, H/H and R/R for Treatments 1 through 6, respectively. On d 70, all heifers were implanted with F. Heifers were fed MGA from d 70 to 182 (Treatments 1, 2, and 3) or for the entire trial (Treatments 4, 5, and 6). Implanting on d 0 increased (P < .05) overall ADG. Differences (P > .05) in performance were not found between MGA treatment groups. Using an H implant/reimplant regimen decreased (P = .01) ovarian and(or) follicular development when compared with an R implant/reimplant regimen. In a 126-d finishing trial (Exp. 3), 360 crossbred yearling heifers were used to evaluate F and estrogen (Implus-H) implants when used in combination with an MGA feeding program. Heifers receiving only F in combination with MGA had greater (P < .05) ADG, whereas all heifers fed MGA had greater (P < .05) gain/DMI than heifers not fed MGA. These data suggest that feeding MGA was not beneficial for young heifers, particularly if they are provided an initial estrogenic implant followed by a second implant. In older (yearling) heifers, increased gains and gain/DMI were obtained by feeding MGA and implanting initially or 56 d later with F.     

鹅源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒PB2和PB1基因序列分析

采用RT-PCR方法对1株鹅源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(GS/GX/01/07)RNA聚合酶基因PB2和PB1分别进行了扩增,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定与分析.结果表明,该株病毒的PB2、PB1开放阅读框(ORF)分别由2 280和2 277个碱基组成,分别编码759和758个氨基酸.经同源性和系统进化树...     

羊传染性脓疱诊断方法的建立

利用MDBK细胞从青海某养殖户发病羊唇部痂皮中分离获得一株病毒,通过临床症状、PCR检测以及组织病理学观察等方法对该株病毒进行了鉴定,证实分离株为羊传染性脓疱病毒(Orf Virus,ORFV),命名为ORFV-QHMH01。参照GenBank中ORFV F1L基因的核苷酸序列,设计合成一对特异性引物,对ORFV-QHMH01株F1L基因进行了克隆、测序,并推导出其氨基酸序列。序列分析表明,分离株F1L基因片段长987bp,编码328个氨基酸,与AF097215、AY040081、AY040082、AY040083、AY040084、AY040085、FJ808075、HM133903、HQ221964、JQ271535株的核苷酸序列同源性分别为:96.7%,95.6%,96.1%,96.2%,97.5%,97.2%,96.5%,48.6%,95.3%,98.3%。系统发育进化树结果表明,ORFV-QHMH01分离株与参考毒株JQ271535和AY040084的亲缘关系较近,这表明不同地区分离株的F1L基因具有较好的保守性。     

免疫鸡群中分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征研究

为研究浙江省禽流感病毒(AIV)的流行病学情况,本实验应用鸡胚传代方法从AIV疫苗免疫鸡群中表现典型呼吸症状的产蛋鸡体内分离1株H9N2亚型AIV A/Chicken/Jiande/01/2009(H9N2)。氨基酸序列分析显示,HA受体结合位点出现了人流感病毒结合位点226L,M基因出现S31N的突变。遗传进化分析显示,A/Chicken/Jiande/01/2009的M基因和PB2基因属于G1-Like谱系,HA基因、NA基因和NS基因属于Ck/BJ/1/94-Like分支,而NP基因、PA基因和PB1基因属于Ck/SH/F/98-Like谱系。这些资料表明,A/Chicken/Jiande/01/2009(H9N2)为一株重排病毒。     

Changes in ruminal and fecal particle weight distribution of steers fed coastal bermudagrass hay at four levels

Samples of digesta from the ruminal upper strata (RUS) and feces (F) were taken from four ruminally cannulated steers fed Coastal bermudagrass hay (78% NDF) in the long form to evaluate the effects of feeding level and time postfeeding on particle breakdown. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 18-d periods. Treatments based on previous intakes were set at 50, 70, 90 and 110% (3.1, 4.4, 5.5 and 6.7 kg/d, respectively) of feed consumed per animal and fed at 12-h intervals. Samples were taken at 2, 6 and 12h postfeeding and wet-sieved. Dry matter weight distribution of total recovered particles was used to partition RUS and F digesta among percentages of large (greater than 4.0 mm), medium (greater than 4.0 and less than or equal to 1.0 mm), small (less than 1.0 and greater than or eual to .125 mm) and fine (less than .125 and greater than or equal to .0027 mm) particles. With increasing feeding level, the percentage of medium RUS particles increased linearly (P less than .02), whereas the percentage of fine RUS particles decreased linearly (P less than .01). Increased time postfeeding resulted in a linear decrease in the percentage of large RUS particles (P less than .01), a linear increase in the percentage of small RUS particles (P less than .01) and in a quadratic increase in the percentage of fine RUS particles (P less than .01). Percentage of medium RUS particles remained unchanged. Increasing feeding level resulted in linear increases in mean RUS (P less than .01) and F (P less than .02) particle sizes. Percentages of RUS and F material passing through a 1.0-mm sieve averaged 52.8 and 88.8%, respectively. Animal-to-animal variation in proportions of RUS and mixed reticuloruminal particles was not entirely removed by rumination and was still reflected in the percentages of F particles. Factors such as particle entrapment in the fiber mat, reticular sedimentation, changes in specific gravity, swelling and hydration capacity, reticuloruminal motility and amount of digesta exiting per contraction appear to be more important than particle size reduction in the regulation of the passage of digesta from the reticulorumen.