锡林郭勒几种草地类型基况评价

在草甸草原、典型草原及荒漠草原选取具代表性的草地型,通过当前植被草群产量中增加种、减少种及侵入种所占比例的多少将草原基况分为优秀、良好、中等、低劣四个等级,以评价草地资源的自然属性。研究结果表明:羊草 贝加尔针茅草地型基况优良,克氏针茅 糙隐子草草地型基况良好,冷蒿 克氏针茅草地型基况中等偏上,小针茅 无芒隐子草草地型基况中等。     

锡林郭勒典型草原植物多样性和蝗虫种群的关系

通过对锡林郭勒典型草原4种群落（羊草＋糙隐子草、大针茅＋羊草、克氏针茅＋冷蒿、克氏针茅＋糙隐子草）的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、生态优势度指数和均匀度指数进行比较分析,对各种指数与蝗虫群落关系进行了研究。结果表明：羊草＋糙隐子草和克氏针茅＋糙隐子草群落的丰富度指数和多样性指数低于大针茅＋羊草群落,但高于克氏针茅＋冷蒿群落,优势度指数高于大针茅＋羊草,均匀度指数低于克氏针茅＋冷蒿群落;克氏针茅＋冷蒿群落的物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数最低,生态优势度指数较高,群落均匀度指数高于其他3种群落;大针茅＋羊草群落的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低。相关分析表明,蝗虫种类数与均匀度指数极显著相关,蝗虫个体数与物种多样性指数显著相关。     

草地生产力监测样地测定结果分析

根据《草地生产力测定及样条监测技术规程》的要求,对两个不同类型的草地进行监测。测定结果:大针茅、羊草、杂类草草地型草群牧草平均高度15cm,盖度20%,产草量84.5kg/亩;克氏针茅、羊草、杂类草草地型草群牧草平均高度19cm,盖度30%,产草量180.5kg/亩。     

呼伦贝尔不同草地类型土壤微生物量及土壤酶活性研究

以呼伦贝尔5种不同草地类型(线叶菊草原、贝加尔针茅草原、羊草草原、大针茅草原、克氏针茅草原)为研究对象,分析了不同草地类型土壤理化性状、土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性的变化特征及其相互关系。研究表明,各类菌群数量分布在5种草地中均为细菌>放线菌>真菌,但不同菌群数量及区系组成在各草地类型间均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。细菌数量在5种草地中依次为:羊草>贝加尔针茅>克氏针茅>线叶菊>大针茅,真菌数量依次为:线叶菊>克氏针茅>羊草>贝加尔针茅>大针茅,放线菌数量依次为:克氏针茅>羊草>线叶菊>贝加尔针茅>大针茅。土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)在不同草地类型间差异显著(P<0.05),线叶菊草原土壤微生物量碳、氮均显著高于其他草地类型(P<0.05),其中大针茅草原、羊草草原土壤微生物量碳、氮均较低。研究还表明,各草地类型土壤酶活性的垂直分布均表现为表层土壤(0~10cm)酶活性大于下层土壤(10~20cm)酶活性,不同草地类型间土壤酶活性亦存在显著差异(P<0.05),线叶菊草原土壤过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性均显著高于贝加尔针茅草原和大针茅草原;土壤脲酶活性以克氏针茅草原最高,且与线叶菊草原、贝加尔针茅草原和大针茅草原差异显著;而土壤磷酸酶活性则为羊草草原显著高于其他样地。相关分析结果表明,不同草地类型土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性、土壤理化性状之间均存在相关性,从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,土壤微生物量碳随着土壤含水量、细菌数量的增加而增加,随着土壤磷酸酶活性的增加而降低;土壤微生物量氮则随着土壤过氧化氢酶活性的增加而增加,而随着土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤容重的增加而降低。     

天然草地植物叶角质层蜡质的化学组成及其对自由放牧的响应

植物角质层蜡质在保护植物免受极端环境危害方面发挥着重要作用。在内蒙古草甸草原和典型草原,分别选取围栏封育样地和自由放牧退化样地,在植物生长季采集3种植物(羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草)的叶片,采用色质谱技术分析了植物叶角质层蜡质总量、组分及碳链分布特点,比较了几种植物叶角质层蜡质特征对过度放牧的响应机制,旨在为合理利用和管理草原提供理论依据。结果表明,几种植物叶角质层蜡质总量存在显著种间差异,整体表现为羊草>克氏针茅>糙隐子草。羊草中,鉴定出7类化合物,分别是脂肪酸、烷烃、次级醇、初级醇、β-谷甾醇、β-二酮和烷基间苯二酚;在克氏针茅中,鉴定出5类化合物,分别是脂肪酸、烷烃、初级醇、α-香树脂醇以及β-谷甾醇;在糙隐子草叶中鉴定出6类化合物,分别是脂肪酸、烷烃、醛类、初级醇、烷基酯和β-香树脂醇。羊草次级醇相对含量最高,糙隐子草初级醇含量最高,而克氏针茅烷烃含量最高。草地类型显著影响了糙隐子草蜡质总量及其烷基酯的相对含量、克氏针茅烷烃相对含量及羊草次级醇和β-二酮相对含量。而草地利用方式显著影响了糙隐子草脂肪酸相对含量、克氏针茅蜡质总量、α-香树脂醇和β-谷甾醇相对含量及羊草蜡质总量和次级醇相对含量。在典型草原,糙隐子草和克氏针茅叶角质层蜡质总量均表现为自由放牧草地>围封草地(P<0.05);而羊草与之相反。在草甸草原,糙隐子草叶角质层蜡质总量样地间差异不显著;克氏针茅表现为放牧草地>围封草地(P<0.05);羊草叶角质层蜡质总量表现为围封草地>放牧草地(P<0.05)。不同植物角质层蜡质表现出的差异性响应模式,说明不同植物在长期进化过程中形成了各自特有的适应机制。综合分析认为,草地植物可以通过调整自身蜡质合成,改变蜡质组分和含量以适应外界环境引起的胁迫。     

放牧干扰下典型草原主要物种光合速率和生物量的变化

以内蒙古典型草原不同放牧梯度上的主要优势物种克氏针茅、狭叶锦鸡儿、糙隐子草为研究对象,通过不同放牧强度对典型草原主要物种光合作用和生物量特征的探索,结果表明:克氏针茅、小叶锦鸡儿、糙隐子草三种共生植物的光合速率变化方向与生物量相同。随放牧压力的增加,表现出克氏针茅对恶劣环境的适应能力较弱,相比而言糙隐子草在中度放牧上表现良好的生长优势。     

锡林郭勒草原自然地理景观及景观生态因子的分析

锡林郭勒草原水平带自然地理景观是典型草原和荒漠草原。典型草原最基本的群落类型是大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原，在不同的生境条件下，羊草、冰草、糙隐子草草原类型可成为优势群系。组成荒漠草原群落的建群种和优势种主要是一些强旱生的小型针茅和女蒿、蓍状亚菊等半灌木。至于草甸草原的出现可视为大兴安岭山地植被垂直带的基带，其中羊草草原是基本群系。在地带性景观中可见到隐域性的沙地景观和洼地景观。     

环青海湖地区天然草地TM影像植被指数分析

应用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、土壤调节植被指数(SAVI)和修正后的土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI),研究环青海湖地区三种草原类草地TM影像的植被指数特征.结果表明,紫花针茅草原、芨芨草草原、克氏针茅草原,消除土壤背景影响和适应草地植被密度变化能力更强的植被指数分别是NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI;同时在使用SAVI时,关键要确定一个合适的土壤调节参数L,以最大限度地消除土壤背景的影响,通过分析得出了此三种草原类型的最佳L取值.从而为该区草地类型的TM遥感识别分类提供信息和依据.     

天然针茅草地的生物产量和营养动态研究（II）

天然针茅草地主要有3种类型：（1）贝加尔针茅草地主要分布于吉林省西部平原草甸草原和内蒙古呼伦贝尔及科尔沁草原;（2）石生针茅草地主要分布在内蒙古锡盟的丘陵干草原;（3）大针茅草地主要分布锡盟典型栗钙土草地,片段向北延伸至蒙古国和俄罗斯东西伯利亚的南部。天然针茅草地生物产量与当地降水量有密切关系,贝加尔针茅草地产量较高,其次是大针茅草地和石生针茅草地。其营养型属NC—A型,适宜牛、羊、骆驼等家畜。     

环青海湖地区天然草地TM影像植被指数分析

应用归一化植被指数（NDVI）、土壤调节植被指数（SAVI）和修正后的土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI），研究环青海湖地区三种草原类草地TM影像的植被指数特征。结果表明，紫花针茅草原、芨芨草草原、克氏针茅草原，消除土壤背景影响和适应草地植被密度变化能力更强的植被指数分别是NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI；同时在使用SAVI时，关键要确定一个合适的土壤调节参数L，以最大限度地消除土壤背景的影响，通过分析得出了此三种草原类型的最佳L取值。从而为该区草地类型的TM遥感识别分类提供信息和依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein